The modern packing house

by F. W. Wilder

TABLE OF BOILING POINTS.

29	inch	vacuum	79.07°	Fahr.
28	inch	vacuum	101.15	Fahr.
27	inch	vacuum	115.06	Fahr.
26	inch	vacuum	125.38	Fahr.
25	inch	vacuum	133.77	Fahr.
24	inch	vacuum	140.64	Fahr.
23	inch	vacuum	146.78	Fahr.
22	inch	vacuum	152.16	Fahr.
21	inch	vacuum	157.00	Fahr.
20	inch	vacuum	161.42	Fahr.
19	inch	vacuum	165.42	Fahr.
18	inch	vacuum	169.14	Fahr.
17	inch	vacuum	172.63	Fahr.
16	inch	vacuum	175.93	Fahr.
15	inch	vacuum	179.03	Fahr.
14	inch	vacuum	181.92	Fahr.
13	inch	vacuum	184.68	Fahr.
12	inch	vacuum	187.31	Fahr.
11	inch	vacuum	189.83	Fahr.
10	inch	vacuum	192.43	Fahr.
5	inch	vacuum	202.92	Fahr.
1	inch	vacuum	212	Fahr.

Storing Stick.

—The residue from the evaporators or the “Stick” as it is now called, should be pumped into a receptacle fitted with closed steam coils. The tank water vats are similarly fitted.

Testing Stick.

—Stick is tested the same as tank water, excepting a hydrometer graduated from 20° to 40° is used. It is usual to evaporate to a density of 29° Beaume, which is 64.61 per cent dry solid. To calculate the quantity of concentrated or dry stick containing 4 per cent moisture produced from 29° Beaume stick, multiply the number of gallons of stick by 10.27 lbs. to get weight of 29° Beaume stick; then take 64.61 per cent of this weight, which is weight of dry solids, then add 4 per cent moisture to this amount by dividing the weight of dry solids by .96; the result is weight of concentrated tankage containing 4 per cent moisture.

Copperas.

—This is usually “sulphate of iron” of commerce, although some institutions make their supply thus: Using a lead-lined vat holding about 200 gallons; into this put about 160 gallons of 60-degree sulphuric acid, adding water enough to make the solution about 12° Beaume. Into this solution place scrap iron of any description and allow it to stand until the solution will dissolve no more iron. Pump the solution into a shallow lead-lined vat with lead coils, and evaporate to about 40° degrees Beaume. It is next drawn off into barrels of fifty gallons each and to each barrel add forty pounds of black oxide of manganese and thoroughly mix.

Copperas in Water to Evaporate.

—An early practice and one which had the merit of fixing free ammonia before it passes off in a gaseous form was the introduction of copperas in tank water, while settling, and before evaporation. The vats of tank water are tested with a Beaume hydrometer and for every 2,000 gallons of tank water at indicated degree, Beaume, ordinary commercial copperas should be added as follows: