(b) By position, placing first the verb, then the word which stands in the dative, lastly, the word which stands in the accusative. Ex. yu (to give) jin (to a man) pe (white) yu (jade), hoang (yellow) kin (metal), i.e., gold.
4. The accusative is either left without any mark, for instance, pao (to protect) min (the people), or it is preceded by certain words which had originally a more tangible meaning, but gradually dwindled away into mere signs of the accusative. [These were first discovered and correctly explained by M. Stanislas Julien in his Vindiciæ Philologicæ in Linguam Sinicam, Paris, 1830.] The particles most frequently used for this purpose by modern writers are pa and tsiang, to grasp, to take. Ex. pa (taking) tchoung-jin (crowd of men) t'eou (secretly) k'an (he looked) i.e., he looked secretly at the crowd of men (hominum turbam furtim aspiciebat). In the more ancient Chinese (Kouwen) the words used for the same purpose are i (to employ, etc.), iu, iu, hou. Ex. i (employing) jin (mankind) t'sun (he preserves) sin (in the heart), i.e., humanitatem conservat corde. I (taking) tchi (right) wêï (to make) k'iŏ (crooked), i.e., rectum facere curvum. Pao (to protect) hou (sign of accus.) min (the people).
5. The ablative is expressed—
(a) By means of prepositions, such as thsong, yeou, tsen, hou. Ex. thsong (ex) thien (cœlo) laï (venire); te (obtinere) hou (ab) thien (cœlo).
(b) By means of position, so that the word in the ablative is placed before the verb. Ex. thien (heaven) hiang-tchi (descended, tchi being the relative particle or sign of the genitive) tsaï (calamities), i.e., the calamities which Heaven sends to men.
6. The instrumental is expressed—
(a) By the preposition yu, with. Ex. yu (with) kien (the sword) cha (to kill) jin (a man).
(b) By position, the substantive which stands in the instrumental case being placed before the verb, which is followed again by the noun in the accusative. Ex. i (by hanging) cha (he killed) tchi (him).
7. The locative may be expressed by simply placing the noun before the verb. Ex. si (in the East or East) yeou (there is) suo-tou-po (a sthúpa); or by prepositions as described in the text.
The adjective is always placed before the substantive to which it belongs. Ex. meï jin, a beautiful woman.