3. quite short, almost like oo in:

U is pronounced like the oo in the word wood, but the pronunciation depends much upon the length of the syllables, f. i. in túmulo, the grave, the first u is long, the second is short. If provided with the til ~ and before m and n it takes the nasal sound.

If it follows after g and q, it is either aspirated, or it is quite mute, as:

In qual, it is slightly sounded to distinguish it from the Noun cal, the chalk.

Y is pronounced like the vowel I.

4. The Consonants.

B is pronounced like the English B.