Soils, their formation, properties, composition, and relations to climate and plant growth in the humid and arid regions - Eugene W. Hilgard

The sulfates are determined by differences between these and the total alkalies. The solution may contain some sulfate of magnesia, or calcium and magnesium chlorids, and these are determined gravimetrically.

Nitrates, which may have been destroyed in the first ignition, are determined in the original solution by the picric method. Any magnesia rendered insoluble by the ignition may usually be accounted for as chlorid, unless much nitrate is present which is rarely the case in carbonated alkali. If much nitric acid was found, it should be first assigned to magnesia.

INDEX.

A.
PAGE
Absorption and movements of water in soils, [221]
of solids from solutions, [267]
of gases by soils, [272], [275]
Acacias, tolerance of alkali, [480]
Accessory minerals, [50]
Acid, strength used in soil analysis, [341]
Acidic and basic eruptive and metamorphic rocks, [49]
Acidity, neutrality, alkalinity of soils, [322]
Acids of different strengths, analysis with; table, [326], [341]
Action of plants in soil formation, mechanical and chemical, [19]
Aeration and reduction as influencing nitrification, [147]
effects of insufficient, in soils, [280]
excessive, injury in arid regions, [280]
Aerobic and anerobic bacteria, [144]
Air, functions in soils, [279]
“ of soils, composition of, [280]
Air-space in soils; figure, [108]
Alabama, vegetation and soil-characters, [511]
Alaska current, effects on California climate, [296]
Alinit, [149]
Alkali carbonates and sulfates, inverse ratio, [451], [452]
carbonates, effects on clay, [62]
effects on culture plants; figure, [426], [427]
Alkali-heath, range, tolerance of alkali, figure, [544], [545]
Alkali lands, crops for strong, [468]
effects of irrigation on, [428]
efficacy of shading, [457]
exceptionally productive when reclaimed, [483]
fertilization not needed in, [483]
formation from leachings of slopes, [453]
geographical distribution of, [423]
high and lasting production when reclaimed, [482]
inducements toward reclamation of, [481]
in the San Joaquin valley, Cal., figure, [425]
possible injury to, from excessive leaching, [462]
Alkali lands, summary of conclusions, [453]
surface and substrata of, [429]
utilization and reclamation of, [455]
of world-wide importance, [424]
vegetation of, [534]
Alkali-resistant crops, [455]
Alkali salts, black and white, [441]
composition of, [439]
composition of; general table, [442], [443]
distribution in heavy lands, [436], [437]
effects on beet crop, [465]
horizontal distribution of, [439]
in hill lands, [439]
in sandy lands, [433], [435]
in Salton Basin, distribution of, [4], [36], [438]
leaching-down of, [459]
nature of, [423]
plant food in, [441], [444]
reactions between, [449], [450]
reduction by cropping, [463]
relative injuriousness of, [464]
removal from the soil, [458]
removal by deep-furrow irrigation; figure, [460], [461]
tolerance of various crop plants; table, [466], [467]
total in lands; estimation of, [444]
underdrainage the universal remedy for, [460]
upward translocation from irrigation, [433]
vertical distribution in soils, [429], [431], [432], [434]
Alkali soils and seashore lands, [422]
calcareous character of, [28]
composition of, as a whole, [445], [446], [447]
how native plants live in, [430]
origin of, [422]
repellent aspect, cause of, [424]
retention of silica in, [392]
Alkali spots, white, [286]
Alkali, rise of, [428]
turning under of surface, [456]
weeds as cattle food, [468]
study of, by Loughridge and Davy, [535]
Aluminic hydrate, in soils of California and Mississippi;
table [101], [390]
Alluvial soils, [12]
Ammonia-forming bacteria, [149]
Ammonia gas, absorption of, by soils; figure, [274], [275]
Ammonic carbonate, effects on glass, [18]
Ancient civilizations, preference for arid countries, [417]
rare in humid countries, [418]
Apatite, [63]
Arid and humid climates, rock-weathering in, [47]
Arid and humid regions, criteria of soils of, [371]
contrast between soils of, [28]
soils of, [111], [371]
Arid and humid soils, general comparison; table, [375], [377]
Arid belts, subtropic, [298], [299]
utilization of, [299]
Arid conditions, local, in tropical countries, [401]
Aridity, influence upon civilization, [417]
Arid region, bunch grasses on soils of, [111]
standing hay in, [300]
upland soils of; table, [373], [374]
Arid soils, productiveness induces permanent civil organization, [412]
Arroyo Grande and Yazoo buckshot soils, [345]
Asparagus, resistant to salts, [475]
Atmosphere, composition of; table, [16]
Azotobacter, [156]
Lipman on, [156]
B.
Bacteria, active in soil-formation, [20]
aerobic and anaerobic, [144]
denitrifying, [148]
food and functions of, [145]
in soils, numbers of, [142]
micro-organisms of soils, [142]
multiplication of, [144]
nitrifying, [146]
Bacterial life, effect on soil, condition, [149]
relation of carbonic dioxid to, [281]
Bacteroids, [151]
Mork figures, [152], [153]
Basaltic rocks, [49]
Basalts, red soils from, [52]
Basic slag, [64]
Basin irrigation, advantages of, [243]
Bauxite in soils, [101], [390]
Beet, sugar, effects of salts on, [474]
tolerant of common salt, [474]
Bhil soils, [414]
Bicarbonate of soda, [78]
Black-alkali lands, difficulty in draining, [462]
neutralizing of, [457]
waters, use of, [250]
why so called, [78]
Black earth of Russia, humus in; table, [130]
Black sand, [45]
Black prairie soils, [53]
Black soils and lands, [283]
Blizzards in continental America, [298]
Blown-out lands, [9]
Blue tint in clays and subsoils, [45]
Bodengare, [149], [150], [281]
Bog ore, formation of, in subsoils, [46], [66]
Bones, composition of, [64]
Bone meal, efficacy of, [65]
Borax, borate of soda, [79]
Bottom water, [227]
rise of, from irrigation, [227], [230]
Bottoms, first and second, contrast between, [506], [507], [509]
Bottoms, first, tree growth of, [507], [509]
Brahmaputra alluvium, Assam, [413]
Brown iron ore, [44]
“Buckshot” soils of Yazoo bottom, [116]
“Bunch grasses” as alkali-resistants, [471]
Burning-out of humus, effects of, [118]
Burrowing animals, work in soil-formation, [160]
C.
Calcareous clay, crumbling on drying, [116]
formations, predominance in Europe, [525]
soils, definition of, [367], [496], [524]
solubility of alumina and silica in, [389]
subsoils, and hardpans, [162]
Calciphile, calcifuge and silicophile plants, [521]
Calcite, calcareous spar, [39]
recognition of, [39]
Caliche, in Chile, Nevada, and California, [66], [67]
Capillarity, [189]
Capillary water, reserve of, [229]
rise of, [202 to 207]
Carbonated water, action on feldspar, [32]
action on silicates, [18]
universal solvent, [17]
Carbonate of soda, [77]
injury to soils and plants, [78]
Carbonates, chlorids and sulfates of earths and alkalies,
reactions between, [449], [450]
Carbonic acid, [17]
secreted by roots, [20]
Carbonic dioxid, absorption of, by soils, [274]
heavily absorbed by ferric and aluminic hydrates, [278]
occurrence, formation, [17]
relation to fungous activity, [281]
Cascade range, climatic divide in N. W. America, [297]
Caves in limestone regions, [41]
Celery, moderate tolerance of alkali, [475]
Centrifugal elutriator, Yoder’s, [92]
Cereals, alkali-resistance, barley, gluten wheats, [471]
Channels, cutting-out by gravel, [6]
Charcoal, absorption of gases by, [276], [277]
Chemical absorption by soils, [270]
action of roots, [20]
analysis of soils (in general), [323]
character of soil, recognition of, [322]
decomposition, causes intensifying, [21]
processes of soil formation, [16]
Chile saltpeter, [66]
Chernozem, [130]
analyses of, table, [364]
Chestnut, American, a calcifuge tree, [491], [519]
Chlorin, largest ingredient of sea water, [27]
Chlorite, [36]
Chlorosis of vines in marly lands, [526]
Churn elutriator, Hilgard’s; figure, [91]
Circling of hill lands, [220]
Citrus fruits, injury to, from alkali, [478]
lemons most sensitive, [478]
sensitiveness to common salt, [477]
Classification of rocks, [47]
of soils, [10]
Clay as a soil ingredient, [83]
colloidal, [59]
functions of, in soils, [59]
maintains crumb structure, [110]
Clays, claystones, clay shales, [48]
colors of, [58]
formation, flocculation and deposition of, [33]
maturing of, [60]
plasticity and adhesiveness, influence of fine powders on, [85]
influence of ferric hydrate on, [85]
Clay-sandstones, soils from, [57]
Clays, separation of, by subsidence, by centrifuge, [89]
varieties, enumeration of, and characters, [57], [58]
fusibility of, [58]
Claystones, soils from, [59]
Cleavage of rocks, [3]
Cleopatra’s needle, [2]
Climate, [287]
Climatic and seasonal conditions, [21]
Climates, continental, coast and insular, [297]
Coffee soils, calcareous, [417]
Colloidal clay, amount in soils. Table, [84]
analysis of, by Loughridge, [385]
effects of alkali carbonates upon, [62]
investigation by Schloesing, [59]
properties of, [61]
separation of, by boiling and kneading, [61]
Colloid humates, [133]
Colluvial soils, [12]
Colors of soils, advantages of, [283]
Common salt, injuriousness in soils, [76]
recognition of, [76]
removal from soils, [76]
Conglomerates, [48]
Conifers, tall growth of, in arid regions, [517]
Contraction of soils in wetting and drying, [114]
Co-operation, favored by need of irrigation, [419]
Corsican and maritime pine, ash analyses, [520]
Cotton, compact growth and heavy boiling on calcareous soils, [503]
Cracking of clay soils in drying, [113]
Cressa; range, tolerance of alkali, figure, [545], [546]
Creep, [12]
Crops, alkali-resistant, [455]
Crumbling of calcareous clays on drying, [116]
Crumb-structure of soils; figure, [110]
Crusting of soils, effects of, [111], [117], [221]
Cultivated soils, analysis of, [325]
investigation of, [316]
Cultural experience the final test, [324]
Cutting-out of channels by water-borne gravel, [6]
Cypress, different forms of; figures, [507], [508]
D.
Date palm, resistance to alkali, [478]
Decomposition, chemical, of rocks, [16]
Decolorizing action, of soils, charcoal, [267]
Deep-rooting of native plants in arid region, [174]
Deforestation, effects of, [219]
Deltas, formation of, [7]
Denitrifying bacteria, [148]
Deserts, effects of winds in, [8]
Desert sands, only lack water to become productive, [420]
Dew, formation of, [307]
rarely adds moisture to soils, [308]
within the soil, [308]
Differentiation of soil and subsoil, causes of, [121]
Distance between furrows and ditches, [241]
Dolomite, [42]
Drainage, rights-of-way for, [461]
Drainage waters, use for irrigation, [250]
Drain waters, analyses of, table, [22]
leaching effects of, [271]
Drouth, resistance to, in arid soils, [167]
Dust soils, nature of, [104]
slow penetration of water in, [105]
Dust storms, [9]
Dynamite, used for shattering dense substrata, [181]
E.
Earth’s crust, known thickness, [xxiv]
Earthworms, action of in soil-formation, [158]
Ecological studies, [314]
Egypt, obelisks of, [2]
Elements constituting earth’s crust, table of, [xxiv]
important to agriculture, list of, [xxiv]
Elutriator, Hilgard’s, figure, [91]
Epsomite, epsom salt, in soil, [78]
Eremacausis, [129]
Erosion in arid regions, [219]
in Mississippi table lands; figures, [218]
lowering of land by, [15]
of rocks by sand; figure, [10]
Eruptive rocks, basic and acidic, [49]
rocks, soils from, [52]
Eucalyptus, tolerance of alkali, [480]
European observations on plant distribution, [519]
standards of plant-food adequacy—Maercker’s table, [369]
Europe, predominance of calcareous formations in, [525]
Evaporation and crop yields, calculated, [193]
and crop yields, observed (Fortier), [194]
and plant growth, [193]
counteracting, in alkali lands, [455]
dependence on air temperature; Fortier’s experiments, table, [255]
from reservoirs and ditches, [257]
from water surfaces, [254]
wet and moist soils, [254]
in different climates, [192], [256]
in different localities, California, [255]
restrained by loose surface layer, [255]
through roots and leaves, amount of, [262], [263]
Expansion by oxidation, [18]
F.
Farmyard or stable manure, [72]
Feldspars, weathering of, [31]
products of, [32]
Ferghana, alkali lands in, [441]
Ferric hydrate, effects of, [100]
functions of, in soils, [285]
high absorptive power of, [277]
in Hawaiian soils; table, [356]
more diffused in humid than in arid soils, [392]
Ferric phosphate, unavailability of, [356]
Ferroso-ferric hydrate and oxid, [18], [45]
Ferrous oxid, [18]
Ferruginous lands, injury from swamping of, [233]
Fertilizers, mineral, [63]
waste of, by leaching, [269]
Flocculation and floccules, [91]
Flocculated structure; cements maintaining, [110], [111]
Flood-plains of rivers, [14], [15]
Fool’s gold, [75]
Force exerted by roots, [19]
Forecasts, general, of soil quality in forest lands, [507]
of soil values, popular, [313]
Forest trees, forms of, 499 to [502]
of Atlantic states on alkali lands, [481]
Form and development of trees, differences in, [498]
Forms of leaves, variation in, [502]
black-jack oak, [499], [501]
post oak, [499], [500]
trees, deciduous, in arid region, [516]
willow, scarlet, black and Spanish oaks, [502]
Freezing water, effects of, [3]
Frost, effect of soils, [118]
Fruiting, favored by lime in soils, [503]
Fungi and molds, action of, [123]
functions in humus-formation, [157]
G.
Gases, absorption of, by soils, [272], [275]
partial pressure of, [276]
Germination of seeds, [309]
Glacier flour, fineness and fertility of, [5]
physical analysis of, [5]
Glaciers, grinding and abrasion by; figure, [3]
Glauber’s salt, [77]
Glauconite, in calcareous sandstones, [56]
Gneiss soils, [51]
Gobi desert, migration of lakes, [9]
Going-back of orchards, [182]
Grain-sizes, effect on percolation; table, [224]
influence on soil texture, [100]
Grandeau method of humus estimation, [132]
Granite soils, potash and phosphoric acid in, [50]
Granitic rocks, weathering of, [47]
sand, formation in arid climates, [2]
Grano-diorite soils, of Sierra Nevada, [51]
Granular sediments, influence upon tilling qualities, [102]
Grape-vine, alkali, tolerance of, [475]
Grasses, cultivated, sensitive to alkali, [471]
Greasewood, range, tolerance of alkali; figure, [542], [543]
Greenstones, soils from, [51]
Ground water, depth most favorable to crops, [228]
variation of surface of, [228]
Gulf-stream, [295]
Gypsum or selenite, formation from sea-water evaporation, [42]
how recognized, [42]
H.
Halite, [76]
Hardpans, causes, formation and cements of, [185]
Hardpan, physical, analysis of, [103]
plowsole, [241]
Hawaiian Islands, humid and arid sides of, [297]
soils, analyses of, [356]
Hay bacillus; figure, [149], [150]
Heat and cold, effects on rocks, [1]
of high and low intensity, [304]
reflection and dispersion from soil surface, [304]
relations to soils and plant growth, [301]
trapping of suns, [288]
Heaviest clay soils, physical analysis of, [115]
Heaving-out of grain, [119]
Hematite, [44]
Herbaceous plants as soil indicators, [517]
Hog-wallows, [114]
Hornblende and pyroxene, [33]
weathering of, [33]
Horsetail rushes, secretion of silica by, [31]
Humates and ulmates, [133]
cementing effects of, [111]
Humid and arid climates, rock-weathering in, [47]
Humid region, upland soils of; table, [372], [374]
Humification in soils, [20]
normal conditions of, [129]
tests; Snyder, tables, [140]
Humin substances, formation of, [123]
Humus, amidic constitution of, [125]
and coal, amounts of, from vegetable substance, [128]
amount in soils, [133]
ash of, from Minnesota soils, analysis, [134]
decrease of nitrogen-content with depth, [135]
determination in soils, [132]
distribution in the surface soil, [157]
functions in soils, [21]
in arid and humid regions, [138]
in black earth of Russia, [130]
in Minnesota soils, [131]
in North Dakota soils, [133]
in the surface soil, [120]
losses from cultivation and fallow, [131]
nitrogen of, [124], [135]
percentage in soils, and nitrogen-content of,
tables, [135], [136], [137]
porosity of, [124]
progressive changes in soils, [126]
relation to bacterial content, [144]
scanty in arid soils, but rich in nitrogen, [397]
substances, physical and chemical nature of, [124]
variation of, with original materials, [139]
volume weight of, table, [125]
versus adipocere, [140]
Hydraulic elutriation, [90]
Hydromica, [35]
Hydrous silicates in soils of arid region, [388]
I.
Ice-flowers on soils, [119]
Immediate plant-food requirements, ascertainment of, [333]
productiveness, chemical tests of, [337]
productiveness vs. permanent value of soils, [318], [327]
India, climatic contrasts, [401]
Indian soils, table of analyses, 410 [412]
types of soils, [411]
Indo-Gangetic plain; calcareous hardpan, kankar, [411]
Injury from excessive runoff, prevention of, [220]
to plants from the various salts, [531]
to soils and plants from carbonate of soda, [78]
Insects, work in soil-formation, [160]
Insoluble residue of soils; less in arid than humid, [384]
Insufficient rainfall, leaves sea salts in soils, [28]
Insular climate, of Britain, western Europe, [298]
Introduction, [xxiii]
Injury from swamping, permanent, [232]
Iron carbonate solution, how formed, [44]
coloring clays, [58]
minerals, [44]
pyrite, how recognized, [75]
Irrigation, basin, advantages and disadvantages, [244]
by check flooding, [237]
flooding, [237]
furrows, [238]
lateral seepage, [242], [241]
shallow, deep and wide furrows; diagram, [239]
surface sprinkling, [237]
underground pipes, [245]
ditches, leaky, effects on alkali lands, [429]
excessive surface rooting caused by, [245]
methods of, [236]
necessitates co-operation, [419]
Irrigation water, abundant use of saline, [249]
duty of, [251]
economy in use of, [243]
effects of saline, figures, [247]
heavy losses in using, [252]
limits of salinity, [246], [248]
loss by evaporation, [252]
loss by percolation; diagram, [253]
quality of, [246]
saline, how to use, [249]
testing penetration of, [242]
temperature of, [244]
Irrigation, winter, advantages of, [236]
Isinglass, [43]
J.
Janesville loam, chemical analysis of, [331]
Japan current, [296]
Jasper and hornstone pebbles, weathering of, [30]
K.
Kainit, composition of, [71]
Kaolinite and clay; kaolin, [32]
assumes plasticity on trituration with water, [60]
crystalline form of, [22], [59]
lacks plasticity, [60]
Kaolinization, results in zeolite-formation, [395]
slow in arid regions, [87], [386]
L.
Landholding, units of, smaller in arid than in humid region, [420]
Landlocked lakes, water of, [27]
Land plaster as a fertilizer; effects on soils, [43]
Landslides, [12]
Laterite soils, Wohltmann’s definition, [416]
Terra roxa of Brazil, [416]
Leaching of the land, [22]
Legumes, bacteria of, [150]
mostly sensitive to alkali, [472]
Leguminous plants, mostly calciphile; exceptions, [518]
Leucite, potash content, [32]
Lichens, action on rock-surfaces, [19], [20]
Lignites and coal, how formed, [127]
Lime a dominant factor in productiveness, [353]
Lime carbonate in sea water, [26], [27]
removed from earth’s surface, [41]
summary of effects in soils, [379]
Lime-content, effects of high, in soils, [365]
effects on availability of phosophates, table, [366]
“Lime-country is a rich country”, [365]
Lime, excess of, in arid soils, [378]
Lime feldspars, leave lime carbonate in soils, [32]
in alkali lands protects plants from salts, [532]
lands, failure of tea on, [414]
Lime-loving trees, 490 to [492], [497]
Lime, most abundantly leached out, [24]
percentages, what are adequate, [367]
in coast-belt soils, [496], [497]
in heavy clay soils; table, [368]
Lime renders lower amounts of plant-food adequate, [354]
Limestone countries, [53]
Rotten, [54]
soils, excluded from comparison of arid and humid soils, [376]
residual, [53]
Limestones, impure, as soil-formers, [40], [53]
residual soils of, how formed, [40]
soft, or marls, [40]
slow disintegration of pure, [63]
Limit of acid action on soils, investigation of, by Loughridge, [340]
Limonite, [44]
Loamy and sandy soils, show little shrinkage, [117]
Loose surface layer, illustration of effect, figure, [258], [260]
prevention of evaporation by, [257]
Loss of humus in summer mulch, [132]
Louisiana, vegetation and soil-characters, [512]
Lowland tree-growth, [506]
Lysimeter, [227]
M.
Madagascar, character and soils of, [405], [406]
climate and rocks of, [406]
methods used by Müntz and Rousseaux, [406]
potash and lime leached into valleys, [407]
red soils, [407], [409]
table of soil analyses, [408]
Madras, red soils of, [415]
Magnesia, effects of excess over lime, [382]
exceeds lime in tropical soils, [405]
high in arid soils, [381]
leached out next to lime, [24]
proper proportions to lime, [383]
Magnesian limestones as soil-formers, [42]
Magnesian soils largely poor, [36]
Magnetite, [45]
Maize and sorghums, alkali-resistance, [471]
Maize roots in humid and arid region, [175], [176]
Manganese, more in humid than arid soils, [383]
stimulant effects on crops, [383]
Marble and limestones, formation of, [39]
Marls, gypseous and calcareous, [43]
Marly substrata, [186]
Marine saline lands, [527]
first crops for, [533]
reclamation for culture, [534]
Matière noire; active nitrification of, [132], [360]
Mechanical analysis of soils, [88]
Melilots, white and yellow, alkali resistance, [473]
Mesas of arid region, [14]
Mesopotamia, rehabilitation of, [421]
Metamorphic rocks, [46]
Methods of irrigation, [236]
soil analysis, [325]
Mica as a soil ingredient, [35]
weathers slowly, [35]
mistaken for gold and silver, [35]
Mica-schist soils, [51]
Micro-organisms of soils, [142]
Mineral fertilizers, [63]
ingredients of soils, minor, [63]
Minerals injurious to agriculture, [73]
major soil-forming, and rock-forming, list of, [29]
tints of, [18]
unessential or injurious to soils, [75]
Mirabilite, [77]
Mississippi, changes in vegetation from east to west in northern, [490]
investigations in, by writer, [489]
northern, vegetative belts in; map, [490]
vegetative belts, descriptions of, [490], [491], [492]
Mississippi river, sediment carried by, [7]
Mississippi, southern, central prairie, long-leaf-pine belts, [493]
coast-belt; pine meadows; profile, [495]
live-oak or shell hammocks, [495]
Mississippi valley, climate of, [298]
Mississippi water, annual variations in, [25]
generalized composition of, [25]
Modiola, of Chile, [469]
Moisture hygroscopic, table, [196]
influence of temperature and air-saturation, [197]
method of determining, [197], [198]
Mitscherlich’s objections, [199]
utility to plant growth, [199]
available to growing plants, [211]
distribution in soil, as affected by vegetation, [264]
evaporated from forests, [265]
Eucalyptus, [265]
in Russian forests and steppes, [265]
requirements of crops in the arid region, [212]
Loughridge’s tables of same, [214]
supplied by tap roots, [229]
useful to crops retained by alkali lands, [433]
wasted by weeds, [264]
Moraines, in North Central states, [5]
Mosses, follow lichens in rock decomposition, [20]
Moulds and fungi, action of, [123]
Mountain chains, arid climate under lee of, [294]
effects of, on rainfall, [293]
Muddy waters, [251]
Muir glacier, analysis of mud, [5]
Mulches, loss of humus, [132]
Mulching with straw, sand, [266]
Mustard family, sensitive to alkali, [473]
Myrobalan root, use for grafting in alkali lands, [479]
N.
Native vegetation, basis of land values for farmers, [488]
causes governing its distribution not an unsolvable problem, [489]
result of struggle for existence, [487]
Native grasses for alkali lands, [470]
Native growth, cogency of conclusions based on, [314]
New Mexico, soils from; analysis, [378]
Nile water, Letheby’s analyses of, [25]
Nitrate deposits, origin of, [67]
of soda, [66]
Nitrates, waste of, by leaching, [24], [68]
Nitrification, active in matière noire, [360]
Nitrification and denitrification, [145]
in alkali lands, [68]
in soil of “ten-acre tract.”, [359]
intensity in arid climates, [68]
list of substances favoring, [147]
of organic matter in soils, experiments, [358]
not active in unhumified matter, [359], [360]
Nitrifying Bacteria, [146]
Nitrobacterium; conditions of activity, [146]
Nitrogen-absorbing bacteria, [156]
Nitrogen, absorbed more abundantly than oxygen, [278]
accumulation of, in humus, [124]
adequacy in humus, lowest limit of, [363]
in soils, [357]
availability of, in soils; ascertainable, [363]
content of humus, [135]
deficiency, pot test, figure, [362]
determination of, in soils, [357]
hungry soils; table, [361]
percentages in humus, what are adequate, [360]
supply of plants, views on, [150]
Nitrosomonas, figure, [246]
Nodules of legumes, [151]
North Central States, herbaceous vegetation on
calcareous soils, [514], [515]
lowland growth in uplands, when, [515]
vegetation and soil-character, [513]
Nutritive salts in alkali, [441]
O.
Ocean currents, Gulf stream and Japan stream, [295], [296]
Olive, resistance to alkali, [478]
Organic and organized constituents of soils, [120]
Organisms influencing soil-conditions, [142]
Oxalic acid, secretion by lichens, [19]
Oxidation, expansion by, [18]
Oxids constituting earth’s crust; table, [31]
Oxygen, action in weathering rocks, [18]
proportion of, in earth’s crust, [30]
P.
Pamperos, [9]
Peat bogs, [122]
Peaty soil, shrinkage, [117]
Percolation in natural soils: diagram, [223], [225], [226]
rate of, as influenced by grain-sizes, [224]
Permanent value of land vs. Immediate productiveness, [340]
Physical and chemical causes of vegetative features, [505]
conditions of plant growth, [319]
Physical analyses, correlation with popular names, [96]
results of, [94]
table. Mississippi and California soils, [98]
analysis of soils, [88]
constituents of soils, [10]
Physico-chemical investigation of soils, [313]
Physiological soil analysis, [333]
Phosphate fertilizers, importance of, [65]
Phosphate fertilization, in arid region, [393]
in California, [393]
Phosphoric acid, limits of adequacy in soils, [355]
minute amounts leached from soils, [24]
no constant difference between arid and humid soils, [393]
rendered inert by ferric hydrate, [355]
Phosphorites, low-grade, of Nevada, Russia, [63], [64]
Plane tree, oriental, resistant to alkali, [480]
Plant-adaptation “varying from province to province”, [523]
Plant associations, plant formations, [315]
Plant distribution, Thurman’s physical theory of, [519]
Plant-development under different temperatures, [309]
Plant-food, accumulation in finest parts of soils, [87]
high percentages mean high land value, [346]
ingredients, condition of, in soils, [319]
in virgin soils, lowest limit of, table, [352]
limits of adequacy, [353]
minute amounts may produce large crops, [410]
percentages, what are high, [346]
percentages, low, [346]
water-soluble, reserve, unavailable, [320]
Plant-growth on arid subsoils, [166]
Plants, deep-rooting in arid region, [174]
indicating irreclaimable alkali lands, [535], [536]
Plant root action, cannot be imitated in laboratory, [324]
Plasticity, absence of, in fine powders, [60]
of clay, causes of, [60]
lost by burning, [60]
Plot tests, difficulties and uncertainties of, [334]
plan of, figure, [335]
Plowsole, how formed, by shallow irrigation, [186], [241]
Poor chalk lands, [525]
Pore-space, [108]
Porosity of humus, [124]
Port Hudson bluff, lignite in, figure, [128]
recession of, [116]
Potash, abundant in arid soils, [395]
and soda in arid and humid region, [394]
Potashes, production of detrimental to agriculture, [69]
Potash feldspar, supplies potash to soils, [32]
fertilization first in humid, last in arid region, [396]
from sea water, [69]
limits of adequacy in soils, [354]
minerals, orthoclase feldspar, [68]
preferential retention of, in soils, [272]
Salts, Stassfurt, [69]
slightly leached out, [24]
sulfate, high-grade, [71]
Pot-culture tests, [336]
Powders, absorption of various gases by, table, [277]
Prairie soils, black, [53]
Preparation of soils for physical analysis, [89]
Productive capacity and duration, forecast of, [346]
Progress of humification and formation of coal, table, [126], [127]
Pulverulent soils of arid regions, [87]
Purifying action of soils, [269]
Putrefactive processes, relation to carbonic gas and
anaerobic bacteria, [282]
Putty soils, [103]
Pyroxene, augite, [33], [34]
Q.
Qualifications required for soil study, [524]
Quality of irrigation water, [246]
Quince, resistance to alkali, [479]
Quartz and allied rocks, [29]
sand most prominent ingredient of soils, [30]
veins, formation of, [31]
R.
Rain belts, temperate and tropical, [295]
Rainfall, amount of, [215]
distribution in California and Montana, [290]
in the United States, [215]
most important, [290]
on the globe, figure, [294]
influence on soil formation, [22]
insufficient, forms alkali soils, [28]
leaves lime behind, [28]
natural disposition of, [216]
Rains, beating, [221]
cold and warm, [302]
Reclaimable and irreclaimable alkali lands, [534]
Red foothill soils of California, [34]
Red or rust-colored soils, [34]
advantages of, [284]
Regur soils, Deccan, India, [414]
formation of, [415]
“guvarayi” hardpan, [415]
present production, [414]
Reh of India, [440]
Reserve plant-food in soils, [320]
of zeolites, carbonates, phosphates, [321]
Residual soils, [11], [13], [22]
Rhizobia, adaptation to symbiosis, [154]
inoculation of soils with, [154]
increase of crops by inoculation with, [155]
of legumes, [150]
mode of infection, [154]
varieties of forms, [154]
Rhubarb, sensitive to alkali, [475]
Rhyolites, soils from, [53]
River bars, formation of, [7]
Rivers, amount of dissolved matters carried by, [24]
flood-plains of, [13], [14]
sediment carried by, [24]
waters, analyses of, table, discussion, [23], [24]
white and green, [4]
Rock crystal, [29]
Rocks as soil-formers, [47]
chemical decomposition of, [16]
cleavage of, [3]
definition of, [xxiii]
disintegration of, under extremes of temperature, [2]
effects of heat and cold on, [1]
erosion of by sand, [10]
forming minerals, [29]
fragments, rounding of, by flowing water, [6]
Rock powder, [85]
Rock-weathering in arid and humid climates, [47]
Rohhumus, [122]
Rolling of soils, of influence of, on heat, [305]
Root action, limitation of, [351]
Root bacillus, figure, [149], [150]
Root crops, effects of alkali upon, [474]
Root development in the arid and humid regions, [169] to [176]
Rooting, deep, from proper irrigation, [243], [245]
Roots, chemical action of, [21]
force exerted by, [19]
secrete carbonic acid, [20]
Root system in the humid region; figure, [168]
Rotten Limestone, soils from, analyses, [54]
Runoff of rain water, [216]
Russia, black earth of; roots and humus in, [130], [363]
Rye grass, giant, of Northwest; uses, [470]
S.
Saline and alkali lands, vegetation of, [527]
plants, analyses of ashes of, [530]
selective power of, [531]
Saline and xerophile vegetation, similarity of, [528]
Saline contents of waters, variations of, [250]
solutions, structural and functional differences caused by, [528]
vegetation, general character of, [527]
Saltbushes, Australian, growth and use in California, [469]
of Great Basin, probable usefulness, [468]
Saltgrass; range, tolerance of alkali, figure, [546], [547]
Salton Basin, profile of salts in, [438]
Salts, absorption of, by saline plants, [529]
Saltwort: range, tolerance of alkali, figure, [540], [542]
Samoa and Kamerun soils, analyses by Wohltmann; method, [402]
table of, [404]
Samphire, Bushy and Dwarf; range, alkali-tolerance,
figure, [538], [539], [540]
Sand blasts, effects on cobbles, [10]
coarse, effect of, on clays, [105]
erosion of rocks by; figure, [10]
hammocks, of Gulf coast, [56]
Sands of arid and humid regions, differences in, [86], [386]
table of analyses, [387]
Sand, silt and dust, [85]
Sandstones, [48]
argillaceous, [57]
calcareous, formation of, [56]
rich soils from, [56]
dolomitic, often form poor soils, [56]
ferruginous, poor soils from, [56]
siliceous, poor soils from, [55]
varieties of, [55]
zeolitic, soils from, [57]
Sandstone soils, lightness of, [55]
soils, poor, of humid region, [55]
Sand storms, [9]
Sandy lands, of arid regions, highly productive, [386]
Sandy soils, [30]
Schöne’s elutriator, figure, [90]
Shrinkage, extent of, in drying soils; figure, [113], [114]
Schübler on calcareous soils, [115]
Sea water, average composition of, table, [26]
chief ingredients useless to plants, [28]
minor constituents of, [27]
sources of salts in, [26]
Sedentary soils, [11], [13], [40]
Sedimentary rocks, [47], [48]
Sediment deposited by Mississippi in Gulf, [7]
Sediments, exhibition of, from physical analysis, [95], [96]
number of, in physical analysis, [93]
table of diameters and hydraulic values, [94]
Seeds, germination of, [309]
Semi-humid and semi-arid region, [377], [397]
Serpentine, [36]
Sieves, use in physical analysis of soils, [88]
Silica, absorption and secretion by plants, [31]
and alumina, soluble; quantitative relations, [385]
solubility in water, [31]
soluble, retained in alkali soils, [391]
Silicate minerals, [31]
Silicates of soda and potash, soluble, [31]
Silicon, abundance of, in rocks, xxxi
Silicophile plants, a fiction, [522]
Sinkholes, [43]
Soapstone, [36]
Soda in arid and humid regions, [394]
Soda, nitrate of, [66]
Sodium salts, leached out by drains and rivers, [24]
Soil analysis, change of views regarding, [317]
discrepant methods used in, [402]
practical utility of, [318]
Soil and subsoil, causes and processes of differentiation, [120]
ill-defined, [120]
Soil bacteria, numbers of, [141]
Soil character, recognition from native vegetation, [487], [511]
Soil-dilution experiments, [347]
figures, [348], [349], [350]
table of, [350]
Soil-examination, short approximate methods for, used at California station, [560]
summary directions for, in field or farm, [556]
Soil-formation influenced by rainfall, [22]
physical processes of, [1]
Soil-forming processes accelerated by high temperatures, [398]
Soil-grains, number of, [99]
surface of, [99]
determination by air-flow, [99]
by “Benetzungswärme”, [99]
investigation, historical review of, [313]
moisture, regulation and conservation of, [234]
phosphates, solubility in water; Schloesing fils, [332]
probe, mode of using, [177]
profiles in arid and humid region, [165]
Soil, samples, directions for taking, by Calif. Station, [553]
sedentary or residual, [11], [13], [40]
study, qualifications needed for, [524]
surveys, early, of Kentucky, Arkansas and Mississippi, [316]
temperature, annual range near surface in arctic
and tropical regions, [303]
change with depth; table, [303]
influence of evaporation on, [307]
influence of soil material, [306]
influence of surface conditions, [303]
influence of vegetation and mulch, [305]
tests by crop analysis, Godlewski, Vanderyst, [337], [338]
by extraction with organic acids; Dyer, Maxwell, [339]
water, different conditions of, [195]
Soils, acid-soluble and water-soluble portions most important, [324]
alluvial, [12], [13]
ancient, in geological formations, xxix
calcareous, definition of, [367], [496], [524]
classification of, figure, [11]
colluvial, [12], [24]
definition of, xxix
derived from various rocks, [49]
effects of crusting on, [221]
indefinite action of dilute acids on, [326]
interpretation of analyses; Wohltmann, [403]
physico-chemical investigation of, [313]
(see Table of Contents)
Solar radiation, influence of, [302]
Solubility, continuous, of soils in water, [328]
King’s table, rich and poor soils, [330]
Schultze’s table, rich soil, [328]
Ulbricht’s table, poor soil, [329]
Solvent action of water upon soils, [327]
power of water, [17]
Solubility, increased with nitrogen-content, [141]
Sour grasses, [123]
humus, antiseptic properties of, [122]
soils, [122]
Souring of soils, by cultivation, [123]
Stable or farmyard manure, [72]
composition of, table, [73]
green-manuring only substitute, [74]
method of using, in humid region, [74]
physical effects of, [73]
use of, in the arid region, [74]
Stalactites and stalagmites, [41]
Stassfurt Salts, discovery of, [69]
importance to agriculture, [70]
origin of, [70]
Stassfurt Salts, nature of, [71]
Stonecrops, succeed mosses, [20]
Stone fruits, resistance to alkali, [478]
Stratified rocks, derived from crystalline, [29]
Stunted growth, caused by shallow or very heavy soils, [504]
Sturdy growth on calcareous lands, [502], [503]
Subsidence method, [89]
Subsoils, arid region, [163]
and deep plowing, [164]
calcareous, [162]
rawness of, in humid climates, [163]
Substrata in arid region, importance of, [173]
faulty, with figures, 177 to [180]
impervious, injury from; figure, [181]
leachy, [182]
marly, [186]
Subterranean rivers, [41]
Sulfate of potash, high-grade, [71]
of soda, dust from, [77]
injuriousness to plants, [77]
occurrence in arid regions, [77]
Sulfates, reduction of, [232]
Sulfuric acid in arid and humid regions, [394]
Summer mulch, loss of humus in, [132]
Sunflower family, resistance to alkali, [473]
Sun’s heat, penetration into the soil, [302]
Surface crusts, formation of, [111], [117]
physical analyses of, [118]
Surface, hydrostatic and ground waters, [215]
Surface waters, chemical effects of percolation, [161]
physical effects of percolation, [161]
Swamping of alkali lands, consequences of, [451], [463]
irrigated lands, results of, [231]
Symbiosis, adaptation to, of Rhizobia, [154]
Szek of Hungarian plain, [440]
T.
Tabashir, [31]
Talc and serpentine, [36]
Tap-roots, moisture supplied by, [229]
Tea, failure on calcareous lands, [414]
Temperature, annual mean of, [289]
conditions, ascertainment and presentation of, [288]
extremes, on high mountains and plateaus, [288]
of stellar space, [288]
seasonal, monthly and daily means, [289], [291]
Temporary vs. permanent productive capacity of soils, [340]
Tennessee and Kentucky, vegetation and soil-character, [513]
Terraces, river and lake, [14]
Testing penetration of irrigation water, [242]
Textile plants, tolerance of alkali, [475]
Thomas or basic slag, [64]
Thurman’s physical theory of plant distribution, [519]
Tillage; effects of; figure, [109], [110]
how maintained in nature, [111]
Titanium in soils, xxxi
Time of acid-digestion, different; table, [342]
Tolerance of alkali by culture plants, [463]
alkali plants; table, [548], [549]
Topography, influence of, on climate, [293]
Trachytes, [53]
Trona, Urao, [77]
Tropical soils, [398]
are highly leached, [400]
often highly colored with iron, [400]
do not need early fertilization, [399]
humus in; abundant, but low in nitrogen, [399]
few determinations made, [399]
possible calculation of, [399]
investigations of, [401]
laterites, not always rich in iron, [400]
mostly have low plant-food percentages, [400]
resemble the “nimble penny”, [400]
Tubercles of legumes, figures, [151], [154]
Tufa, calcareous, [41]
Tussock grass, food value of, [470]
range, alkali-tolerance, figure, [536], [537]
U.
Ulmin substances, [122]
Underdrainage, advantages of, [235]
Underdrains, effects of, [234]
Unhumified organic matter does not nitrify, [148]
Unhumified vegetable matter, utility of, [135], [360]
United States, good field for comparative soil study, [524]
Upland and lowland growth in arid and humid regions, [515]
Usar lands of India, character of, [440]
not all alkali lands, [440]
V.
Vegetative belts, lime a governing factor of, [492]
Virgin lands, advantages of soil study in, [318]
Virgin soils, analysis by extraction with strong acids, [340]
Vivianite, [65]
Volatile part of plants, xxxii
Volcanic ash, form soils rapidly; soils from, [20], [52]
Volcanic glass, [53]
Volume of soils, changes on wetting and drying, [122]
Volume-weight of soils, [107]
W.
Walnut, black, a lime-loving tree, 490 to [497]
tolerant of white alkali, [479]
Washing-away and gullying of land, [217]
Water, capillary, [201]
ascent in soil columns, figure, [202], [205]
uniform sediments, figure, [204], [207]
held at different heights in soil column, table, [208]
expansion and contraction in absorbing, [208], [209]
maximum and minimum of water-holding power, termination of;
figure, [202], [207]
movements in moist soils, [210]
carbonated, solvent power, [17]
carrying power, [14]
controlling factor of soil temperature, [301]
density of, [190]
effects of flowing, [5]
Water extraction of soils, practical conclusions from, [332]
Water, hard, [41]
hygroscopic, [196]
of lan-locked lakes, [27]
loss of, by irrigation in shallow furrows, [240]
physical factors of, [188]
regulation of temperature by, [191]
relations to heat, [189]
requirements of growing plants, [192]
plants in arid regions, [195]
sidewise penetration of, in soils, [241]
of soils, chapters on, [188], [215], [234]
solvent action upon soils, [327]
solvent power, [17], [191]
Water-soluble plant-food, [321]
specific heat of, [190], [191]
table, [227]
vaporization of, [191]
Watery soil extracts, from European soils; tables, [327], [329]
American soils, King, [329], [330]
Wave action on shores, figure, [7]
Weathering, by oxygen, carbonic acid, water, [16], [17]
in humid and arid regions, [2], [86]
Weight of soils, per acre-foot, [107]
White soils, nature of, in humid regions, [285]
in arid regions, [286]
Wind deposits, [105]
Winds, action of, in forming soils, [8]
cyclones, and anti-cyclones, [293]
effects of, in deserts, [8]
heat the cause of, [291]
land and sea breeze, [291]
trade, and monsoons, [291], [292]
Winter irrigation, [236]
Wire-basket tests, of Bureau of Soils, [337]
X.
Xerophile vegetation, similarity to saline, [529]
Y.
Yazoo bottom, soils of, [116]
Yazoo “buckshot” and Arroyo Grande soils, [345]
Z.
Zeolites, decomposition by acids, [36], [38], [39]
exchange of bases in analcite and leucite, [37]
formation of, [37]
importance in soils, [38]
rocks cemented by, [38]
Zeolitic sandstones, [57]

AUTHORS REFERRED TO.

[Note.—In cases where no special credit is given in this volume for investigations made or data given from the Southwestern States and the Pacific Coast, these should be understood as work done, mostly under the writers direction, or by himself and assistants, in connections with the geological surveys of Mississippi and Louisiana, as well as the Tenth Census of the United States, by Drs. Eugene A. Smith and R. H. Loughridge; the chemical work for the Pacific Northwest, under the auspices of the Northern Transcontinental Survey, by M. E. Jaffa and Geo. E. Colby; that in California, at the Experiment Station, by the latter two, Dr. R. H. Loughridge, and temporary assistants. It would be impossible to segregate, without excessive prolixity, the credit to be assigned to each of these participants.]

A.
Adametz, L., [142], [281].
Agassiz, L., [4].
Aso, K., [383].
B.
Bamber, —, [401], [410], [414].
Batholomew, J. G. [294].
Beyerinck, M. W., [151], [156].
Blumtritt, E., [276].
Bonnier, G., [521].
Böttcher, O., [393].
Boussingault, J. B., [151], [276], [313].
Brick, —, [528].
Brock, see Morck, D.
Burri, R., [148].
Butler, O., [151].
C.
Cameron, F. K., [380], [466], [532], [533].
Clarke, F. W., [XXIV], [23].
Colby, G. E., [note above].
Colmore, C. A., [448].
Contejean, Ch., [521], [523], [531].
Coville, F. V., [536].
Crochetelle, J., [146], [147].
D.
Darton, N. H., [10].
Darwin, Ch., [158].
Davy, J. B., [535].
Deherain, P. P., [146], [147].
Detmer, W., [127].
Djemil, —, [159].
Duclaux, P. E., [144].
Duggar, J. F., [155].
Dumont, J., [146], [147].
Dyer, B., [339], [357].
E.
Ebermayer, E., [279], [305].
Eckart, C. F., [212].
Eichorn, —, [327].
Ermann, G. A., [303].
F.
Fawcett, W., [355].
Fischer, Hugo, [156].
Fliche, P., [520], [521].
Forbes, R. H., [219].
Fortier, S., [194], [254].
Fraenkel, L., [142].
Frank, A., [151].
Fuelles, P., [281].
Furry, F. E., [73].
Furuta, T., [383].
G.
Geikie, J., [14].
Gerlach, —, [156].
Gilbert, G. K., [2].
Gilbert, J. H., [151], [192].
Godlewski, E., [337], [393]
Goss, A., [376], [530].
Grandeau, L., [132], [133], [139], [357], [520], [521].
H.
Haberlandt, F., [310].
Hall, A. D., [210], [227].
Hare, R. F., [378].
Harper, R. M., [494].
Hartwell, B. L., [123].
Headden, H. P., [18].
Hedin, Sven, [9].
Hellriegel, F., [130], [151], [192].
Henrici, [200].
Hillman, F. H., [536].
Hiltner, L., [154].
Hoffmann, R., [528].
Hohl, J., [143].
Hunt, T. S., [23].
J.
Jaffa, M. E., [135], [381], [450], [530].
Johnson, S. W., [60], [380].
K.
Katayama, T., [383].
Kearney, T. H., [532].
Kedzie, R. C., [343], [375].
Kellner, O., [393].
King, F. H., [99], [108], [109], [168], [192], [193], [210], [211], [212], [224],
[228], [236], [305], [325], [328], [332].
Kinsley, J. S., [143].
Knop, W., [197].
Koch, R., [156], [281].
Kossovitch, P., [363].
Kosticheff, P., [130], [157].
Kröber, [156].
Krocker, F., [22].
Kuntze, O., [67], [68].
L.
Ladd, E. F., [131], [133], [134], [141].
Langley, S. P., [288].
Lawes, J., [151], [192].
Lea, E. C., [387].
Leather, J. W., [401], [410], [411], [412], [414 to 417], [440].
Lemberg, J., [272]
Lesage, M., [528].
Letheby, H., [23].
Liebig, J. von, [150], [313].
Liebscher, G., [354].
Lipman, J. G., [156].
Loeb, J., [380].
Loew, O., [23], [42], [382], [383].
Loughridge, R. H., [87], [207], [213], [214], [240], [259], [340 to 342],
[385], [430], [462], [466], [513], [535], [560].
M.
Maercker, M., [65], [369].
Mann, H. H., [401], [410], [413].
Manson, M., [294].
Maxwell, W., [339].
May, D. W., [42], [380].
Mayer, A., [199], [207], [209].
Mayo, N. S., [143].
Mazurenko, D. P., [87].
Means, T. H., [248], [478].
Merrill, G. P., [2], [13], [167].
Middendorff, V., [441].
Mitscherlich, E. A., [99], [199].
Miquel, P., [142], [281], [359].
Mohr, Chas., [489], [511].
Moore, G. T., [154].
Morck, D., [154].
Müller, A., [449].
Müller, P. E., [122], [184].
Müntz, A., [142], [355], [370], [401], [402], [406 to 410].
Murray, John, [23], [24].
Myers, H. C., [6], [144].
N.
Naegeli, C. v., [129].
Nagaoka, M., [65], [393].
Nobbe, F., [154].
O.
Osterhout, W. J. V., [533].
Ototzky, L., [265].
Owen, D. D., [316], [317], [343], [513].
P.
Peter, A. M., [175].
Peter, R., [316],[317], [343].
Pichard, P., [147].
Porter, J. L., [23], [24].
Pumpelly, R., [110].
R.
Rafter, G. W., [217].
[204] Ramann, E.
Reade, T. M., [41].
Regnault, V., [26].
Reichert, E., [276].
Richthofen, F. von, [110].
Risler, E., [354].
Rosenberg, S., [528].
Rousseaux, E., [355], [370], [401], [402], [406 to 410].
Rudzinski, D., [87].
Russell, I. C., [24].
S.
Saussure, H. E. de, [150].
Schimper, A. F. W., [523], [528].
Schloesing, Th., [59], [111], [354].
Schloesing, Th., fils, [332], [393].
Schmidt, C., [23].
Schöne, H. E., [90].
Schübler, J. J., [116], [197], [313].
Schultze, H., [328], [329].
Seton, E. T., [159], [160].
Shaler, N. S., [12].
Shaw, G. W., [465].
Smith, E. A., [511].
Snyder, H., [131], [133], [134], [139].
Stenhouse, —, [276].
Stockbridge, H. E., [307], [308].
Stone, C. H. H., [25].
Stubenrauch, A. V., [222].
Stutzer, A., [149].
T.
Thurmann, J., [519], [520].
Tolman, L. M., [387].
Tourney, J. W., [216].
Traphagen, F. W., [23].
Tuxen, C. F. A., [184].
U.
Udden, J. A., [106].
Ulbricht, R., [328].
V.
Vanderyst, H., [338].
Ville, G., [151].
Voelcker, J. A., [22], [410].
Vogel, J. H., [156].
W.
Wagner, P., [65].
Ward, M., [144].
Warington, R., [108], [146].
Washington, H. S., [xxiv].
Way, J. T., [22], [73].
Weber, A. H., [450].
Wheeler, H. J., [123].
Whitney, M., [94], [195], [207], [316], [321], [330], [332], [337].
Wilfarth, H., [151].
Williams, W. E., [60], [100].
Winogradsky, S., [146], [156].
Wohltmann, F., [355], [370], [401], [402 to 405], [406], [416].
Wolff, E., [22], [73].
Wollny, E., [110], [113], [125], [147], [159], [195], [264], [279],
[281], [284], [305], [306].
Wüllner, —, [198].
Wunder, G., [327].
Y.
Yoder, P. A., [92].
Z.
Zöller, P. H., [22].

Printed in the United States of America.

Footnotes: