Water Supply: the Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells / With Geological Considerations and Examples of Wells Executed

by Ernest Spon

WATER SUPPLY.
THE PRESENT PRACTICE
OF
SINKING AND BORING WELLS;
WITH GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND
EXAMPLES OF WELLS EXECUTED.
BY
ERNEST SPON,
MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS; OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE; OF THE IRON AND STEEL
INSTITUTE; AND OF THE GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION.

LONDON:
E. & F. N. SPON, 48, CHARING CROSS.
NEW YORK: 446, BROOME STREET.
1875.

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[CONTENTS.]

CHAP.		PAGE
	PREFACE.	[v.]
I.	GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS.	[1]
II.	THE NEW RED SANDSTONE.	[35]
III.	WELL SINKING.	[40]
IV.	WELL BORING.	[60]
V.	AMERICAN TUBE WELL.	[81]
VI.	WELL BORING AT GREAT DEPTHS.	[85]
VII.	EXAMPLES OF WELLS EXECUTED, AND OF DISTRICTS SUPPLIED BY WELLS.	[155]
VIII.	TABLES AND MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.	[202]
	INDEX.	[211]
	E. & F. N. SPON’S NEW BOOKS.	[Advertisements]

[PREFACE.]

In modern times the tendency of the inhabitants of a country to dwell together in large communities, and the consequent need for accumulating in a particular locality a sufficient supply of water for household, social, and industrial purposes, have rendered necessary the construction of such engineering works as impounding reservoirs and wells, by means of which the abundant measure of sparsely populated districts may be utilized, and water obtained not only free from those impurities which it collects in densely populated districts, but also in greater quantity than the natural sources of the district are capable of supplying.

Of the works mentioned, wells have fairly a primary claim upon the notice of the sanitary engineer, for, without undervaluing other sources of supply, the water from them certainly possesses the advantage over that from rivers and surface drainage, of being without organic admixture and unimpregnated with those deadly spores which find their way into surface waters and are so fatal in seasons of epidemic visitation. A great deal of the irregularity in the action of wells, and the consequent distrust with which they are regarded by many, is attributable either to improper situation or to the haphazard manner in which the search for underground water is frequently conducted. As regards the first cause, it cannot be too strongly stated that extreme caution is necessary in the choice of situations for wells, and that a sound geological knowledge of the country in which the attempt is to be made should precede any sinking or boring for this purpose, otherwise much useless expense may be incurred without a chance of success. Indeed, the power of indicating those points where wells may, in all probability, be successfully established, is one of the chief practical applications of geology to the useful purposes of life.