A History of Aeronautics

by Evelyn Charles Vivian; W. Lockwood Marsh

The Properties of Aerofoils, by A. W. Judge. London.

Aero Engines, by G. A. Burls. London.

High Speed Internal Combustion Engines, by A. W. Judge. London.

The Aero Engine, by S. Kean. London.

Aircraft, by Evan J. David. Scribner’s, New York, 1919. A rather scrappy account of the development of aeroplanes and dirigibles, with special reference to the war period.

British Airships: Past, Present, and Future, by George Whale. London, 1919. A very useful semi-technical handbook of the subject.

The Aviation Pocket-Book, by H. Borlase Matthews. An annual compendium, issued by Messrs Crosby Lockwood & Co., London, giving fairly full data of technical development year by year. (Not issued 1919 or 1920.)

---

INDEX

• Abaris, legend of, [7].
• A.B.C. radial engines, [466–7].
• Accidents, committee of inquiry appointed, [299].
• Ader, Clement: builds ‘Eole,’ [121];
• builds ‘Avion,’ [123];
• account of trial flight, [124];
• official denial of trial flight, [126];
• end of experiments, [127];
• compared with the Wrights, [211];
• official report on trials, [469].
• Advisory Committee, British, [294].
• Aerial Experiment Company of America, [179].
• Aerial Locomotion, by Wenham, [72–76].
• Aerial Navigation, by Cayley, [45–48].
• ‘Aerodrome,’ Langley’s, [134–44].
• Aeronautical Classics, [48].
• Aeronautical Exhibitions: The first, Crystal Palace, [69], [82];
• the first helicopter at, [71];
• Exhibition of 1911, [229];
• Paris, 1912, [294];
• Paris, 1913, [304];
• Olympia, 1913, [300];
• Olympia, 1914, [305].
• Aeronautical Society, Royal, [72].
• Aeronautical Society, Annual Reports, [76].
• Ailerons first fitted, [301].
• Air Board formed, [258].
• Air Force, Royal, formed, [258].
• Air Force, Royal, strength of, [258].
• Air Mail, Hendon-Windsor, [231].
• Air Ministry constituted, [258];
• Civil Aviation Department, [264].
• Air Navigation Acts, [265].
• Airships: Astra Torres, [349–50];
• Baby, the, [361];
• Barton, [359];
• Beta, [361];
• Blimp type, [363];
• British rigids, [365–70];
• Clement-Bayard, [349–50];
• Coastal type, [364];
• Gamma, [361];
• Gross type. [351];
• Lebaudy, [348–9], [362];
• North Sea type, [364];
• Nulli Secundus, [360];
• Parseval, [351];
• R33 and R[34], [368];
• R38 class, [374];
• R[80], [371];
• Santos Dumont, [342–47];
• Schutte-Lanz, [358];
• Willows, [359];
• Zeppelin, [341–352–8];
• 2A, British Army, [361].
• Albatross aero engine, [426].
• Alcock, Sir John, [266–7].
• Allard, attempt at gliding flight, [33].
• Allied war air equipment, [251].
• Alps, crossed by Chavez, [226].
• Aluminium, the Schwartz airship, [340].
• Alvaston aero engine, [441].
• America, flight across, [231];
• R34’s voyage to, [370].
• Andes, crossing of the, [269].
• Andree’s plans for a dirigible, [331].
• Antoinette engine, fitted to Voisin, [181];
• fitted to Cody, [192];
• fitted to A. V. Roe, [195].
• Antoinette monoplane, [290].
• Anzani aero engine, [196], [216], [419–21].
• Archdeacon, Ernest, [179].
• Archytas, legend of, [7].
• Area necessary for support, Meerwein’s statement, [42].
• Army Air Battalion, British, [238].
• Art of Flying, The, by Thomas Walker, [48–55].
• Ascent, first balloon, [322];
• in America, [328];
• in England, [323].
• Ashmusen aero engine, [444].
• Assyrian legends of flight, [5].
• Astra Torres airships, [350];
• use of ballonets, [330].
• Atlantic flight, [265–7].
• Audemars, at Bournemouth, [209];
• Paris-Berlin flight, [237].
• Aulus Gellius, legend of Archytas, [7].
• Australian flight, the first, [270].
• Aviatik, construction of, [210].
• ‘Avion’ Ader’s, [123], [211];
• official report on, [469].
• Ayar Utso, Peruvian legend of, [8].
• ‘Baby’ airship, the, [361].
• Bacon, Francis, on flight, [20].
• Bacon, Roger, on flight, [12].
• Ballon sondé, the first, [325].
• Ballonets, [329–30], [333–4].
• Balloon: the Mongolfier type, [318];
• first public ascent, [319];
• Charles’s hydrogen, [320];
• Mongolfierlater types, [320–21–22];
• Rozier and d’Arlandes’ ascent, [322];
• first ascent in England, [323];
• Saussure on cause of lift, [323];
• Charles, filling method, [324];
• Charles’s and Robert’s ascent, [325];
• Blanchard’s channel crossing, [326];
• Robert’s observations, [327];
• Section, Royal Engineers, [359];
• Dirigible (see [dirigibles]), [331–41];
• in warfare, [376];
• school at Farnborough, [226].
• Balloon ascents, proclamation on, [502].
• Balloonists: Blanchard, [42], [326], [378];
• Mongolfier, [42], [318].
• Barton airship, the, [359].
• ‘Bat,’ the, Pilcher’s glider, [101].
• Baumgarten and Wolfert dirigible, [340], [389].
• Bayerischer aero engine, [429–30].
• Beaumont, circuit of Britain, [220], [230];
• wins Paris-Rome race, [230].
• ‘Beetle’ the, Pilcher’s glider, [103].
• Belgian provision of war aircraft, [248].
• Benz 4-cylinder aero engine, [401].
• Berlin, air services from and to, [268].
• Berriman, on helicopter flight, [87].
• Besnier’s gliding experiments, [34–5].
• ‘Beta’ army airship, [361].
• B.E.2, the, [297].
• B.E.2c, the, [304].
• Bibliography, a short, [504].
• Biplanes: Albatross, [251];
• Avro types, [195];
• Bleriot, [183];
• Curtiss-Herring, [182];
• Cody’s first, [191–2];
• Cody’s ‘cathedral,’ [193], [290];
• Farman, [181], [217];
• Gotha, [252];
• Handley-Page, [252];
• Moore-Brabazon uses Short, [198];
• R.E.[1], [305];
• R.E.P., [182];
• Sikorsky, [249];
• Sopwith, [265], [297];
• Voisin, [181], [223], [286];
• the 1905 Wright, [175].
• Black, Dr, [318].
• Blackpool flying meeting, [195], [206].
• Bladud, legend of, [9].
• Blanchard, Jean Pierre, [42], [326], [378].
• Bleriot, Louis: [179];
• flapping wing experiments, [183];
• flights, [184];
• at Rheims, [200–204];
• a student of Langley, [211];
• constructional work, [211–12];
• cross-country record, [222];
• cross-channel machine, [212], [216], [289];
• cross-channel flight, [213–4];
• early flights, [221].
• Blimp type airship, [363].
• Bodensee, German airship, [375].
• Boilers, Maxim’s, [386].
• Bomb sighting devices, [252].
• Bombers: Caudron type, [251];
• Gotha, [252];
• Handley-Page, [252];
• Voisin, [251].
• Borelli, compared with da Vinci, [18];
• de Volatu, [21–26];
• his conclusions, [26–27].
• Boulogne meeting, the, [178], [206].
• Bournemouth meeting, [198], [207–8].
• Box Kites, Cody’s, [189].
• Brearey’s ‘pectoral cord,’ [83].
• Brescia flying meeting, [206].
• British flying grounds, the principal, [227];
• war construction, [259–60];
• war aircraft, 1914, [247];
• War Office Trials, [194], [209], [232], [235–7], [296];
• War Office requirements, 1913, [300];
• war construction, [259–60].
• Brooklands in the early days, [197], [228].
• Cairo to Cape flight, [270].
• Capnobates, legend of, [5].
• Capper, Colonel J. E. at Farnborough, [226];
• constructs dirigible, [360].
• Carra’s dirigible, [332].
• Cassiodurus, legends by, [7].
• Castel’s helicopter, [87].
• Casualties, British war, [234].
• Cavallo, Leo, experiments with hydrogen, [318].
• Cavendish, discovery of hydrogen, [318].
• Cayley, Sir George, [45–48].
• Certified pilots, list of in 1911, [228].
• Channel crossing by Bleriot, [213–14];
• de Lesseps, [215];
• C. S. Rolls, [216];
• balloon, [326].
• Chanute, O., gliding experiments, [107–115];
• Wrights’ reference to, [153];
• at Wrights’ camp, [157].
• Chartres, Duc de, balloon ascent, [329], [333].
• Charvolant or kite carriage, Pocock’s, [56].
• Chavez, Georges: at Tours, [225];
• makes British height record, [225];
• crosses the Alps, [226];
• fatal accident, [226].
• Circuit of Britain race, [220].
• Civil Aviation Department, Air Ministry, formed, [264].
• Clement-Bayard dirigible, [349–50];
• engines, [444].
• Clerget rotary engine, [434–6].
• Coastal type of British airship, [364].
• Coatalen, Louis, [411].
• Cockburn, British competitor at Rheims, [201], [206].
• Cocking’s parachute, [378].
• Cody, S. F., constructs box-kites, [189];
• constructs dirigible, [360];
• first biplane, [190–1];
• first flight in England, [190–1];
• first observed flight, [222–3];
• various flights, [192];
• wins British War Office trials, [235–7];
• passenger flights, [193];
• ‘cathedral’ biplane, [193];
• records achieved, [193–4], [223];
• at Doncaster, [207];
• in circuit of Britain race, [220];
• fatal accident, [194].
• Colombine, associated with Henson and Stringfellow, [60], [64].
• Commercial Zeppelin service, [372].
• Construction, British war, [259–60].
• Cosmos ‘Jupiter’ engine, [465];
• ‘Lucifer’ engine, [466].
• Cousin, Histoire de Constantinople, [11].
• Curtiss, Glenn, forms Aerial Experiment Company, [179];
• flying boat construction, [242];
• flies Langley machine, [243–5];
• at Rheims, [201–2].
• Curtiss-Herring biplane, [182].
• Curtiss Vee-type engine, [416].
• Daedalus, legend of, [5].
• Daimler aero engines, [389–91], [394–6].
• Danti, Giovanni, [12].
• D’Arlandes, first balloon ascent, [322].
• Darracq aero engines, [440], [442].
• De Dion aero engines, [416].
• Degen’s flying machine, [52].
• De Havilland, height record, [196];
• at Farnborough, [228].
• Delagrange, at Juvisy meeting, [185–6];
• at Rheims, [202];
• at Doncaster, [207];
• death of, [224];
• records made by, [222].
• De Lesseps channel crossing, [215].
• Demoiselle monoplane, Santos Dumont’s, [184], [285];
• Audemars, [209].
• Deperdussin monoplane, [294], [301–2].
• Derby, aerial, [267].
• De Rue, Ferber’s pseudonym, [200].
• D’Esterno, gliding machine, [72];
• Du Vol des Oiseaux, [72].
• Dickson, Captain, aero scouting, in 1910, [210];
• at Tours meeting, [225].
• Dihedral angle, [285].
• Diodorus’s story of Abaris, [7].
• Dirigibles: French, at Rheims meeting, [203];
• Baumgarten and Wolfert, [340];
• Carra’s,[332];
• Dupuy de Lome’s, [336];
• de Morveau’s, [332];
• Giffard’s, [334–6];
• Guyot’s (the first), [332];
• Haenlein’s, Paul, [337];
• Joseph Mongolfier’s suggestions for propulsion, [331];
• Meusnier’s improvements, [333];
• Miollan and Janinet, [332];
• Renard and Krebs, [338–40];
• Schwartz aluminium, [340];
• Wellner’s, [331];
• (see [airships] for later types).
• Doncaster flying meeting, 1909, [206].
• Dorman aero engines, [409–10].
• Drexel, Armstrong, world’s height record, [225].
• Dugald Clerk’s two-stroke engine, [447].
• Dunne monoplane, the, [229];
• description of, [293].
• Dutheil-Chambers aero engine, [441], [443].
• Electric motor airship propulsion, [390–91].
• Empedocles, legend of, [6].
• Engines: A.B.C. ‘Wasp II.’ radial, [466];
• A.B.C. ‘Dragonfly’ radial, [467];
• Alvaston rotary, [441];
• Antoinette, [181], [241];
• Anzani rotary, [196], [216], [419–21];
• Albatross radial, [426];
• Ashmusan horizontal, [444];
• Austro-Daimler vertical, [403];
• Bayerischer rotary, [429–30];
• Benz 4-cylinder vertical, [259], [401];
• Burlat rotary, [439];
• Clement-Bayard horizontal, [444];
• Clerget rotary, [434–6];
• Cosmos ‘Jupiter’ radial, [465];
• Cosmos ‘Lucifer’ radial, [466];
• Critchley’s list of, [400], [404];
• Curtiss Vee type, [416];
• Daimler vertical, [389–91], [394–6];
• Darracq horizontal, [440], [442];
• de Dion Vee type, [416];
• Dorman Vee type, [409–10];
• Dugald Clerk’s two-stroke, [447];
• Dutheil-Chambers horizontal, [441], [443];
• Eole, horizontal, [443];
• Esnault-Pelterie radial, [422];
• Fredericson, horizontal, [457];
• Giffard’s, [383];
• Gnome rotary, [181], [185], [195], [203], [224], [241],[428–9], [431–34];
• Gobe and Diard’s two-stroke, [453];
• Graham Clark’s list of, [401];
• Green vertical, [198], [241], [361], [397–400];
• Gyro and Gyro-Duplex rotary, [437–8];
• Haenlein’s Lenoir type, [388];
• Henson and Stringfellow’s, [383];
• Kemp Vee type, [416];
• Kolb-Danvin horizontal, [445];
• Lamplough two-stroke, [455];
• Laviator two-stroke, [454];
• Lenoir type, Haenlein’s, [388];
• Le Rhone rotary, [436];
• Manly, Charles, radial, [139], [396], [417–9];
• Maxim’s steam, [384];
• Maybach vertical, [261];
• Mercedes vertical, [261];
• Mercedes-Daimler vertical, [402];
• Mercedes 6-cylinder vertical, [459–465];
• Mort and New Engine Co. two-stroke, [456];
• Napier Vee type, [412], [414–5];
• Nieuport Horizontal, [445];
• Palons and Beuse horizontal, [445];
• Renault Vee type, [243], [415];
• Roberts horizontal, [457];
• Rolls-Royce Vee type, [266], [412–14];
• Salmson rotary, [422–6];
• Stringfellow’s, [383];
• Sunbeam, [411];
• Types of, [393];
• Uberursel rotary, [259];
• Wolseley Vee type, [405–9];
• Wright Brothers, [392–3].
• Engine development, [383–468].
• ‘Eole’ Ader’s monoplane, [121].
• Esnault-Pelterie, Robert: early experiments, [179];
• R.E.P. biplane, [182];
• radial engine, [422].
• Exhibitions: first aeronautical, [69], [82];
• Paris, 1912, [294];
• Paris, 1913, [304];
• Olympia, 1913, [298], [299–300];
• Olympia, 1914, [305].
• Farman’s biplane, Voisin type, [181], [287];
• first mile flight in Europe, [182];
• first cross-country flight, [222];
• flights in 1908–9, [184], [221–2], [223];
• four hours’ record, [185];
• exhibition flying in England, [186];
• at Rheims meeting, [202], [223].
• Farnborough, British military establishment at, [226];
• de Havilland at, [228].
• Felix, Captain, makes 1911 height, record, [230].
• Ferber’s, Captain, experiments, [177], [288];
• book, Aviation, [177];
• at Rheims, [200];
• death at Boulogne meeting, [178].
• Ferguson, H., first flight in Ireland, [223].
• First aeronautical exhibition, [69], [82].
• Flapping wing or Ornithopter flight: Bleriot’s experiments, [183];
• Brearey, F. W., on, [83];
• Robert Hooke on, [32–33];
• de Villeneuve’s models, [83].
• Fokker war aeroplanes, [251];
• internal-bracing post-war design, [271].
• Forlanini’s helicopter, Professor, [87].
• Formation flying, [263].
• Fournier at Rheims, [201].
• Fourny’s distance record, 1912, [242].
• Fredericson two-stroke engine, [457].
• French military aero trials, [231–2];
• aircraft in 1914, [247];
• pioneers, [179].
• Galien’s study of properties of air, [317];
• proposed airship, [318].
• ‘Gamma,’ British airship, [361].
• German aircraft in 1914, [246];
• war aircraft and equipment, [250];
• aeroplane, the first, [207];
• National Circuit race, [230].
• Giffard’s dirigibles, [334–6];
• engines, [383].
• Gliding flight by Allard, [33];
• Besnier [34];
• Chanute, [107–115];
• Ernest Archdeacon, [179];
• Le Bris, [77–82];
• Lilienthal, [96–100];
• Marshall, Rex, [269];
• Montgomery, [115–120];
• Pilcher, Percy, [101–106];
• Spencer, Charles, [82];
• Wright brothers, [145–168].
• Gliding patent, d’Esterno’s, [72].
• Gobe and Diard rotary engine, [453].
• Goldbeater’s skin used by Beaumanoir, [322].
• Gordon-Bennett cup, won by Védrines, [294];
• race of 1913, [301].
• Gotha biplane, [252];
• raids on England, [255].
• Gnome engine, [181], [185], [203], [241], [428–9], [431–34].
• Goupil’s design of monoplane, [91].
• Grade, first German monoplane, [207].
• Graham-White, London-Manchester flight, [217–220].
• Green Engine, vertical, [198], [241], [361], [397–400].
• Grimaldi’s claim to flight, [38–39].
• Gross airship, [351].
• ‘Guardian Angel’ parachute, [379].
• Guidotti’s experiments, [19].
• Guyot’s dirigible, [332].
• Guzman, Lorenzo de, [37], [317].
• Gyro and Gyro-Duplex rotary engines, [437].
• Haenlein, Paul, dirigible construction, [337];
• engine used, [388].
• Haldane, negotiations with Wrights, [176].
• Hamel, Gustav, [231].
• Hanouam, Indian legend of, [9].
• Handley-Page, F., machines by, [196], [252];
• new wing design, [271];
• height and load record, [272].
• Hargrave, Lawrence, ornithopter experiments, [85].
• Havilland, G. de, height record, [196], [240];
• at Farnborough, [228].
• ‘Hawk,’ the, Pilcher’s glider, [104].
• Hawker, H. G., height record, [240];
• Atlantic attempt, [265].
• Helicopters: Castel’s, [87];
• da Vinci’s, [19];
• Berriman on, [87];
• Forlanini’s, [87];
• Kimball’s, [88];
• Kress’s, [88];
• Nadar and de la Landelle’s, [71];
• Phillips, W. S., [57];
• Principle and disadvantages, [85];
• Paucton’s, [39–40].
• Henderson, General Sir D., [238–9].
• Henson, W. S., and Stringfellow, [57];
• Patent specification, [57];
• Prospectus of company, [60];
• end of experiments, [67].
• Henson and Stringfellow’s engines, [383].
• Hildebrandt, Airships Past and Present, [317].
• Hooke, Robert, [21], [32].
• Hot air balloons, [318–22].
• Hydrogen, discovered by Cavendish, [318];
• experiments by Leo Cavallo, [318];
• balloon, the Charles, [320].
• Icarus, legend of, [5].
• Ilmarinen, Finnish legend, [9].
• Inca legends, [8].
• Independent Force, R.A.F., [262].
• Indian legends, [4], [9].
• Ireland, first flight in, [223].
• Italian aircraft war strength, [248].
• Janinet, Miollan and, dirigible, [332].
• Jeffries, Dr, balloon voyage across the Channel, [326];
• scientific observations on balloon voyage, [328].
• ‘June Bug’ Curtiss aeroplane, [180].
• ‘Jupiter’ radial engine, [465].
• Jutland, seaplanes at, [254].
• Juvisy flying meeting, [186].
• Kalevala (Finnish epic), legend from, [9].
• Kempt Vee-type aero engine, [416].
• Kill Devil camp, the Wrights’, [153], [278].
• Kite Balloons: the Parseval-Siegsfeld, [376];
• Belgian, [377];
• in Naval use, [377].
• Kitty Hawk, the Wrights’ camp at, [152–3].
• Kœnig, winner of German National Circuit, 1911, [230].
• Kolb-Danvin aero engine, [445].
• Krebs, Renard and, dirigible, [338–40].
• Lambert, Comte de, flies round Eiffel Tower, [185], [207], [223].
• Lamplough, two-stroke aero engine, [455].
• Lana, Francesco, [21];
• biographical details, [27–8];
• The Aerial Ship, [28–31].
• Lanark, meeting at, 1910, [209].
• Lanchester, study of ornithopter flight, [85].
• Landelle, de la, helicopter project, [71].
• Landemann’s distance record, 1914, [242].
• Langley, S. P., Memoir, [133];
• first experiments, [134];
• engines, [135];
• model machines, [135];
• model flight, [137];
• construction of full-sized machine, [138];
• official report on trials, [140–4];
• Wrights’ reference to, [161];
• Bleriot copies design, [183];
• machine flown by Glenn Curtiss, [243].
• Latham, Hubert, flight of over an hour, [186];
• at Rheims, [200], [204], [223];
• attempts Channel crossing, [213];
• height record, [223];
• achieves vertical kilometre, [224].
• Laurenzo, Bartolomeo, [317].
• Laviator two-stroke engine, [454].
• Lebaudy, use of air bags, [334];
• airships, [348–9], [362];
• engines used, [390].
• Le Blon, Hubert, [225].
• Le Bris, gliding experiments, [77].
• Lefebvre at Rheims, [201], [205].
• Legagneaux, height record, [241].
• Legends of flight, [3–14].
• Lenoir engine used by Haenlein, [386].
• Le Rhone rotary aero engine, [436].
• Lilienthal, Otto, [95–101];
• studied by Voisin, [181];
• studied by Wrights, [159];
• fatal accident, [100].
• London-Manchester flight, [217], [220];
• Farman machines used, [182].
• London-Paris, first non-stop flight, [230];
• regular service, [267].
• Looping, [262], [272], [303].
• Loraine, Robert, early flights, [210].
• ‘Lucifer’ radial aero engine, [466].
• Lunardi, first balloon ascent in England, [323].
• L70 and L[71], German dirigibles, [374].
• Mahabarata, legend from, [4].
• Mail services, aerial, [231], [268].
• Maitland, Brig.-Gen., parachute descent, [379].
• Manly’s radial engine, [139], [396], [417].
• Marey, La Machine Animale, [22],[84], [150].
• Martinsyde, Atlantic crossing machine, [266];
• monoplane, [291].
• Maxim, Sir Hiram, aeroplane, [128];
• account of experiments, [129–131];
• engines and boilers, [384–8].
• ‘Mayfly’ airship, [362].
• Meerwein’s glider, [41–42];
• practical conclusions, [42].
• Meetings, flying: Berlin, [209];
• Blackpool, [195];
• Boulogne, [178], [206];
• Bournemouth, [198], [207–8];
• Brescia, [206];
• Doncaster, [206];
• Juvisy, [186];
• Lanark, [209];
• Rheims, [199–206];
• Tours, [225];
• decay of, [209].
• Mercedes-Daimler vertical engine, [402];
• 6-cylinder type, [459–465].
• Metal aeroplane construction, [311].
• Mensier, General, report on Ader’s ‘Avion,’ [469].
• Miollan and Janinet dirigible, [332].
• Mousnier, General, [333];
• death of, [334].
• Model machines, Langley’s, [135].
• Monge, Marey, experiment with Lana’s ‘aerial ship,’ [32].
• Mongolfiers, the, first balloons, [42], [316];
• Joseph, later constructions, [320–21];
• State pension granted, [321];
• on dirigible propulsion, [331].
• Monoplanes: Ader’s ‘Avion,’ [123];
• Ader’s ‘Eole,’ [122];
• Antoinette, [290];
• Audemars’s ‘Demoiselle,’ [209];
• Bleriot’s, [183];
• Bleriot’s cross-channel, [212–6], [289];
• Deperdussin, [294], [301–2];
• Dunne, [229];
• Ferguson’s, [223];
• first German, the ‘Grade,’ [207];
• Goupil’s, [91];
• Handley-Page, [229];
• Henson and Stringfellow’s, [57–59];
• Martinsyde, [291];
• Morane ‘Parasol,’ [302];
• Moy’s, [90];
• Paulhan-Tatin, [295];
• Penaud’s design, [89];
• Santos-Dumont’s ‘Demoiselle,’ [184].
• Montgomery, gliding experiments, [115–120];
• death, [120].
• Moore-Brabazon, J. C. T., [197], [223].
• Mort, G. F., two-stroke engine, [456].
• Moy, Thomas, [90].
• Mullar, John, legend of, [8].
• Nadar’s Helicopter, [71];
• work on Aviation, [71];
• balloon experiments, [72].
• Napier aero engine, Vee type, [412], [414–15].
• Nesteroof, looping, [303].
• New Engine Co., two-stroke engine, [456].
• Nieuport aero engine, [445].
• ‘Nulli Secundus’ airship, [360].
• N.C.4’s Atlantic crossing, [265].
• N.S. type airships, [364].
• O’Gorman, Colonel, at Farnborough, [226].
• Oliver of Malmesbury, [11].
• Ornithopter experiments: Brearey, F. W., [83];
• Bleriot, [183];
• de Villeneuve, [83–4];
• Hooke, [32–3];
• Meerwein, [41–2];
• studied by Wright, [85].
• Palons and Beuse aero engine, [445].
• Paprier, London-Paris flight, [230].
• Parachutes, da Vinci’s, [19], [378];
• Veranzio’s, [19–20];
• ‘Guardian Angel,’ [379];
• modern, [379];
• Blanchard’s descents, [378];
• Cocking’s descents, [378];
• Mongolfier’s descents, [378];
• Robertson’s descents, [378];
• Maitland’s descents, [378];
• rate of fall, [378].
• Parseval airship design, [351].
• Parseval-Siegsfeld kite balloon, [377].
• Patents specification, the Wrights’, [479].
• Paucton on Helicopter flight, [39–40].
• Paulhan: using Farman biplane, [182];
• exhibition flying charges, [186];
• at Rheims, [201];
• London-Manchester flight, [217–220];
• first European height record, [223];
• Los Angeles height record, [224].
• Pegoud, first to loop the loop, [262], [303].
• Penaud, Alphonse, [89];
• death of, [90];
• reference to, [127].
• Perugia, Danti’s experiment at, [12].
• Peruvian legends of flight, [8].
• Phillips, Horatio, investigations, [91];
• flying machine, the, [188–9];
• W. H., helicopter, [57].
• Pilcher, Percy S., work of, [101–6];
• death, [106].
• Pilots in 1911, list of certificates, [228].
• Plane surfaces, Horatio Phillips’ investigations, [91].
• Platz, ascent in Schwartz airship, [340].
• Pocock’s kite carriage, [56].
• Proclamation on balloon ascents, [502].
• Puy de Dome flight, [228].
• Pyrenees, first crossed by Tabuteau, [227].
• Radial engines, see engines.
• Reconnaissance, War, [253].
• Records, [184–6], [193–196–197–199–201], [221–232], [240–2], [269], [272], [306].
• Regiomontanous (John Muller), legend of, [8].
• Renard and Krebs’ dirigible, [338–40].
• Renault aero engines, [415].
• Renaux, Puy de Dome flight, [228];
• duration record, [230].
• R.E. type, the, [304–5].
• R.E.P. biplane, construction of, [182].
• Rheims flying week of 1909, [199–206], [225].
• Richthofen’s ‘travelling circus,’ [251].
• Rigid dirigibles (see [airships]), [365–71].
• Robert, discovery of rubber proofing, [319];
• observations on balloons, [327].
• Roberts two-stroke engine, [457].
• Robertson’s parachute descent, [378].
• Roe, A. V., constructs first triplane, [192];
• summary of construction, [195].
• Rogers, C. P., flying across America, [231].
• Rolls, C. S., cross-Channel flight, [198], [216], [225];
• fatal accident, [198], [208].
• Rolls-Royce engines, [266], [412–14].
• Rome-Tokio flight, [272].
• Ross-Smith’s Australian flight, [270].
• Rotary engines (see [engines]).
• Rougier, at Juvisy, [186].
• Royal Aeronautical Society, [72];
• Annual reports, [76].
• Royal Aircraft Factory, [236].
• Royal Air Force formed, [258];
• strength of, [258].
• Royal Flying Corps, founding of, [235], [238].
• Royal Naval Air Service formed, [238];
• in the war period, [255].
• Rozier, Pilatre de, [322];
• death of, [327].
• Rubber proofing, discovery of, [319].
• Russian air strength in 1914, [249].
• Ryneveld, Cairo to Cape flight, [270].
• R34’s voyage to America, [370].
• R[80], British rigid dirigible, [371].
• Salmson radial engine, [422–6].
• Santos-Dumont: airship constructions, [342–7];
• conclusions regarding dirigibles, [345–7];
• first effective aeroplane flight in Europe, [180], [221], [285];
• designs ‘14 bis,’ [180], [285];
• designs ‘Demoiselle,’ [184];
• airship engines, [390].
• Saracen of Constantinople, the, [7], [10].
• Saussure, observations on hot-air balloons, [323].
• Schwartz aluminium dirigible, [340].
• Schutte-Lanz airships, [358].
• Scouting by aeroplane, [210].
• Seaplanes at Jutland, [254];
• in 1912–13, [295], [300];
• of the period, [254];
• submarine war spotting, [254].
• Seguin, Laurent, inventor of Gnome engine, [428].
• Selfridge, Lieut., killed at Fort Meyer, [199], [222].
• Sikorsky biplane, [249].
• Simon the Magician, [4], [10].
• Somali campaign, aircraft in, [271].
• Sopwith, T. O. M., duration record, [196];
• distance record, [196];
• height record, [197].
• Specification of Wright patents, [479].
• Spencer, Charles, gliding experiments, [82].
• Stability, inherent, [262], [292–3], [304].
• Standardising, effects of, [187].
• Stream-lining, [293].
• Stringfellow, John: prospectus of company, [60];
• record of work, [65–70];
• engine, [67], [69–70];
• engine and models at Crystal Palace, [69];
• death of, [70].
• Sunbeam aero engine, Vee type, [411].
• Swedenborg, theory of flight, [35–6].
• Synchronisation of propeller and machine gun, [260].
• Tabuteau, Maurice, crosses Pyrenees, [227].
• Tarrant triplane, [272].
• Taube type of machine, [303].
• Thible, Madame, balloon ascent, [323].
• Tissandier, La Navigation Aerienne, [37];
• dirigible construction, [337], [390];
• flying at Rheims, [201].
• Tokio-Rome flight, [272].
• Tours meeting, [225].
• Trick flying of the war period, [262].
• Triplane, A. V. Roe’s, [192], [195], [291];
• the Tarrant, [272].
• Two-stroke cycle engines (see [engines]).
• Védrines in Circuit of Britain race, [220];
• wins Paris-Madrid flight, [230];
• speed record at Chicago, [240];
• winner of Gordon-Bennett race, [294].
• Vertical engines (see [engines]).
• Vee type engines (see [engines]).
• Veranzio’s parachute, [19–20].
• Vickers-Vimy Atlantic aeroplane, [266–7];
• Cape-Cairo flight, [270];
• airships, [362].
• Vinci, Leonardo da, [15];
• Treatise on Flight, [16–18];
• parachute, [20].
• Voisin, gliding experiments, [179];
• brothers, biplane construction, [180], [286];
• machine used by Moore-Brabazon, [197].
• Walker, Thomas, The Art of Flying, [48–55].
• War Office, British aero trials, 1912, [194], [209], [232], [235–7], [296];
• first experiments, [225];
• aeroplane purchases, [227];
• specifications, [239], [300].
• War period, the, [246–263], [306–311].
• War, provision of aircraft for, [246–9].
• Wellner’s dirigible, [331].
• Wenham, Aerial Locomotion, [72–6].
• Wieland the Smith, legend of, [9].
• Wilcox, James, first American balloon ascent, [329].
• Willows’s dirigible, [359].
• Wolseley Vee-type engine, [405–9].
• Wright, Orville, accident at Fort Meyer, [199], [222];
• flights by, [199].
• Wright brothers, biographical, [145–7];
• study of gliding, [147], [277];
• experiments begun, [148], [278];
• on equilibrium, [149], [278];
• on engine power, [162];
• on propeller design, [169];
• first power-driven flight, [170–1], [221], [282];
• description of 1905 machine, [175], [283];
• contract with U.S. Government, [174].
• Wright, Wilbur, at Le Mans, [199].
• Young, Dr, experiments, [43].
• Zambeccari, Italian balloonist, [327].
• Zeppelin, first investigations, [341];
• first constructions, [352];
• record of constructions, [352–8];
• service commercial, [372].