| CHAPTER XV. |
| PERIODS OF CREATION AND RECORDS OF CREATION. |
| | PAGE |
| Reform of Systems by the Theory of Descent.—The Natural System as aPedigree.—Palæontological Records of the Pedigree.—Petrifactionsas Records of Creation.—Deposits of the Neptunic Strata and theEnclosure of Organic Remains.—Division of the Organic History ofthe Earth into Five Main Periods: Period of the Tangle Forests,Fern Forests, Pine Forests, Foliaceous Forests, and of Cultivation.—TheSeries of Neptunic Strata.—Immeasurable Duration of thePeriods which have elapsed during their Formation.—Deposits ofStrata only during the Sinking, not during the Elevation of theGround.—Other Gaps in the Records of Creation.—MetamorphicCondition of the most Ancient Neptunic Strata.—Small Extent ofPalæontological Experience.—Small proportion of Organisms andof Parts of Organisms Capable of Petrifying.—Rarity of manyPetrified Species.—Want of Fossilised Intermediate Forms.—Recordsof the Creation in Ontogeny and in ComparativeAnatomy | [1] |
| CHAPTER XVI. |
| PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF THEPROTISTA. |
| Special Mode of Carrying out the Theory of Descent in the NaturalSystem of Organisms.—Construction of Pedigrees.—Descent of allMany-celled from Single-celled Organisms.—Descent of Cellsfrom Monera.—Meaning of Organic Tribes, or Phyla.—Number ofthe Tribes in the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms.—The MonophyleticHypothesis of Descent, or the Hypothesis of one CommonProgenitor, and the Polyphyletic Hypothesis of Descent, or theHypothesis of many Progenitors.—The Kingdom of Protista, orPrimæval Beings.—Eight Classes of the Protista Kingdom:Monera, Amœbæ, or Protoplastæ; Whip-swimmers, or Flagellata;Ciliated-balls,Cili Catallacta; Labyrinth-streamers, or Labyrinth-streamers,streamers,or Labyrinthuleæ; Flint-cells, or Diatomeæ; Mucous-moulds, or Myxomycetes;Root-footers (Rhizopoda).—Remarks on the General Natural Historyof the Protista: Their Vital Phenomena, Chemical Composition,and Formation (Individuality and Fundamental Form).—Phylogenyof the Prostista Kingdomy | [36] |
| CHAPTER XVII. |
| PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. |
| The Natural System of the Vegetable Kingdom.—Division of the VegetableKingdom into Six Branches and Eighteen Classes.—TheFlowerless Plants (Cryptogamia).—Sub-kingdom of the ThallusPlants.—The Tangles, or Algæ (Primary Algæ), Green Algæ, BrownAlgæ, Red Algæ).—The Thread-plants, or Inophytes (Lichens andFungi).—Sub-kingdom of the Prothallus Plants.—The Mosses, orMuscinæ (Water-mosses, Liverworts, Leaf-mosses, Bog-mosses).—TheFerns, or Filicinæ (Leaf-ferns, Bamboo-ferns, Water-ferns,Scale-ferns).—Sub kingdom of Flowering Plants (Phanerogamia).—TheGymnosperms, or Plants with Naked Seeds (Palm-ferns= Cycadeæ; Pines = Coniferæ).—The Angiosperms, or Plants withEnclosed Seeds.—Monocotylæ.—Dicotylæ.—Cup-blossoms (Apetalæ).—Star-blossoms(Diapetalæ).—Bell-blossoms (Gamopetalæ) | [77] |
| CHAPTER XVIII. |
| PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. |
| I. Animal-Plants and Worms. |
| The Natural System of the Animal Kingdom.—Linnæus’ and Lamarck’sSystems.—The Four Types of Bär and Cuvier.—Their Increase toSeven Types.—Genealogical Importance of the Seven Types asIndependent Tribes of the Animal Kingdom.—Derivation ofZoophytes and Worms from Primæval Animals.—Monophyletic andPolyphyletic Hypothesis of the Descent of the Animal Kingdom.—CommonOrigin of the Four Higher Animal Tribes out of the WormTribe.—Division of the Seven Animal Tribes into Sixteen MainClasses, and Thirty-eight Classes.—Primæval Animals (Monera,Amœbæ), Synamœbæ), Gregarines, Infusoria, Planæades, and Gastræades(Planula and Gastrula).—Tribe of Zoophytes.—Spongiæ(Mucous Sponges, Fibrous Sponges, Calcareous Sponges).—SeaNettles, or Acalephæ Corals, Hood-jellies, Comb-jellies).—Tribe ofWorms | [117] |
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| CHAPTER XIX. |
| PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. |
| II. Mollusca, Star-Fishes, and Articulated Animals. |
| Tribe of Molluscs.—Four Classes of Molluscs: Lamp-shells (Spirobranchia);Mussels (Lamellibranchia); Snails (Cochlides); Cuttle-fish(Cephalopoda).—Tribe of Star-fishes, or Echinoderma.—Their Derivationfrom Ringed Worms (Mailed Worms, or Phracthelminthes).—TheAlternation of Generation in the Echinoderma.—Four Classesof Star-fish: Sea-stars (Asteridea); Sea-lilies (Crinoidea); Sea-urchins(Echinidea); Sea-cucumbers (Holothuridea).—Tribe ofArticulated Animals, or Arthropoda.—Four Classes of ArticulatedAnimals: Branchiata, or Crustacea, breathing through gills;Jointed Crabs; Mailed Crabs; Articulata Tracheata, breathingthrough Air Tubes.—Spiders (Long Spiders, Round Spiders).—Myriopods.—Insects.—Chewingand Sucking Insects.—Pedigreeand History of the Eight Orders of Insects | [154] |
| CHAPTER XX. |
| PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. |
| III. Vertebrate Animals. |
| The Records of the Creation of Vertebrate Animals (ComparativeAnatomy, Embryology, and Palæontology).—The Natural System ofVertebrate Animals.—The Four Classes of Vertebrate Animals,according to Linnæus and Lamarck.—Their Increase to NineClasses.—Main Class of the Tube-hearted, or Skull-less Animals (theLancelet).—Blood Relationship between the Skull-less Fish and theTunicates.—Agreement in the Embryological Development of Amphioxusand Ascidiæ.—Origin of the Vertebrate Tribe out of theWorm Tribe.—Main Class of Single-nostriled, or Round-mouthedAnimals (Hag and Lampreys).—Main Class of Anamnionate Animals,devoid of Amnion.—Fishes (Primæval Fish, CartilaginousFish, Osseous Fish).—Mud-fish, or Dipneusta.—Sea Dragons, orHalisauria.—Frogs and Salamanders, or Amphibia (MailedAmphibia, Naked Amphibia).—Main Class of Amnionate Animals,or Amniota.—Reptiles (Primary Reptiles, Lizards, Serpents, Crocodiles,Tortoises, Flying Reptiles, Dragons, Beaked Reptiles).—Birds(Feather-tailed, Fan-tailed, Bush-tailed) | [192] |
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| CHAPTER XXI. |
| PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. |
| IV. Mammals. |
| The System of Mammals according to Linnæus and Blainville.—ThreeSub-classes of Mammals (Ornithodelphia, Didelphia, Monodelphia).—Ornithodelphia,or Monotrema.—Beaked Animals (Ornithostoma).—Didelphia,or Marsupials.—Herbivorous and Carnivorous Marsupials.—Monodelphia,or Placentalia (Placental Animals).—Meaningof the Placenta.—Tuft Placentalia.—Girdle Placentalia.—Disc Placentalia.—Non-deciduates,or Indeciduata.—Hoofed Animals.—Singleand Double-hoofed Animals.—Whales.—Toothless Animals.—Deciduates,or Animals with Decidua.—Semi-apes.—GnawingAnimals.—Pseudo-hoofed Animals.—Insectivora.—Beasts of Prey.—Bats.—Apes | [231] |
| CHAPTER XXII. |
| ORIGIN AND PEDIGREE OF MAN. |
| The Application of the Theory of Descent to Man.—Its Immense Importanceand Logical Necessity.—Man’s Position in the NaturalSystem of Animals, among Disco-placental Animals.—IncorrectSeparation of the Bimana and Quadrumana.—Correct Separation ofSemi-apes from Apes.—Man’s Position in the Order of Apes.—Narrow-nosedApes (of the Old World) and Flat-nosed Apes (ofAmerica).—Difference of the two Groups.—Origin of Man fromNarrow-nosed Apes.—Human Apes, or Anthropoides.—AfricanHuman-apes (Gorilla and Chimpanzee).—Asiatic Human-apes(Orang and Gibbon).—Comparison between the different HumanApes and the different Races of Men.—Survey of the Seriesof the Progenitors of Man.—Invertebrate Progenitors (Prochordata)and Vertebrate Progenitors | [263] |
| CHAPTER XXIII. |
| MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANKIND. HUMANSPECIES AND HUMAN RACES. |
| Age of the Human Race.—Causes of its Origin.—The Origin of HumanLanguage.—Monophyletic or Single, Polyphyletic or MultipleOrigin of the Human Race.—Derivation of Man from many Pairs.—Classificationof the Human Races.—System of Twelve Species ofMen.—Woolly-Haired Men, or Ulotrichis.—Bushy-Haired (Papuans,Hottentots.)—Fleecy-haired (Caffres, Negroes).—Straight-hairedMen, or Lissotrichi.—Stiff-haired (Australians, Malays, Mongols,Arctic, and American Tribes).—Curly-haired (Dravidas, Nubians,Midlanders).—Number of Population.—Primæval Home of Man(South Asia, or Lemuria).—Nature of Primæval Men.—Number ofPrimæval Languages (Monoglottists and Polyglottists).—Divergenceand Migration of the Human Race.—Geographical Distribution ofthe Human Species | [296] |
| CHAPTER XXIV. |
| OBJECTIONS AGAINST, AND PROOFS OF THE TRUTH OF,THE THEORY OF DESCENT. |
| Objections to the Doctrine of Filiation.—Objections of Faith andReason.—Immeasurable Length of the Geological Periods.—TransitionForms between Kindred Species.—Dependence of Stability ofForm on Inheritance, and of the Variability of Form on Adaptation.—Originof very Complicated Arrangement of Organisation.—GradualDevelopment of Instincts and Mental Activities.—Origin of a prioriKnowledge from Knowledge a posteriori.—The Knowledge requisitefor the Correct Understanding of the Doctrine of Filiation.—NecessaryInteraction between Empiricism and Philosophy.—Proofs of theTheory of Descent.—Inner Causal-Connection between all the BiologicalSeries of Phenomena.—The Direct Proof of the Theory ofSelection.—Relation of the Theory of Descent to Anthropology.—Proofsof the Animal Origin of Man.—The Pithecoid Theory as anInseparable Part of the Theory of Descent.—Induction and Deduction.—GradualDevelopment of the Human Mind.—Body and Mind.—HumanSoul and Animal Soul.—A Glance at the Future | [334] |
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| List of Works referred to in the Text | [371] |
| Appendix (Explanation of the Plates) | [379] |
| Index | [402] |
