Order 4. Caliciaceæ. Calicium, Coniocybe, etc., on the bark of trees.
Order 5. Arthoniaceæ. Arthonia on the bark of several trees. Celidium stictarum on the apothecia of Sticta pulmonaria.
Order 6. Bulgariaceæ. Apothecia gelatinous under moist conditions, and horny when dried.—Calloria fusarioides; the red apothecia break out in the spring on the dried stalks of Urtica dioica; a gelatinous reproductive form of the Fungus is found before the apothecia, which consists of oidia (formerly described as “Dacryomyces urticæ”).—Bulgaria inquinans on the living or fallen trucks of Oaks and Beeches.
Fig. 126.—Botrytis cinerea: a slightly magnified; b more highly magnified; c germinating conidium.
Fig. 127.—Sclerotinia fuckeliania: a sclerotium with conidiophores; b with apothecia; c section through sclerotium and apothecium; d ascus with eight ascospores. (× 390.)
Sub-Family 5. Pezizales.
The apothecia are developed on the surface of the substratum and are waxy or fleshy; at the commencement closed, and covered with a saucer- or cup-shaped, seldom flat, hymenium. The hypothecium is generally well developed. This sub-family is the richest in species of the Discomycetes and contains forms of very different habit. They grow upon dead wood, upon the ground, and upon dung. A few are parasites.
Order 1. Helotiaceæ. Apothecia with waxy envelope of colourless, or yellowish prosenchymatous cells.—Chlorosplenium æruginosum is found on decaying wood (particularly Oak and Birch), to which it gives a green colour. Sclerotinia has sclerotia which are developed upon the host-plant and from which, after a period of rest, the long, brown-stalked apothecia arise. S. ciborioides (S. trifoliorum, Fig. [128]) is parasitic on Clover; S. sclerotiorum, on Daucus-roots, Phaseolus, etc.; S. baccarum, on the berries of Vaccinium myrtillus; “Botrytis cinerea” is a common parasite and is probably the conidial form of S. fuckeliania (Fig. [127]).—Helotium herbarum lives on dry plant stems.—Dasyscypha willkommii (Fig. [129]) produces Larch-canker on the bark of the Larch.