LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
| FIG. | PAGE | |
| DWARFISM AND GIANTISM (Journal of American Medical Association) | [Frontispiece] | |
| [1.] | ANTE-CHRISTIAN IRISH PIPES (Donnelly, Atlantis) | [111] |
| [2.] | ANTE-COLUMBIAN PIPES FROM SCULPTURE AT STRATFORD-ON-AVON (Donnelly, Atlantis) | [112] |
| [3-6.] | CHANGES IN SKULL TYPES (Original) | [134] |
| [7.] | WANT OF UNION IN FRONTAL SUTURE (Dr. Greves, Amsterdam) | [163] |
| [8.] | STIGMATA OF DEGENERATE CRANIUM (Original) | [165] |
| [9.] | HYDROCEPHALY (Dr. Ernst Sjöberg, Stockholm) | [166] |
| [10.] | KEPHALONES (Dr. Ernst Sjöberg, Stockholm) | [167] |
| [11.] | MICROCEPHALY (Dr. Ernst Sjöberg, Stockholm) | [168] |
| [12.] | DOLICHOCEPHALY (Barnard Davis) | [169] |
| [13.] | SPHENOCEPHALY (New York State Reformatory) | [170] |
| [14.] | BRACHYCEPHALY (Barnard Davis) | [171] |
| [15.] | PLATYCEPHALY (Barnard Davis) | [172] |
| [16.] | PLAGIOCEPHALY (Barnard Davis) | [173] |
| [17.] | SCAPHOCEPHALY (Barnard Davis) | [174] |
| [18.] | LARGE ORBITS (Dr. Greves, Amsterdam) | [180] |
| [19.] | CAMPER’S ANGLE (Original) | [181] |
| [20.] | JOHANNA, FEMALE CHIMPANZEE (Original) | [182] |
| [21.] | NEGRO CRIMINAL YOUTH (Illinois State Reformatory) | [182] |
| [22.] | CAUCASIAN FACE (Original) | [183] |
| [23.] | DEGENERATE FACE AND ARREST OF UPPER JAW (Original) | [184] |
| [24.] | DEGENERATE FACE AND NOSE (Dental Cosmos) | [185] |
| [25.] | DEGENERATE FACE AND ARREST OF LOWER JAW (Original) | [187] |
| [26.] | ASYMMETRICAL FACE (New York State Reformatory) | [188] |
| [27.] | DEFLECTION OF NASAL SEPTUM (Dr. Greves, Amsterdam) | [190] |
| [28.] | HYPERTROPHY OF TURBINATES (Dr. Greves, Amsterdam) | [191] |
| [29.] | IRREGULAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE BONES OF THE NOSE (Dr. Greves, Amsterdam) | [192] |
| [30.] | OBLITERATED ANTRUM (Dr. Greves, Amsterdam) | [193] |
| [31.] | CLEFT PALATE (Dr. G. T. Carpenter, Chicago) | [198] |
| [32.] | HARE-LIP (Dr. G. T. Carpenter, Chicago) | [201] |
| [33.] | CYCLOPIC EYE (Dr. J. G. Kiernan, Chicago) | [204] |
| [34.] | CYCLOPIC MONSTER WITH SINGLE EYE (Dr. J. G. Kiernan, Chicago) | [205] |
| [35.] | FŒTUS WITHOUT CHIN AND EARS AT EXTERNAL OPENING OF FIRST GILL CLEFT (Bland Sutton, London) | [207] |
| [36.] | EAR EMBRYOLOGY (Minot, Boston) | [209] |
| [37.] | ARREST OF EAR DEVELOPMENT (Journal of American Medical Association) | [210] |
| [38.] | NORMAL EAR (Ibid.) | [211] |
| [39.] | MOREL EAR (Ibid.) | [213] |
| [40-45.] | DARWINIAN EARS AND ABNORMAL EARS (Ibid.) | [215] |
| [46], [47.] | UNDEVELOPED EARS (Ibid.) | [216] |
| [48], [49.] | ELEPHANTINE EARS (Ibid.) | [217] |
| [Plates A] and [B.] | EVOLUTION OF THE TEETH (Osborn, International Dental Journal) | [223] |
| [50], [51.] | CALCIFICATION OF THE TEETH (Dr. C. N. Pierce, Philadelphia) | [226-7] |
| [52-56.] | SUPERNUMERARY TEETH (Original) | [230-1] |
| [57-60.] | SUPERNUMERARY AND CONE-SHAPED TEETH (Dental Cosmos) | [232-3] |
| [61.] | CONE-SHAPED TEETH (Smale & Colyer, London) | [234] |
| [62.] | MISSING THIRD MOLARS (Original) | [235] |
| [63.] | MISSING THIRD MOLARS (Original) | [236] |
| [64-66.] | MISSING LATERAL INCISORS (Original) | [236-7] |
| [67.] | SO-CALLED HUTCHINSON’S TEETH (American System of Dentistry) | [238] |
| [68.] | DEGENERATE V-SHAPED JAW (Original) | [239] |
| [69.] | HUTCHINSON’S TEETH (Dental Cosmos) | [240] |
| [70], [71.] | CONE-SHAPED MOLARS (Ibid.) | [240] |
| [72], [73.] | CONE-SHAPED MOLARS (Ibid.) | [241] |
| [74.] | MIGRATING TEETH (Original) | [241] |
| [75.] | CONE-SHAPED TEETH (Smale & Colyer, London) | [242] |
| [76-78.] | RUDIMENTARY CUSPS (Original) | [242-3] |
| [79.] | EXCESSIVELY DEVELOPED CUSPS (Smale & Colyer, London) | [244] |
| [80-89.] | TEETH JOINED TOGETHER (Dental Cosmos) | [246-7] |
| [90.] | V-SHAPED ARCH (Original) | [249] |
| [91.] | SADDLE-SHAPED ARCH (Original) | [251] |
| [92.] | HYPERTROPHY OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS (Original) | [253] |
| [93.] | HYPERTROPHY OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS (Original) | [254] |
| [94.] | ARREST OF THE FACE (New York State Reformatory) | [255] |
| [95.] | ARREST OF THE FACE AND LOWER JAW (New York State Reformatory) | [256] |
| [96.] | SPINA BIFIDA (Dr. W. A. Pusey, Chicago) | [259] |
| [97.] | ARRESTED CHEST (Dr. J. Ridlon, Chicago) | [261] |
| [98.] | ECTRODACTYLIA (Dr. J. Ridlon, Chicago) | [264] |
| [99.] | MARCRODACTYLIA (Dr. J. Ridlon, Chicago) | [265] |
| [100.] | CLUB-FEET (Dr. J. Ridlon, Chicago) | [267] |
| [101.] | ARREST OF FACE (Original) | [270] |
| [102.] | FEMINISM (Dr. Féré, Paris) | [273] |
| [103.] | FEMINISM (Dr. Féré, Paris) | [275] |
| [104.] | ACROMEGALY (Original) | [277] |
| [105.] | ACROMEGALY (Journal of American Medical Association) | [279] |
| [106.] | DEGENERATE FEET (New York State Reformatory) | [280] |
| [107.] | PREMATURE SENESCENCE (Original) | [288] |
| [108.] | EXCESSIVE DEVELOPED APPENDIX (Original) | [290] |
| [109.] | NORMALLY DEVELOPED APPENDIX (Original) | [291] |
| [110.] | ARRESTED APPENDIX (Original) | [292] |
| [111.] | BRAIN FROM PARANOIAC CRIMINAL (Dr. J. G. Kiernan, Chicago) | [295] |
| [112.] | BRAIN OF GAUSS (Vogt, Lectures on Man) | [296] |
| [113.] | FŒTAL BRAIN (Bastian) | [297] |
| [114.] | IDIOT BRAIN (Dr. J. G. Kiernan, Chicago) | [297] |
| [115.] | IMBECILE BRAIN (Spitzka, Insanity) | [298] |
| [116.] | SPECIALISED FUNCTION IN THE CORTEX CEREBRI (Dana) | [308] |
| [117.] | CELLS OF THE BRAIN (Spitzka, Insanity) | [310] |
DEGENERACY
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Considered as a condition hurtful to the type, the conception of degeneracy may be said to appear even in the precursors of man, since animals destroy soon after birth offspring which, to them, appear peculiar. With that stage of development of the religious sense marked by assigning malign occult powers to natural objects and forces, this view of degeneracy became systematised, and exposed weakly or deformed offspring, charged to evil powers, to death. This occult conception of degeneracy is even yet a part of American folklore. Against degenerate children charms are still used by the “witch-doctors” among the “Pennsylvania Dutch.” These people are on the level of culture of the early seventeenth century middle class English, if not a little below it. The folklore of these, as embodied in Shakespeare, demonstrates, according to J. G. Kiernan,[1] that ere the seventeenth century the fact that “mental and moral defect expressed itself in physical stigmata was recognised and even the term used.” Thistleton Dyer[2] remarks that it is an old prejudice, not yet extinct, that those who are defective or deformed are marked by nature as prone to mischief. Thus in King Richard III. (i. 3) Margaret calls Richard—
“Thou elvish-marked, abortive, rooting hog!
Thou that wast sealed in thy nativity
The slave of nature and the son of hell!”
She calls him hog in allusion to his cognisance, which was a boar. A popular expression in Shakespeare’s day for a deformed person was “stigmatic.” It denoted any one who had been stigmatised or burnt with iron (an ignominious punishment), and hence was employed to represent a person on whom nature had set a mark of deformity. Thus in the Third Part of Henry VI. (ii. 2) Queen Margaret says—