| No. 1 Glastonbury, Conn. | No. 2 Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony | |
|---|---|---|
| Sp. Gr. | 9·59 | 6·89 |
| UO3 | 26·48 | 60·05 |
| UO2 | 57·43 | 22·33 |
| ThO2 | 9·79 | ... |
| CeO2 | 0·25 | ... |
| La2O3 | 0·13 | ... |
| Y2O3 | 0·20 | ... |
| PbO | 3·26 | 6·39 |
| CaO | 0·08 | 1·00 |
| He | und. | und. |
| H2O | 0·61 | 3·17 |
| Fe2O3 | 0·40 | 0·21 |
| SiO2 | 0·25 | 0·50 |
| Al2O3 | ... | 0·20 |
| Bi2O3 | ... | 0·75 |
| CuO | ... | 0·17 |
| MnO | ... | 0·09 |
| MgO | ... | 0·17 |
| Na2O | ... | 0·31 |
| P2O5 | ... | 0·06 |
| SO3 | ... | 0·19 |
| As2O3 | ... | 2·34 |
| Insoluble | 0·70 | ... |
The following list comprises the more important radio-active minerals, with their approximate chemical composition and some notes on their occurrence and probable origin.
| Name | Composition | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Uraninite, Cleveite, Bröggerite, Nivenite, Pitchblende | Oxides of uranium and lead. Usually contains thorium, other rare earths and helium. Uranium 50-80%. Thorium 0–10% | Occurs primary as a constituent of rocks and secondary in veins with metalliferous sulphides |
| Gummite | (Pb, Ca) U3SiO12 . 6H2O? Uranium 50–65% | An alteration product of uraninite. Formed by the action of percolating waters |
| Uranophane, Uranotil | CaO . 2UO3 . 2SiO2 . 6H2O Uranium 44–56% | An alteration product of uraninite through gummite |
| Carnotite | A vanadate of uranium and potassium. Uranium 42–51% | Occurs as a secondary mineral impregnating a porous, sedimentary sandstone. Found in Colorado and Utah |
| Uranosphaerite | Bi2O3 . 2UO3 . 3H2O. Uranium 41% | Alteration product of other uranium minerals |
| Torbernite, Cuprouranite | CuO . 2UO3 . P2O5 . 8H2O. Uranium 44–51% | „ „ |
| Autunite, Calciouranite | CaO . 2UO3 . P2O5 . 8H2O. Uranium 45–51% | „ „ |
| Uranocircite | BaO . 2UO3 . P2O5 . 8H2O. Uranium 46% | „ „ |
| Phosphuranylite | 3UO3 . P2O5 . 6H2O. Uranium 58–64% | „ „ |
| Zunerite | CuO . 2UO3 . As2O5 . 8H2O. Uranium 46% | „ „ |
| Uranospinite | CaO . 2UO3 . As2O5 . 8H2O. Uranium 49% | „ „ |
| Walpurgite | 5Bi2O3 . 3UO3 . As2O5 . 12H2O. Uranium 16% | „ „ |
| Thorogummite | UO3 . 3ThO2 . 3SiO2 . 6H2O? Uranium 41% | A variety of gummite |
| Thorite, Orangite, Uranothorite | ThSiO4. Uranium 1–10%. Thorium oxide 48–71% | A primary constituent of pegmatite dikes |
| Thorianite | Oxide of thorium, uranium, the rare earths and lead. Contains a relatively large proportion of helium. Uranium 9–10%. Thorium oxide 73–77% | Occurs as a primary constituent of a pegmatite dike in Ceylon. Geological age probably Archean |
| Samarskite | Niobate and tantalate of rare earths. Uranium 8–10% | Primary constituent of pegmatite dikes |
| Fergusonite | Metaniobate and tantalate of rare earths. Uranium 1–6% | „ „ |
| Euxenite | Niobate and titanate of rare earths. Uranium 3–10% | „ „ |
| Monazite | Phosphate of the rare earths, chiefly cerium. Uranium 0·3–0·4% | „ „ |
INDEX.
The numbers refer to the pages.
- α rays
- discovery of, [141]
- nature of, [141]
- magnetic deviation of, [142] et seq.
- electrostatic deviation of, [146]
- velocity of, [148]
- value of e/m for, [148]
- charge carried by, [151] et seq.
- number of α particles expelled from one gram of radium, [155]
- mass and energy of, [156]
- origin of, in atomic disintegration, [157]
- scintillations produced by, [158] et seq.
- absorption of, by matter, [161] et seq.
- increase of absorption with thickness of matter traversed, [163]
- relative absorption of α rays from radio-elements, [164]
- absorption of, by gases, [165] et seq.
- connection between absorption and density, [169]
- relation between ionization and absorption, [170]
- theory of absorption of, [170] et seq.
- range of ionization of, [172] et seq.
- complexity of α rays from radium, [174] et seq.
- effect of thickness of layer of radiating matter on emission of, [195]
- relative ionization produced by α and β rays, [196] et seq.
- phosphorescence by α rays, [202] et seq.
- connection of, with radio-active changes, [235], [444] et seq., [455]
- from the emanations, [263]
- emission of energy from radio-elements in form of α rays, [419] et seq.
- connection of heat emission of radium with α rays, [421] et seq.
- number of ions produced by an α particle, [433]
- absence of, in rayless changes, [454]
- emission from active products, [454] et seq.
- loss of weight due to expulsion of, [473]
- α particles consist of helium, [479] et seq.
- magnetic deflection of, from radium C, [543]
- velocity and e/m for, from radium C, [543] et seq.
- diminution of velocity of, in passing through matter, [545]
- diminution in velocity of, in passing through aluminium, [545]
- velocity of, when ionization ceases, [545] et seq.
- connection of phosphorescent, photographic, and ionization effects produced by, [546] et seq.
- energy required to produce an ion by α rays, [551]
- Abraham
- Absorption
- law of, in gases, [64] et seq.
- relative absorption of α, β and γ rays by matter, [111]
- connection between absorption and ionization, [134] et seq., [170] et seq.
- of β rays by solids, [134] et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for β rays, [137]
- of β rays in radio-active matter, [140]
- of α rays by solids, [161] et seq.
- of α rays in gases, [167], [170] et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for α rays, [169]
- theory of, [170] et seq.
- of γ rays by solids, [179] et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for γ rays, [181]
- of rays from the emanations, [263]
- of penetrating rays from the earth, [520], [540]
- Actinium
- methods of separation of, [20] et seq.
- properties of, [21]
- similarity to “emanating substance” of Giesel, [21]
- possible connection with radio-activity of thorium, [28]
- emanation from, [249]
- excited activity produced by, [311]
- effect of magnetic field on excited activity from, [324]
- separation of actinium X, [365]
- decay of actinium X, [365]
- source of actinium emanation, [365]
- analysis of active deposit of, [366]
- radiations from products of, [368]
- penetrating power of β and γ rays from, [368]
- products of, [369]
- table of products of, [448]
- possible origin of, [464]
- Actinium A
- separation and period of, [367] et seq.
- Actinium B
- Actinium X
- Adams
- Age
- Allan, S. J.
- Allan and Rutherford
- Allen, H. S. and Lord Blythswood
- radium emanation in Bath springs, [513]
- Anderson and Hardy
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- Armstrong and Lowry
- radio-activity and phosphorescence, [444]
- Arnold
- rays from phosphorescent substances, [4]
- Aschkinass and Caspari
- action of radium rays on microbes, [216]
- Atmosphere
- excited activity from, [501] et seq.
- radio-activity of, due to emanations, [504]
- diffusion of emanations into, from the earth, [507]
- effect of temperature, pressure, &c. on radio-activity of, [517] et seq.
- presence of very penetrating radiation in, [520]
- comparison of radio-activity of, with radio-elements, [521] et seq.
- amount of radium emanation in, [524] et seq.
- ionization of, due to radium emanation, [526]
- Atom
- Atomic weight
- β rays
- discovery of, [113]
- magnetic deflection of, [114]
- complexity of, [116]
- examination by the electrical method, [118]
- effect of, on a fluorescent screen, [119]
- charge carried by the, [120] et seq.
- electrostatic deviation of, [124]
- velocity of, and value of e/m for, [126]
- variation of e/m with velocity of, [127] et seq.
- distribution of velocity amongst β particles, [131]
- absorption of, [134] et seq.
- variation of absorption with density, [136] et seq.
- number of β particles stopped by matter, [137] et seq.
- variation of intensity of, with thickness of layer, [140]
- secondary β rays, [189] et seq.
- relative ionization produced by α and β rays, [196]
- relative energy emitted in form of α and β rays, [196] et seq.
- phosphorescent action of, [201] et seq.
- physical action produced by, [207] et seq.
- chemical action of, [213]
- physiological action of, [216]
- from Ur X, [347]
- from active deposit of radium, [377] et seq.
- significance of appearance of, only in last radio-active changes, [455]
- change of weight due to expulsion of, [473]
- Barium platinocyanide
- Barkla
- polarization of X rays, [80]
- Barnes and Rutherford
- Bary
- phosphorescence under radium rays, [202]
- Baskerville
- Baskerville and Kunz
- phosphorescence of substances under radium rays, [204]
- Beattie, Smolan and Kelvin
- discharging power of uranium rays, [7]
- Becquerel
- rays from calcium sulphide, [4]
- rays from uranium, [5] et seq.
- permanence of uranium rays, [6]
- discharging power of uranium rays, [6]
- magnetic deflection of radium rays by photographic method, [114] et seq.
- curvature of radium rays in a magnetic field, [115] et seq.
- complexity of radium rays, [116] et seq.
- electrostatic deflection of β rays of radium, [124] et seq.
- value of e/m for β rays of radium, [126] et seq.
- magnetic deviation of α rays of radium and polonium, [145]
- trajectory of rays of radium in magnetic field, [148]
- scintillations due to cleavage of crystals, [160]
- γ rays from radium, [179]
- secondary rays produced by active substances, [187]
- phosphorescence produced by radium rays, [201]
- conductivity of paraffin under radium radiation, [210]
- effect of temperature on uranium rays, [210]
- chemical action of radium rays, [214]
- removal of activity from uranium by precipitation with barium, [219]
- theory of radio-activity, [438]
- Bemont et M. et Mme Curie
- discovery of radium, [13]
- Berndt
- spectrum of polonium, [23]
- Blanc
- thorium in sediments from hot springs, [514]
- Blythswood, Lord and Allen, H. S.
- radium emanation in Bath springs, [513]
- Bödlander and Runge
- evolution of gases from radium, [215]
- Boltwood
- Boys
- rate of dissipation of charge, [531]
- Bragg and Kleeman
- Bronson
- Brooks, Miss
- Brooks and Rutherford
- Bumstead
- presence of thorium emanation in atmosphere, [512]
- Bumstead and Wheeler
- Burton
- radium emanation in petroleum, [516]
- Burton and McLennan
- Campbell
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, [540]
- Canal rays
- Capacity
- Carbonic acid
- radio-activity of natural, [516]
- Caspari and Aschkinass
- action of radium rays on microbes, [216]
- Cathode rays
- Caves
- Changes
- (see [Transformations])
- Charge
- Chemical nature
- Chemical actions of radium rays
- Child
- Clouds
- Collie and Ramsay
- spectrum of emanation, [292]
- Collision
- Coloration
- Concentration
- Condensation
- Conductivity
- of gases exposed to radiations, [31] et seq.
- variation of, with pressure, [61] et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, [64]
- comparison of, for gases exposed to α, β, and γ rays, [64]
- comparison of, when exposed to γ rays and to hard X rays, [184]
- of insulators, [209]
- of air in caves and cellars, [507] et seq.
- of air in closed vessels, [531] et seq.
- variation of, in closed vessels with pressure and nature of gas, [534]
- variation of, with temperature for air in closed vessels, [536]
- increase of, with time, in a closed vessel, [537]
- Conservation of radio-activity
- examples of, [469] et seq.
- Cooke, H. L.
- Cooke, W. T. and Ramsay
- radio-activity produced by radiations of radium, [472]
- Corpuscle
- (see [Electron])
- Crookes, Sir W.
- spectrum of radium, [17]
- spectrum of polonium, [23]
- nature of cathode rays, [73]
- nature of α rays, [142]
- scintillations produced by radium, [158]
- spinthariscope, [158]
- number of scintillations independent of pressure and temperature, [159]
- phosphorescence of diamond, [204]
- separation of Ur X, [219]
- theory of radio-activity, [441]
- Crookes and Dewar
- absence of nitrogen spectrum in phosphorescent light of radium at low pressures, [206]
- Crystallization
- effect of, on activity of uranium, [349]
- Curie, Mme
- permanence of uranium rays, [6]
- discovery of radio-activity of thorium, [10]
- radio-activity of uranium and thorium minerals, [11]
- relative activity of compounds of uranium, [12]
- coloration of radium crystals, [15]
- spectrum of radium, [16]
- discovery of polonium, [22]
- nature of a rays, [142]
- absorption of α rays from polonium, [163]
- secondary radiation tested by electric method, [188]
- slowly decaying excited activity from radium, [311]
- recovery of activity of radium, [375]
- bismuth made active by solution of barium, [417]
- Curie, P.
- magnetic deviation of radium rays by electric method, [114]
- conductivity of dielectrics under radium rays, [209]
- radio-activity of radium unaffected by temperature, [210]
- decay of activity of radium emanation, [247]
- discovery of excited radio-activity from radium, [295]
- heat emission of radium at low temperature and variation of heat emission with age of radium, [419]
- nature of the emanation, [439]
- Curie, M. et Mme
- Curie, J. et P.
- quartz piezo-électrique, [105] et seq.
- Curie, P. et Danne
- Curie, P. and Debierne
- Curie and Dewar
- production of helium by radium, [479]
- Curie, P. and Laborde
- Current
- through gases, [31] et seq.
- variation of, with distance between the plates, [59] et seq.
- variation of, with pressure of gas, [61] et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, [64]
- measurement of, by galvanometer, [84]
- measurement of, by electroscope, [85] et seq.
- measurement of, by electrometer, [90] et seq.
- measurement of, by quartz piezo-électrique, [105]
- Dadourian
- presence of thorium emanation in the earth, [512]
- Danne
- on deposit of radium not containing uranium, [465]
- Danne et Curie
- Danysz
- action of radium rays on skin, [216]
- Darwin, G. H.
- age of sun, [492]
- Debierne
- Debierne and Curie
- Decay
- of activity of Th X, [221]
- of activity of Ur X, [223]
- significance of law of, [229]
- effect of conditions on the rate of, [232]
- of activity of thorium emanation, [241]
- of activity of radium emanation, [247]
- of activity of actinium emanation, [249]
- of excited activity due to thorium for long exposure, [302]
- of excited activity due to thorium for short exposure, [304]
- of excited activity due to radium, [306] et seq.
- excited activity of slow decay due to radium, [311]
- of excited activity from actinium, [311]
- of radium A, B and C, [377] et seq.
- of radium D, E and F, [397] et seq.
- of heating effect of emanation, [423]
- of excited activity from atmosphere, [502]
- of activity of rain and snow, [506]
- of emanation from the earth, [508]
- differences in, of excited activity from atmosphere, [521] et seq.
- Demarçay
- spectrum of radium, [16]
- Deposit, active
- connection of, with excited activity, [301]
- physical and chemical properties of, [312]
- electrolysis of, [313]
- effect of temperature on, [315]
- effect of pressure on distribution of, [317]
- transmission of, by positive carriers, [318] et seq.
- nomenclature of, [328]
- theory of changes in, [331] et seq.
- theory of activity due to, [337] et seq.
- theory of rayless change in, [341] et seq.
- of thorium, [302] et seq., [351] et seq.
- of actinium, [311] et seq.
- of radium, [376] et seq.
- connection of excited activity with, [306]
- general analysis of, [376] et seq.
- analysis of, of rapid change, [377] et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves, [377]
- α ray curves of, [378]
- β ray curves of, [379]
- analysis of β ray curves, [381]
- equations of activity curves, [389]
- effect of temperature on, [390]
- volatility of, [391]
- of slow transformation, [311], [397]
- variation of α ray activity of, [398]
- variation of β ray activity of, [399]
- separation of constituents of, [401] et seq.
- successive products in, [402]
- variation of activity of, for long periods, [407]
- presence in old radium, [408]
- effect of, on variation of activity of radium with time, [409]
- presence in pitchblende, [410]
- connection with radio-tellurium, [411]
- connection with polonium, [411], [412]
- connection with radio-lead, [413]
- connection of, with radio-active induction, [415] et seq.
- heat emission of, [425] et seq.
- use of, to determine number of β particles from radium, [435]
- use of, as source of α rays, [543]
- Des Coudres
- Dewar
- emission of heat from radium in liquid hydrogen, [420]
- Dewar and Crookes
- absence of nitrogen spectrum in phosphorescent light of radium at low pressures, [206]
- Dewar and Curie
- production of helium by radium, [479]
- Dielectrics
- condition of, under radium rays, [209]
- Diffusion
- Discharge
- action of rays on spark and electrodeless, [208]
- Disintegration
- Dissipation of charge
- Dolezalek
- electrometer, construction of, [94] et seq.
- Dorn
- Dreyer and Salomonsen
- coloration of quartz by radium rays, [213]
- Dunston
- analysis of thorianite, [486]
- Durack
- ionization by collision of electrons of great velocity, [171]
- Dust
- Earth
- Ebert
- Ebert and Ewers
- emanation from the earth, [508]
- Electrolysis
- Electrometer
- description of, [90] et seq.
- use of, in measurements, [90]
- construction of, [91] et seq.
- Dolezalek, [94]
- adjustment and screening of, [95]
- special key for, [97]
- application of, to measurements of radio-activity, [97] et seq.
- measurement of current by, [100]
- capacity of, [101]
- use with steady deflection, [103]
- use with quartz piezo-électrique, [105]
- Electron
- Electroscope
- Elster and Geitel
- radio-active lead, [27]
- effect of magnetic field on conductivity produced in air by β rays, [113]
- scintillations produced by active substances, [158]
- action of radium rays on spark, [208]
- photo-electric action of body, coloured by radium rays, [214]
- radio-active matter in earth, [494]
- discovery of excited activity in atmosphere, [501]
- emanations from the earth, [507]
- radio-activity of air in caves, [507]
- radio-activity of the soil, [515]
- radio-activity of fango, [516]
- variation of radio-activity in atmosphere with meteorological conditions, [517]
- effect of temperature and pressure on atmospheric radio-activity, [518]
- Emanation
- of thorium, discovery and properties of, [238]
- methods of measurement of, [240]
- decay of activity of, [241]
- effect of thickness of layer on amount of, [243]
- increase of, with time to a maximum, [245]
- of radium, [246]
- decay of activity of, [247]
- of actinium, properties of, [249]
- of radium, phosphorescence produced by, [251]
- rate of emission of, [254]
- effect of conditions on rate of emission of, [255]
- regeneration of emanating power, [256]
- continuous rate of production of, [257]
- source of thorium emanation, [261]
- source of radium and actinium emanation, [263]
- radiations from, [263]
- effect of pressure on production of, [265]
- chemical nature of, [267]
- experiments to illustrate gaseous nature of, [268]
- rate of diffusion of radium emanation, [269]
- rate of diffusion of thorium emanation, [275]
- diffusion of, into liquids, [276]
- condensation of, [277]
- temperature of condensation of, [280]
- volume of, from one gram of radium and thorium, [288]
- measurement of volume of, from radium, [289]
- diminution of volume of, [290]
- spectrum of emanation, [292]
- connection between emanation and excited activity, [298]
- effect of removal of, on activity of radium, [371] et seq.
- fraction of activity of radium due to, [374]
- effect of rate of escape of, on activity of radium, [374]
- heat emission of, [420], [431]
- variation of heat emission with time, [421] et seq.
- enormous emission of energy from emanation, [431]
- radio-activity of atmosphere due to emanations, [504]
- sucked up from the earth, [507]
- in caves, [507] et seq.
- rate of decay of activity of, from the earth, [508]
- condensation of, from the atmosphere, [510]
- in well water and springs, [510] et seq.
- from “fango,” [516]
- effect of meteorological conditions on amount of, in atmosphere, [517] et seq.
- from metals, [538]
- Emanating power
- Emanium or “emanating substance” of Giesel (see [Actinium])
- Energy
- of α particle, [156]
- of β particle, [196]
- comparison of, for α and β particles, [196]
- emitted from radium in form of heat, [419] et seq.
- emission of, from the emanation, [431]
- emission of, from radio-active products of radium, [433]
- total emission of, from 1 gram of radio-elements, [474] et seq.
- latent store of, in matter, [475]
- Eve
- conductivity of gases exposed to X rays, [64]
- conductivity of gases exposed to X rays and γ rays, [183], [184]
- secondary rays produced by β and γ rays, [189] et seq.
- magnetic deflection of secondary rays from γ rays, [193]
- variation of activity of radium with concentration, [467]
- amount of radium emanation in the atmosphere, [524] et seq.
- ionization due to emanation in atmosphere, [526] et seq.
- Evolution of matter
- evidence of, [497]
- Ewers and Ebert
- emanation from the earth, [508]
- Excited radio-activity
- discovery and properties of, [295] et seq.
- concentration of, on negative electrode, [297]
- connection of, with the emanations, [298]
- removal of, by acids, [300]
- decay of, due to thorium, [302]
- decay of, for short exposure to thorium, [304]
- effect of dust on distribution of, [305]
- decay curves for different times of exposure, [306] et seq.
- decay of, from radium, [306]
- decay curves of, measured by α rays, [308]
- decay curves of, measured by β rays, [309]
- decay curves of, from actinium, [311]
- of radium, of very slow decay, [311]
- effect of solution on, [312]
- electrolysis of active solutions, [313]
- effect of temperature on, [315]
- variation with electric field, of amount of, [316]
- effect of pressure on distribution of, [317]
- transmission of, [318]
- from actinium and emanium, [323]
- heat emission due to, [425] et seq.
- from the atmosphere, [501] et seq.
- decay of, [502]
- due to emanation in atmosphere, [504]
- distribution of, on surface of the earth, [504]
- concentration of, on prominences of the earth, [504]
- of rain and snow, [506]
- produced by emanation from tap water, [510]
- effect of meteorological conditions on amount of, [517] et seq.
- amount of, at Niagara Falls, [520]
- rate of decay of, dependent on conditions, [522] et seq.
- Exner and Haschek
- spectrum of radium, [17]
- Eye
- action of radium rays on, [217]
- Fehrle
- distribution of excited activity on a plate in electric field, [318]
- Fluorescence
- Fog
- large amount of excited activity during, [518]
- Forch
- loss of weight of radium, [474]
- γ rays
- relative conductivity of gas exposed to γ and hard X rays, [64], [184]
- discovery of, [179]
- absorption of, by matter, [179] et seq.
- connection between absorption of, and density, [182]
- discussion of nature of rays, [182] et seq.
- secondary rays produced by γ rays, [189]
- measurement of radio-activity by means of, [442], [467]
- conservation of radio-activity measured by, [471]
- Gases
- Gates, Miss F.
- Geitel
- Geitel and Elster
- radio-active lead, [27]
- effect of magnetic field on conductivity produced by radium rays, [113]
- scintillations produced by active substances, [158]
- action of radium rays on spark, [208]
- photo-electric action of bodies coloured by radium rays, [214]
- radio-active matter in earth, [494]
- discovery of radio-active matter in atmosphere, [501]
- emanations from the earth, [507]
- radio-activity of air in caves, [507]
- radio-activity of the soil, [515]
- radio-activity of fango, [516]
- variation of radio-activity of air with meteorological conditions, [517]
- effect of temperature and pressure on radio-activity in atmosphere, [518]
- Giesel
- coloration of bunsen flame by radium, [15]
- separation of radium by crystallization of bromide, [15]
- emanating substance, [21]
- radio-active lead, [27]
- magnetic deviation of β rays, [113]
- decrease with time of luminosity of radio-active screen, [205]
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of emanium due to didymium, [206], [207]
- coloration of bodies by radium rays, [213]
- evolution of gases from radium, [215]
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- emanation from the emanating substance, [250]
- luminosity produced by radium emanation, [251]
- decay of excited activity of emanium, [312]
- activity of radium dependent on age, [371]
- bismuth made active by radio-active solution, [417]
- temperature of radium bromide above air, [420]
- Gimingham and Rossignol
- decay of thorium emanation, [242]
- Glass
- Glew
- simple form of spinthariscope, and scintillations, [159]
- Globulin
- action of radium rays on, [214]
- Godlewski
- Goldstein
- Gonder, Hofmann, and Wölfl
- Grier and Rutherford
- Hardy
- coagulation of globulin by radium rays, [214]
- Hardy and Miss Willcock
- coloration of iodoform solutions by radium rays, [214]
- Hardy and Anderson
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- Harms
- number of ions per c.c. in closed vessel, [534]
- Hartmann
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of emanium, [206]
- Haschek and Exner
- spectrum of radium, [17]
- Heat
- rate of emission of, from radium, [419] et seq.
- emission of, from radium at low temperatures, [420]
- connection of heat emission with the radio-activity, [421] et seq.
- source of heat energy, [421] et seq.
- rate of emission of, after removal of the emanation, [422] et seq.
- rate of emission of, by emanation, [423], [431]
- variation with time of heat emission of radium, and of its emanation, [423]
- heating effect of the emanation, [423], [431]
- heating effect of active deposit, [425]
- proportion of heating effect due to radio-active products, [433]
- origin of, in radium, [442] et seq.
- total heat emission during life of radio-elements, [474] et seq.
- heating of earth by radio-active matter, [493]
- Heaviside
- Helium
- Helmholtz and Richarz
- action of ions on steam jet, [47]
- Hemptinne
- action of rays on spark and electrodeless discharge, [208]
- Henning
- Henning and Kohlrausch
- conductivity of solutions of radium bromide, [208]
- Hertz
- electric deviation of cathode rays, [73]
- Heydweiler
- loss of weight of radium, [474]
- Himstedt
- Himstedt and Meyer
- production of helium by radium, [479]
- Himstedt and Nagel
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- Hofmann, Gonder, and Wölfl
- Hofmann and Strauss
- radio-active lead, [27]
- Hofmann and Zerban
- connection of activity of thorium with uranium, [29]
- Huggins, Sir W. and Lady
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of radium bromide, [205]
- Hydrogen
- production of, by radium rays, [215]
- Induced radio-activity (see [Excited radio-activity])
- Induction
- Insulators
- conduction of, under radium rays, [209]
- Iodoform
- coloration produced in, by radium rays, [214]
- Ionization
- theory of, to explain conductivity of gases, [31] et seq.
- by collision, [39], [57]
- variation of, with pressure of gas, [61] et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, [64]
- comparison of, produced by rays, [111], [194]
- production of, in insulators, [209]
- total, produced by 1 gram of radium, [433] et seq.
- natural ionization of gases, [531] et seq.
- connection of, with phosphorescent and photographic actions, [549]
- Ions
- in explanation of conductivity of gases, [31] et seq.
- production of, by collision, [39], [57]
- rate of recombination of, [40] et seq.
- mobility of, [42] et seq.
- difference between mobility of positive and negative, [43] et seq.
- condensation of water around, [46] et seq.
- difference between positive and negative, [49]
- charge carried by, [50]
- diffusion of, [51] et seq.
- charge on an ion same as on hydrogen atom, [54]
- number of, produced per c.c., [54]
- size and nature of, [55] et seq.
- definition of, [56] et seq.
- velocity acquired by, between collisions, [58]
- energy required to produce, [58], [551]
- comparative number of, produced in gases, [65]
- disturbance of potential gradient by movement of, [65]
- production of, in insulators, [209]
- number of, produced by α particle, [433]
- number produced per c.c. in closed vessels, [533] et seq.
- Joly
- Kaufmann
- Kelvin
- Kelvin, Smolan and Beattie
- discharging power of uranium rays, [7]
- Kleeman and Bragg
- Kohlrausch
- conductivity of water altered by radium rays, [208]
- Kohlrausch and Henning
- conductivity of solutions of radium bromide, [208]
- Kunz
- phosphorescence of willemite and kunzite, [203]
- Kunz and Baskerville
- phosphorescence of substance under radium rays, [204]
- Kunzite
- phosphorescence of, under radium rays, [203]
- Laborde and Curie
- Langevin
- Larmor
- Lead, radio-active
- Le Bon
- Lenard
- Lerch, von
- Lockyer
- inorganic evolution, [499]
- Lodge, Sir Oliver
- Lorentz
- structure of atoms, [157]
- Lowry and Armstrong
- radio-activity and phosphorescence, [444]
- Luminosity
- Mache
- radium emanation in hot springs, [513]
- Mache and von Schweidler
- velocity of ions in air, [528]
- Makower
- Marckwald
- Mass
- Materials
- Matteucci
- rate of dissipation of charge in closed vessels, [531]
- McClelland
- McClung
- McClung and Rutherford
- McLennan
- McLennan and Burton
- Metabolon
- Meteorological conditions
- effect of, on radio-activity of atmosphere, [517]
- Methods of measurement
- Meyer and Himstedt
- production of helium by radium, [479]
- Meyer and Schweidler
- Minerals, radio-active
- Mobility
- of ions, [43] et seq.
- Moisture
- Molecule
- number of, in 1 c.c. of hydrogen, [54]
- Molecular weight
- Nagel and Himstedt
- action of radium rays on the eye, [217]
- Niewenglowski
- rays from sulphide of calcium, [4]
- Nomenclature
- of successive products, [328] et seq.
- Number
- Occlusion
- Owens
- Oxygen
- Ozone
- production of, by radium rays, [213]
- Paraffin
- Paschen
- Patterson
- Peck and Willows
- action of radium rays on spark, [208]
- Pegram
- Penetrating power
- Penetrating radiation
- from the earth and atmosphere, [520]
- Perrin
- Phosphorescence
- production of, by radium, [19]
- production of, by radium and polonium rays, [201] et seq.
- comparison of, produced by α and β rays, [202]
- of zinc sulphide, [202]
- of barium platinocyanide, [203]
- of willemite and kunzite, [203]
- produced by radium emanation in substances, [203], [252]
- diminution of, with time, [205]
- of radium compounds, [205]
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of radium bromide, [205]
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of “emanium,” [206]
- production of by heat (thermo-luminescence), [207]
- use of, to illustrate condensation of emanations, [279]
- connection of with ionization, [547] et seq.
- Phosphorus
- Photo-electric action
- produced by radium rays in certain substances, [214]
- Photographic
- Physical action of radium rays
- Physiological action of radium rays
- Piezo-électrique of quartz
- description of, [105]
- Pitchblendes
- Polarization of uranium rays
- absence of, [7]
- Polonium
- methods of separation of, [22]
- rays from, [23]
- decay of activity of, [23]
- discussion of nature of, [24]
- similarity to radio-tellurium, [26]
- magnetic deviation of α rays from, [146], [150]
- slow moving electrons, [153]
- increase of absorption with thickness of matter traversed, [163]
- connection of, with radium F, [411]
- Potential
- Precht and Runge
- Pressure
- Products, radio-active
- Quartz piezo-électrique
- use of, in measurement of current, [105]
- Quinine sulphate
- Radiations
- emitted by uranium, [8]
- emitted by thorium, [10]
- emitted by radium, [18]
- emitted by actinium, [21]
- emitted by polonium, [23]
- method of measurement of, [82] et seq.
- methods of comparison of, [108]
- three kinds of, [109]
- analogy to rays from a Crookes tube, [110]
- relative ionizing and penetrating power of, [111]
- difficulties of comparative measurement of, [112]
- β rays, [113]
- α rays, [141]
- γ rays, [179]
- secondary rays, [187]
- comparison of ionization of α and β rays, [194]
- phosphorescent effect of, [201] et seq.
- physical actions of, [207] et seq.
- chemical actions of, [213] et seq.
- physiological actions of, [216]
- from the emanation, [263]
- from Ur X, [347]
- connection of, with heat emission, [421] et seq.
- from different active products, [455]
- conservation of energy of each specific type of, [469] et seq.
- Radio-lead
- Radio-tellurium
- Radium
- discovery of, [13]
- separation of, [13]
- spectrum of, [16]
- atomic weight of, [17]
- radiations from, [18]
- compounds of, [19]
- nature of radiations from, [109]
- β rays from, [113]
- α rays from, [141]
- γ rays from, [179]
- secondary rays from, [187]
- production of phosphorescence by, [201] et seq.
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of, [206]
- physical actions of, [207] et seq.
- chemical actions of, [213] et seq.
- physiological actions of, [216]
- emanation from, [246]
- properties of emanation from, [247] et seq.
- chemical nature of emanation from, [267]
- diffusion of emanation from, [269]
- condensation of emanation from, [277]
- amount of emanation from, [288]
- volume of emanation from, [289]
- spectrum of emanation from, [292]
- excited radio-activity from, [295] et seq.
- decay of excited activity from, [306] et seq.
- difference in properties of radium and the emanation, [327]
- nomenclature of products, [328]
- theory of successive changes in, [330]
- alteration of activity of, by removal of emanation, [371] et seq.
- recovery of activity of, after removal of emanation, [372]
- effect of escape of emanation on recovery of activity of, [374]
- non-separable activity of, [375]
- period and properties of radium A, B and C, [376] et seq.
- analysis of active deposit of rapid changes of radium, [377]
- analysis of β ray curves, [381] et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves, [386] et seq.
- equations of activity curves, [389]
- effect of temperature on active deposit of, [390]
- relative activity due to products of, [395]
- active deposit of slow transformation, [397]
- physical and chemical properties of radium D, E and F, [398] et seq.
- effect of temperature on active deposit of slow change, [401]
- separation of radium F by bismuth, [402]
- products of, [402] et seq.
- rate of transformation of radium D, [404] et seq.
- variation of the activity of the active deposit over long periods of time, [407]
- amounts of radium D, E and F in old radium, [408]
- variation of activity of, with time, [409]
- products of in pitchblende, [410]
- origin of radio-tellurium, [411]
- origin of polonium, [411], [412]
- origin of radio-lead, [413]
- temporary activity of inactive matter separated from pitchblende, [415] et seq.
- heat emission of, [419] et seq.
- heat emission of emanation from, [420], [431]
- heating effects due to products of, [433]
- theories of radio-activity of, [437] et seq.
- discussion of theories of radio-activity of, [441] et seq.
- energy of radiations, not derived from external source, [442] et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, [444] et seq.
- list of active products of, [448]
- amount of products of, [452]
- rate of change of, [457]
- life of radium, [457]
- origin of, [459] et seq.
- production of, by uranium, [459] et seq.
- amount of in 1 gram of uranium, [461]
- amount of, in minerals, [461]
- radio-activity of, independent of concentration, [466] et seq.
- disappearance of, [467]
- life of, independent of concentration, [468]
- conservation of radio-activity of, [469] et seq.
- loss of weight of, [473]
- experiments to determine loss of weight of, [474]
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, [474] et seq.
- production of helium from, [476]
- helium, disintegration product of, [479] et seq.
- amount of helium from, [480]
- possible causes of disintegration of, [486] et seq.
- amount of, to account for heat of sun, [491]
- possible connection of with heat of sun, [491]
- possible connection of with heat of earth, [493]
- probable amount of, in earth, [495]
- amount of, in atmosphere, [495], [524]
- presence of, in atmosphere, [521] et seq.
- Radium A
- Radium B
- Radium C
- radiations from, [381]
- analysis of β ray curves of, [381] et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves of, [386] et seq.
- effect of temperature on, [390]
- activity supplied by, [394] et seq.
- heating effect of, [425]
- use of, as a source of β rays, [435]
- explosive nature of change in, [456]
- magnetic deflection of rays from, [543]
- velocity and value of e/m for rays from, [544]
- Radium D
- origin of name of, [376]
- connection of, with active deposit, [403]
- period of transformation of, [406]
- effect of, on variation of activity, [407]
- presence in old radium, [408]
- effect of, on activity of old radium, [409]
- presence in pitchblende, [410]
- connection with radio-lead, [413]
- amount of, in 1 ton of uranium, [454]
- Radium E
- Radium F
- variation of activity due to, [398]
- effect of temperature on, [401]
- separation of, on bismuth plate, [402]
- connection with active deposit, [403]
- variation of activity of, over long periods of time, [407]
- presence in old radium, [409]
- effect of, on activity of old radium, [409]
- presence in pitchblende, [410]
- connection with radio-tellurium, [411]
- connection with polonium, [411], [412]
- connection with radio-lead, [413]
- Rain
- Ramsay, Sir W.
- amount of helium in thorianite, [486]
- Ramsay and Collie
- spectrum of emanation, [292]
- Ramsay and Cooke
- radio-activity produced by radiation from radium, [472]
- Ramsay and Soddy
- Ramsay and Travers
- amount of helium in fergusonite, [486]
- Rayless changes
- Re, F.
- theory of radio-activity, [441]
- Recombination
- Recovery
- Reflection
- Refraction
- no evidence of, for uranium rays, [7]
- Regeneration
- of emanating power, [256]
- Richarz and von Helmholtz
- action of ions on steam jet, [47]
- Richarz and Schenck
- theory of radio-activity, [441]
- Rossignol and Gimingham
- decay of thorium emanation, [242]
- Runge
- spectrum of radium, [17]
- Runge and Bödlander
- evolution of gas from radium, [215]
- Runge and Precht
- Russel
- photographic action of substances, [83]
- Saake
- amount of emanation in air at high altitudes, [519]
- Salomonsen and Dreyer
- coloration of quartz by radium rays, [213]
- Saturation current
- Schenck
- radium emanation in springs, [513]
- Schenck and Richarz
- theory of radio-activity, [441]
- Schmidt
- discovery of radio-activity of thorium, [10]
- Schmidt and Wiedemann
- thermo-luminescence, [207]
- Schuster
- Schweidler and Mache
- velocity of ions in air, [528]
- Schweidler and Meyer
- Scintillations
- Searle
- Secondary rays
- Seitz
- absorption of electrons by matter, [137] et seq.
- Selenium
- action of radium rays on, [208]
- Simon
- Simpson
- amount of excited activity in north of Norway, [519]
- Slater, Miss
- effect of temperature on active deposit of thorium, [354]
- Smolan, Beattie and Kelvin
- discharging power of uranium rays, [7]
- Snow
- Soddy
- Soddy and Ramsay
- Soddy and Rutherford
- separation of Th X, [220]
- decay of activity of Th X, [221]
- recovery of activity of thorium freed from Th X, [221]
- decay of activity of Ur X, [223]
- recovery of activity of uranium freed from Ur X, [223]
- explanation of decay and recovery curves, [224]
- rate of production of Th X, [227]
- theory of decay of activity, [229]
- influence of conditions on rate of decay and recovery of activity, [233]
- disintegration hypothesis, [234]
- decay of activity of radium emanation, [247]
- measurements of emanating power, [254]
- effect of temperature, moisture, and solution, on emanating power, [255]
- regeneration of emanating power, [256]
- constant rate of production of emanation of radium and thorium, [257]
- source of thorium emanation, [261]
- radiations from the emanation, [264]
- chemical nature of emanation, [267]
- condensation of emanations of radium and thorium, [277]
- temperature of condensation of emanation, [278]
- effect of successive precipitations on activity of thorium, [358]
- recovery of activity of radium, [372]
- theory of radio-activity, [439]
- theory of radio-active change, [445]
- conservation of radio-activity, [469]
- Soil
- Solution
- Source
- Spark
- action of radium rays on, [208]
- Spectrum
- Spinthariscope
- description of, [158]
- Springs
- emanation from water of, [513]
- Stark
- energy to produce an ion, [58]
- Stoney, Johnstone
- use of term electron, [76]
- Strauss and Hofmann
- radio-active lead, [27]
- Strutt
- conductivity of gases for radiation, [63], [64]
- conductivity of gases produced by γ rays, [64], [183]
- negative charge carried by β rays, [122] et seq.
- absorption of β rays proportional to density, [136]
- nature of α rays, [142]
- attempt to measure charge of α rays, [153]
- constant ratio of uranium to radium in minerals, [462]
- connection of thorium with helium, [483]
- absorption of radium rays from sun by atmosphere, [492]
- presence of radium in Bath waters, [513]
- radio-activity of ordinary matter, [536]
- Sun
- Temperature
- effect of, on intensity of radiations from uranium and radium, [210]
- effect of, on luminosity, [210]
- rate of decay of radium emanation unaffected by, [249]
- of condensation of emanations, [283]
- rate of decay of thorium emanation unaffected by, [287]
- effect of, on excited activity, [315]
- effect of, on active deposit of thorium, [354]
- effect of, on active deposit of actinium, [368]
- effect of, on active deposit of rapid change of radium, [390]
- effect of, on active deposit of slow change, [401]
- of radium above surrounding space, [419]
- effect of, on amount of excited activity in atmosphere, [518]
- effect of, on natural ionization of air, [536]
- Theories
- Thermo-luminescence, [207]
- Thomson, J. J.
- relation between current and voltage for ionized gases, [34]
- difference between ions as condensation nuclei, [49]
- charge on ion, [50]
- magnetic field produced by an ion in motion, [69]
- apparent mass of electron, [71]
- action of magnetic field on moving ion, [72]
- determination of e/m for cathode stream, [73]
- origin of X rays, [80]
- slow velocity electrons from radio-tellurium, [153]
- charge carried by α rays, [154]
- theory of radio-activity, [440]
- cause of heat emission from radium, [442]
- structure of atom, [487]
- possible causes of disintegration of radium, [487]
- nature of electrons, [496]
- emanation from tap-water and deep wells, [510]
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, [539]
- Thomson, J. J. and Rutherford
- ionization theory of gases, [31] et seq.
- Thorium
- discovery of radio-activity of, [10]
- emanation from, [11]
- preparation of non-radio-active thorium, [29]
- nature of radiations from, [109]
- β rays from, [114]
- α rays from, [141]
- γ rays from, [180]
- separation of Th X from, [220]
- recovery of activity of, [221]
- disintegration of, [234]
- emanation from, [238]
- properties of emanation from, [239]
- diffusion of emanation from, [275]
- condensation of emanation from, [277]
- excited radio-activity from, [295] et seq.
- analysis of active deposit of, [351] et seq.
- rayless change in, [352]
- explanation of initial portion of decay curve, [358]
- explanation of initial portion of recovery curve, [358]
- effect of successive precipitations on, [358]
- recovery curve after large number of precipitations, [359]
- products of, [363]
- non-separable activity of, [363]
- radiations from active products of, [363]
- division of activity amongst active products of, [363]
- rate of emission of energy by, [432]
- theories of radio-activity of, [438]
- discussion of theories of radio-activity, [441] et seq.
- source of energy of radiations, [442] et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, [444] et seq.
- table of radio-active products of, [448]
- rate of change of, [458]
- life of, [458]
- conservation of radio-activity of, [469]
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, [475]
- possible causes of disintegration of, [486] et seq.
- Thorium A
- Thorium B
- Thorium X
- methods of separation of, [220]
- law of decay of activity of, [221]
- law of recovery of activity of, [221]
- theory to explain production of, [224]
- material nature of, [226]
- continuous production of, [227]
- explanation of decay of activity of, [229]
- effect of conditions on the rate of change of, [233]
- disintegration hypothesis to explain production of, [234]
- minute amount of, produced, [237]
- effect of successive separations of, on activity of thorium, [358] et seq.
- analysis of decay and recovery curves of, [358]
- radiations from, [363]
- Tommasina
- scintillations produced by electrification, [160]
- Townsend
- Transformations, successive
- theory of, [325] et seq.
- nomenclature of, [328]
- activity due to, [337]
- detection of a rayless change in, [341]
- in uranium, [346] et seq.
- in thorium, [351] et seq.
- in actinium, [364] et seq.
- in radium, [371] et seq.
- list of, [448]
- origin of radium in, [459]
- helium, a result of, [476] et seq.
- possible cause of, [486] et seq.
- application of, to evolution of matter, [497] et seq.
- Transmission
- Travers and Ramsay
- amount of helium in fergusonite, [486]
- Troost
- rays from hexagonal blende, [4]
- Uranium
- discovery of radio-activity of, [5]
- persistence of radiations of, [6]
- discharging power of rays, [7]
- absence of reflection, refraction and polarization, [7]
- examination of uranium minerals, [11] et seq.
- relative activity of compounds of uranium, [12]
- nature of radiations from, [109]
- β rays from, [114]
- α rays from, [141]
- γ rays from, [180]
- separation of Ur X from, [219]
- recovery of activity of, [219]
- changes in, [346] et seq.
- non-separable activity of, [347]
- radiations from Ur X, [347] et seq.
- method of measurement of activity of Ur X, [347]
- emission of energy by, [418]
- theories of radio-activity of, [437] et seq.
- discussion of theories of radio-activity, [441] et seq.
- source of energy of radiation, [442] et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, [444] et seq.
- table of active products, [448]
- rate of change of, [458]
- life of, [458]
- radium probable product of, [459] et seq.
- amount of radium in, [460] et seq.
- amount of, in radio-active minerals, [461]
- growth of radium in, [463]
- conservation of radio-activity of, [469]
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, [475]
- possible causes of disintegration of, [486] et seq.
- Uranium X
- separation of, by Crookes, [219]
- separation of, by Becquerel, [219]
- decay of activity of, [223]
- recovery of activity of, [223]
- theory to explain production of, [224] et seq.
- material nature of, [226]
- explanation of decay of activity of, [229]
- changes in, [346] et seq.
- radiations from, [347] et seq.
- method of measurement of radiations from, [347]
- effect of crystallization on activity of, [349]
- diffusion of, [350]
- Velocity
- Villard
- Vincenti and Levi Da Zara
- radium emanation in spring waters, [516]
- Voller
- variation of activity of radium with concentration, [467]
- Volume
- Walker, G. W.
- theory of electrometer, [90]
- Walkhoff
- action of radium rays on skin, [216]
- Wallstabe
- diffusion of radium emanation into liquids, [276]
- Water
- Water-falls
- Watts, Marshall
- atomic weight of radium, [18]
- Weichert
- velocity of cathode rays, [76]
- Weight
- Wheeler and Bumstead
- Whetham
- Wiedemann
- thermo-luminescence, [207]
- Wiedemann and Schmidt
- thermo-luminescence, [207]
- Wien
- Willcock, Miss and Hardy
- coloration of iodoform solution by radium rays, [214]
- Willemite
- Willows and Peck
- action of radium rays on spark, [208]
- Wilson, C. T. R.
- ions as nuclei of condensation, [47] et seq.
- difference between positive and negative ions as condensation nuclei, [49]
- equality of charges carried by positive and negative ions, [50]
- construction of electroscope, [86], [88]
- natural ionization of air in vessels, [501]
- radio-activity of rain and snow, [505], [506]
- loss of charge in closed vessels, [531] et seq., [534]
- presence of ions in dust-free air shown by condensation, [533]
- number of ions produced per c.c., [533]
- effect of pressure and nature of gas on ionization in sealed vessels, [534]
- Wilson, H. A.
- charge on ion, [51]
- Wilson, W. E.
- radium in sun, [491]
- Wölfl, Hofmann and Gonder
- Wood, A.
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, [540]
- Zara, Levi Da and Vincenti
- radium emanation in spring waters, [516]
- Zeeman
- action of magnetic field on light, [77]
- Zeleny
- Zerban and Hofmann
- connection of activity of thorium with uranium, [29]
- Zinc Sulphide
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
CAMBRIDGE PHYSICAL SERIES.
Conduction of Electricity through Gases. By J. J. Thomson, D.Sc., LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Fellow of Trinity College and Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics. Demy 8vo. viii + 568 pp. 16s.
CONTENTS.