[4] The only submarine built before this for military purposes, the Rotterdam Boat, remained private property, and King James’s “eel-boats” were merely pleasure craft.
[5] Sergeant Ezra Lee’s letter to Gen. David Humphreys, written in 1815. Published in the “Magazine of American History,” Vol. 29, p. 261.
[6] “General Washington and his associates in the secret took their stations upon a house in Broadway, anxiously awaiting the result.” From Ezra Lee’s obituary, New York “Commercial Advertiser,” November 15, 1821.
[7] According to Bushnell, the screw struck an iron bar securing the rudder.
[8] This survivor was examined by the captain of the Cerberus, who reported that the schooner’s crew had drawn the machine on board and by rashly tampering with its mechanism caused it to explode.
[9] See the “Scientific American,” August 7, 1915.
[10] Herbert C. Fyfe, “Submarine Warfare,” p. 269.
[11] But Fulton’s Nautilus could not possibly have made the dives with which she is credited except by the use of the horizontal rudders which she possessed in conjunction with the push of her man-power propellor. Holland had carefully studied the plans and letters of Bushnell and Fulton.
[12] Mr. J. F. Waddington used vertical propellers in tubes through the vessel for keeping her on an even keel or submerging when stationary, on a small electric submarine he invented, built and demonstrated at Liverpool in 1886.
[13] Quotations in this chapter are from Mr. Lake’s articles published in “International Marine Engineering,” and are here reprinted by his kind permission.