How to build a house

by Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

Fig. 30.

“We have a good part of the materials on the ground. As regards stones of large size, we shall get them from the quarries of Le Blanc, which are only a mile or two distant. Our quoins, our door and window-openings, our string-courses, cornices, dormer-windows, and gable-copings, will be made of dressed stone. Let us begin with the quoins. This is how you will give the details to Branchu; it is a very simple matter. In this part of the country they sell stone by the scantling; that is to say, the quarries supply it according to a measure stipulated beforehand, and the price per cubic foot is less in proportion to the uniformity of the order, and the ease with which it is executed. Now our walls on the ground-floor are 2 feet thick: let A be one of the corners (Fig. [30]); for these you will require stones all of the same scantling—2 ft 10 in. long by 2 feet wide, and a mean height of 18 inches, which is the average thickness of the beds in the quarries of this district. And these quoin stones will be placed as I have marked here, one a b c d, the other a e f g, the result of which will be that each stone will form alternately on one side and the other a bond of 10 inches. The range-work having its courses about 6 inches thick, we shall have three courses of the range-work in the height of each course of dressed stone, and the building as it rises will present the appearance indicated by the perspective sketch B. Between the plinth mould and the string-course of the first floor we have 14 feet; nine courses of stone, plus the mortar beds, therefore, will constitute its height. Let us see how we are to arrange our window-casings. We must consider how to place the jalousies, which cannot be dispensed with in the country, but which when folded back on the face of the walls produce a disagreeable effect, very soon begin to get out of repair, and are troublesome to shut or open, imposing on the inmates of the dwelling a gymnastic exercise from which they would gladly be excused. Interior reveals will be required sufficiently deep for the casements, not to be flush with the walls, and to leave a space between them and the curtains. Our widest windows are 4 feet wide in the clear; our walls, on the ground-floor, are 2 feet thick; we can therefore find a place for the jalousies in the casing, only on condition of dividing each of these leaves into two or three folds. Only those made of sheet iron will allow us to manage this, because three sheets folded back on themselves are only 2 inches thick, including the room left for the play of the hinges. This, then, is the method given (in Fig. 31) of arranging the jambs of the windows: the outside being at A, we will leave a thickness, B, to mask the leaves of the jalousies folded up in the jamb of 4 inches. We will allow a space of 10¾ inches for these leaves at C. Then will come the window-frame, 2¼ inches thick; total, 17 inches. We shall then have left 7 inches of reveal inside at D.

Fig. 31.

“You see at E how we shall build these window-openings: a sill, F, of a single block of stone; then a course, G, 16 to 18 inches high, bonding into the range-work; a stone on end, H, only the thickness of the casing; a third course, I, like that marked G; and lastly, the lintel. We will make this only the thickness of the casing, that is, 14¾ inches; we shall have left 9¼ inches, exactly space enough to turn an arch of bricks, K (these being 9 inches long, and with the joint 9¼ inches). This arch will bear our joists, if there are any that have to rest in the outer walls, and it will hinder a fracture of the lintels. Besides this we will pass a tie-bar, L, under the latter. I find the tie-bar more effective at this level than at the level of the flooring. A tie-bar is an iron sinew placed in the thickness of the walls to bind and keep in place the whole construction. It is not always placed in houses built in country districts, but it is unwise to omit it—indeed, a very poor economy to do so; for a building not tied is liable to be easily cracked. But we shall speak of this again at the proper time. Make a fair copy of these sketches and show them to me; and we will give these details to Branchu.

Fig. 32.

“We must also decide how we shall construct the floors. In Paris, at the present day, they construct all the floors with joists of double T iron, and for bearings of 16 to 20 feet they take iron 4½ to 6 inches in vertical section. They pug these iron joists—placed about 28 inches apart, and connected at intervals of about a yard, by iron tie-bars ⅝ in. square—with plaster concrete. This is no bad method, certainly; but here we have neither the iron joists, which are so easily procured at the great centres, nor the plaster-of-Paris, which is perhaps too lavishly used in the capital, but which is nevertheless an excellent material when it is properly employed, especially for the interior. We must construct the floors with wood. But I have already told you that timbers which have not been soaked for some time, and which have been cut scarcely two years, decay very rapidly when enclosed, chiefly in their bearings, that is their extremities built in the walls. To prevent our floors giving us anxiety respecting their durability, we must leave the timbers visible, and not build them in the walls. We will, therefore, adopt the system of bearers attached to the walls to receive the bearings of the joists; and as we have small oak trunks, we will content ourselves with squaring them on two faces, and place them diagonally, as I show you here (Fig. [32]). For bearings of 16 to 20 feet, which are the largest we have, timbers 7 inches square will be sufficient. If we think them insufficient we will put an intermediate beam; that remains to be seen. These joists, diagonally placed, present moreover their maximum of resistance to deflection. We will place them at 20 inches from centre to centre. Their bearings will be in the notches made in the bearers, as marked at A, and the soffits—which are the spaces between the joists—will be made with bricks placed flat-ways, overlaid with mortar and plastered beneath. We may decorate these ceilings with line painting, which renders them light and agreeable to the sight, as at H. Joists thus placed do not present internal angles difficult to keep clean, and among which spiders spin their webs. A dust with a soft brush readily cleans these soffits.

Fig. 33.