Although the preceding ancestral stage is already so nearly akin to genuine Men that we scarcely require to assume an intermediate connecting stage, still we can look upon the speechless Primæval Men (Alali) as this intermediate link. These Ape-like men, or Pithecanthropi, very probably existed towards the end of the Tertiary period. They originated out of the Man-like Apes, or Anthropoides, by becoming completely habituated to an upright walk, and by the corresponding stronger differentiation of both pairs of legs. The fore hand of the Anthropoides became the human hand, their hinder hand became a foot for walking. Although these Ape-like Men must not merely by the external formation of their bodies, but also by their internal mental development, have been much more akin to real Men than the Man-like Apes could have been, yet they did not possess the real and chief characteristic of man, namely, the articulate human language of words, the corresponding development of a higher consciousness, and the formation of ideas. The certain proof that such Primæval Men without the power of speech, or Ape-like Men, must have preceded men possessing speech, is the result arrived at by an inquiring mind from comparative philology (from the “comparative anatomy” of language), and especially from the history of the development of language in every child (“glottal ontogenesis”) as well as in every nation (“glottal phylogenesis”).
Twenty-second Stage: Men (Homines).
Genuine Men developed out of the Ape-like Men of the preceding stage by the gradual development of the animal language of sounds into a connected or articulate language, of words. The development of this function, of course, went hand in hand with the development of its organs, namely, the higher differentiation of the larynx and the brain. The transition from speechless Ape-like Men to Genuine or Talking Men probably took place at the beginning of the Quaternary period, namely, in the Diluvial period, but possibly even at an earlier date, in the more recent Tertiary. As, according to the unanimous opinion of most eminent philologists, all human languages are not derived from a common primæval language, we must assume a polyphyletic origin of language, and in accordance with this a polyphyletic transition from speechless Ape-like Men to Genuine Men.
| ANCESTRAL SERIES OF THE HUMAN PEDIGREE. | ||||||||
| M N = Boundary between the Invertebrate and Vertebrate Ancestors. | ||||||||
| Epochs of the Organic History of the Earth. | Geological Periods of the Organic History of the Earth. | Animal Ancestral Stages of Man. | Nearest Living Relatives of the Ancestral Stages. | |||||
| I. Archilithic or Primordial Epoch |
|
| 1. | Monera (Monera) |
| Protogenes Protamœba | ||
| 2. | Single-celled Primæval animals |
| Simple Amœbæ (Automœbæ) | |||||
| 3. | Many-celled Primæval animals |
| Communities of Amœbæ (Synamœbæ) | |||||
| 4. | Ciliated planulæ (Planæada) |
| Planula larvæ | |||||
| 1. | Laurentian Period | 5. | Primæval Intestinal animals (Gastræada) |
| Gastrula larvæ | |||
| 2. | Cambrian Period | 6. | Gliding Worms (Turbellaria) |
| Rhabdocœla Dendrocœla | |||
3. | Silurian Period | 7. | Soft-worms (Scolecida) |
| ?Between the Sea-squirts and Gliding worms | |||
| 8. | Sack worms (Himatega) |
| Sea-squirts (Ascidiæ) | |||||
| M......................................................................N | ||||||||
| 9. | Skull-less (Acrania) |
| Lancelets (Amphioxi) | |||||
| 10. | Single-nostriled (Monorrhina) |
| Lampreys (Petromyzonta) | |||||
| (Compare p. [22], and Plate [XIV]. and its explanation.) | 11. | Primæval fish (Selachii) |
| Sharks (Squalacei) | ||||
| II. Palæolithic or Primary Epoch |
| 4. | Coal Period |
| 12. | Salamander fish (Dipneusta) |
| Mud fish (Protopteri) |
| 5. | Devonian Period | 13. | Gilled Amphibia (Sozobranchia) |
| (Proteus) Axolotl (Siredon) | |||
| 6. | Permian Period | 14. | Tailed Amphibia (Sozura) |
| Water-newts (Tritons) | |||
| III. Mesolithic or Secondary Epoch |
| 7. | Trias Period |
| 15. | Primæval Amniota (Protamnia) |
| ?Between the Tailed-Amphibia and Primary mammals |
| 8. | Jura Period | 16. | Primary Mammals (Promammalia) |
| Beaked animals (Monotrema) | |||
| 9. | Chalk Period Period | 17. | Pouched animals (Marsupialia) |
| Pouched rats (Didelphys) | |||
| IV. Cenolithic or Tertiary Epoch |
|
| 18. | Semi-apes (Prosimiæ) |
| Lori (Stenops) Maki (Lemur) | ||
| 10. | Eocene Period | 19. | Tailed Narrow-nosed Apes |
| Nose apes Holy apes | |||
| 11. | Miocene Period | 20. | Men-like Apes or Tail-less Narrow-nosed apes |
| Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orang, Gibbon | |||
| 12. | Pliocene Period | 21. | Speechless Men or Ape-like Men |
| Deaf and Dumb, Cretins or Microcephali | |||
| V. Quaternary Epoch |
| 13 | Diluvial Period |
| 22. | Talking Men |
| Australians and Papuans |
| 14 | Alluvial Period | |||||||
CHAPTER XXIII.
MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANKIND. HUMAN SPECIES AND HUMAN RACES.
Age of the Human Race.—Causes of its Origin.—The Origin of Human Language.—Monophyletic or Single, Polyphyletic or Multiple Origin of the Human Race.—Derivation of Man from many Pairs.—Classification of the Human Races.—System of Twelve Species of Men.—Woolly-haired Men, or Ulotrichis.—Bushy-haired (Papuans, Hottentots).—Fleecy-haired (Caffres, Negroes).—Straight-haired men, or Lissotrichi.—Stiff-haired (Australians, Malays, Mongols, Arctic, and American Tribes).—Curly-haired (Dravidas, Nubians, Midlanders).—Number of Population.—Primæval Home of Man (South Asia, or Lemuria).—Nature of Primæval Men.—Number of Primæval Languages (Monoglottists and Polyglottists).—Divergence and Migration of the Human Race.—Geographical Distribution of the Human Species.