Lightning Conductors: Their History, Nature, and Mode of Application

by F.C.S. Richard Anderson

INDEX.

A
	PAGE
Accidents and fatalities from lightning	[169–197]
Admont, Styria, convent struck by lightning	[67]
Air-pump, the inventor of the	[2]
Alatri, the Cathedral of, struck by lightning	[203]
———— Father Secchi’s account thereof	[203]
Allamand (John Nicholas), his researches on electricity	[4]
Amber or ‘Electron’ and its properties	[1]
America, lightning protection in	[133]
———— the tramping ‘Lightning-rodmen’ of	[133]
———— account of the details of the American system	[134]
———— utilisation of gutters and rain-pipes in	[134]
———— the protection of chimneys and air-shafts in	[136]
———— the method of constructing the earth-terminal in	[136]
———— the protection of mineral oil tanks	[138]
Antrasme, France, church twice struck by lightning at the same point	[65]
———— Arago’s remarks thereof	[66]
Arago on the observation of thunderstorms	[62]
———— on the efficiency of lightning-conductors	[73]
———— on whether lightning-conductors should be carried down inside or outside a building	[159]
Area of protection theory	[77], [101], [126], [145]
Auffangstange, the German	[145]
Austria, statistics of fires caused by lightning in	[174]
B
Baden, statistics of deaths from lightning in	[173]
‘Balls v. points,’ the controversy of	[40]
Banker’s iron safe struck by lightning	[221]
Bavaria, statistics of fires caused by lightning in	[173]
Becquerel (Antoine C.), his experiments on the conductivity of metals	[51]
Bevis (Dr.), experiments in electricity	[7]
Bibliography of works bearing upon lightning-conductors	[231]
Black Rock, Cork, St. Michael’s Church struck by lightning	[184]
Brass wire, the use of, for lightning-conductors	[105], [107]
Brescia, Italy, powder-magazine destroyed by lightning	[200]
Brussels, the Hôtel de Ville. The system of lightning-conductors at	[111]
Buffon (Count de), his opinion of Franklin’s first pamphlet on electricity	[19]
Buffon (Count de), his promotion of experiments in electricity	[20]
Buttor (Eustace) account of the striking of Christ Church, Clevedon, by lightning	[208]
C
Carthusian monks at Paris, electrical experiments made on	[6]
Cavendish (Lord Charles), experiments in electricity	[7]
Chains, iron, the use of, for lightning-conductors	[102]
Chimney-shafts, the protection of, from lightning	[163]
Chimneys and air-shafts, the protection of, from lightning in America	[136]
Churches struck by lightning	[27], [38], [64], [65], [146], [147], [153], [176], [177], [181], [182], [183], [184], see also [186–196], [201], [203], [208]
Churches, the protection of, from lightning	[152], [156]
Coiffier first draws lightning from the atmosphere	[21]
Cleopatra’s Needle, the protection of, from lightning	[141]
Clevedon, Christ Church struck by lightning	[208]
———— Eustace Buttor’s account thereof	[208]
Cockburn (Sir George) and Sir William Snow Harris	[89]
Collinson (Peter) Correspondence with Benjamin Franklin	[12], [13], [17]
Compass reversed by a lightning-stroke	[56]
Compensator for contraction and expansion in lightning-conductors	[128]
Copper, the relative value of different kinds of	[109]
———— the necessity for its purity when used for lightning-conductors	[109]
———— and iron, the relative electrical conductivity of	[52], [143]
———— rope-conductors, the proper thickness and weight for different buildings	[151]
———— description of	[62], [164]
Cromer, Norfolk, church damaged by lightning	[147]
Cuneus, his experiments in electricity	[4]
Cyprus, the copper of	[52]
D
Dalibard (M.), his experiments in electricity	[20]
Davy (Sir Humphrey), his experiments on the conductivity of metals	[50]
Deaths from lightning, statistics of	[170–175]
De la Rive (Professor) on the origin of atmospheric electricity	[71]
Dumdum, India, destruction of a magazine by lightning at	[92]
E
Earth connection, the French methods of arranging the	[131]
———— general description of	[198–217]
———— Benjamin Franklin on	[199]
———— Rev. Dr. Hemmer on	[200]
———— Professor Landriani on	[201]
Electrical machines, Otto von Guericke’s	[2]
———— Sir Isaac Newton’s	[2]
‘Electrical tubes,’ the mania for	[9], [10]
Electricity, the early history of	[1]
———— the discovery of the instantaneity of its movement	[8]
———— positive and negative, Benjamin Franklin on	[26]
‘Electron’ or amber, and its properties	[1]
Electro-magnetism, Hans Oersted’s researches in	[57]
England and Wales, deaths from lightning in	[170]
England, lightning protection in	[140–168]
F
Fatalities and accidents from lightning	[169–197]
Fires caused by lightning in Russia	[171]
Folkes (Martin), experiments in electricity	[7]
France, the ‘Instruction’ of the Paris Academy on lightning-conductors	[75]
———— the general adoption of lightning-conductors in	[77]
———— the protection of powder-magazines in, from lightning	[82]
———— lightning protection in	[125]
———— neglect of lightning-conductors in	[125]
———— account of the details of the French system	[126]
———— the ‘area of protection’ theory in	[126]
———— the ‘ridge-circuit’ as used in	[129]
———— deaths from lightning in	[171]
Franklin (Benjamin), his early life	[10], [11]
———— his first experiments in electricity	[12–19]
———— correspondence thereon with Peter Collinson	[12], [13], [17]
———— on the identity of lightning and electricity	[16]
———— ‘New Experiments and Observations in Electricity’	[18]
———— his ‘kite’ experiment	[22]
———— honours conferred on him	[24]
———— his first lightning-conductor	[25]
———— his experiments therewith	[25]
———— on positive and negative electricity	[26]
———— his lightning-conductor on West’s house	[30]
———— his letter to Professor Winthrop defending lightning-conductors	[36]
———— his troubles in making his first lightning-conductor	[101]
———— on the earth connection of lightning-conductors	[199]
French technical terms for lightning-conductors	[102]
Fuller (Thomas) on fires caused by lightning	[176]
G
Galvani’s experiments on animal electricity	[70]
Galvanometer, the invention of the	[58]
———— a new form of	[60]
Geneva, the progress of lightning-conductors in	[43]
Genoa, St. Mary’s Church struck by lightning	[201]
———— Professor Landriani thereon	[202]
‘Gentleman’s Magazine’ quoted	[40]
George III., his opinions on lightning-conductors	[41], [42]
German technical terms for lightning-conductors	[102]
———— theories on the earth connection	[212], [214]
Germany, the progress of lightning-conductors in	[43]
Gilbert (Dr. William), his electrical discoveries	[2]
Gratz, Austria, buildings struck by lightning at	[68]
Gray (Stephen), his researches on electricity	[3]
Guericke (Otto von) his electrical machine	[2]
H
Harris (Sir William Snow) his efforts for the protection of ships from the effects of lightning	[85]
———— and Sir George Cockburn	[89]
———— his system for protecting ships	[90]
———— his ‘Instructions for powder-magazines’	[93]
———— his system for the protection of Westminster Palace	[98], [118]
Hauksbee (Francis), his researches on electricity	[2]
Height of lightning-clouds	[67]
Hemmer (Rev. Dr.), his theories on the earth connection	[200]
Henly’s system for protecting ships from lightning	[90]
‘Heretical-rods’	[44]
Highbury Barn, electrical experiments made at	[8]
Holtz (Dr. W.), on the construction and maintenance of lightning-conductors	[223]
Humboldt (Alex. von) on the height of lightning-clouds	[67]
I
India, the use of lightning-conductors in	[92]
Ingenhousz (Dr. Johan) and lightning-conductors	[47]
Inspection of lightning-conductors	[218–229]
‘Instruction’ of the Paris Academy on lightning-conductors	[75]
Insulators, the dangers of	[147], [160], [176]
Iron and Copper, the relative electrical conductivity of	[52], [143]
———— safe, a banker’s, struck by lightning	[221]
Italy, the progress of lightning-conductors in	[44]
J
Jarriant’s system of lightning-protection	[133]
Josephus’ account of Solomon’s Temple	[63]
K
Kant (Immanuel) on Benjamin Franklin	[24]
Kastner (Professor), his report on the partial destruction of Rosstall Church by lightning	[106]
Kew, lightning-conductor erected by George III. at	[41]
Kinnersley (Ebenezer), his lectures on lightning-conductors	[27]
Kite, Benjamin Franklin’s experiment with	[22]
Kleist (Ewald George von) and the discovery of the Leyden Jar	[5]
L
Landriani (Professor), his theories of earth protection	[201]
Laughton-en-le-Morthen, church damaged by lightning	[153], [176]
———— R. S. Newall’s comments thereon	[153], [154]
Lead, the use of, for lightning-conductors	[104]
Leicester, St. George’s Church struck by lightning	[177]
Lenz (Professor) his experiments on the conductivity of metals	[52]
Leopold, Duke of Tuscany, and lightning-conductors	[44]
Le Roy (David) and the protection of the Louvre from lightning	[80]
———— (J. B.), his theory of protecting buildings from lightning	[101]
Leyden Jar, the first discovery of the	[5]
Lightning, superstitions in regard to	[63]
Lightning-clouds, the height of	[67]
Lightning-conductors, the discovery of	[17–24]
———— early experiments with	[25], [33]
———— the clergy on	[26]
———— Professor Winthrop’s defence of	[26], [27]
———— E. Kinnersley’s lectures on	[27]
———— ‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’ on	[28]
———— the gradual spread of	[34–48]
———— Abbé Nollet’s animadversions on	[35], [37]
———— Franklin’s reply thereto	[36], [37]
———— their general use in North America	[38]
———— their first erection on St. Paul’s	[39]
———— their progress in Germany	[43]
———— Italy	[44]
———— the various metals used for	[50]
———— Arago on the efficiency of	[73]
———— the French ‘Instruction’ on	[75]
———— Professor Pouillet on	[78]
———— for ships	[85]
———— Sir William Watson’s system of, for ships	[87]
———— Sir William Snow Harris’s system of, for ships	[90]
———— F. McTaggart’s opinion of	[92]
———— their use in India	[92]
———— the best material for	[100–110]
———— German and French technical terms for	[102]
———— and weathercocks	[121]
———— Jarriant’s form of	[133]
———— the twofold function of	[142]
———— the insulation of	[147], [160], [176]
———— Newall’s system of	[140–168]
———— should they be carried down inside or outside the building	[158]
———— Professor Clerk Maxwell’s theory of	[164]
———— the necessity for periodically inspecting	[218]
———— Dr. W. Holtz on the construction and maintenance of	[223]
‘Lightning-rod men,’ the tramping, of America	[133]
Lightning and thunderstorms, character of	[62]
———— protection, inquiries into	[73–84]
Line of least resistance, the	[142], [148]
Lisle (M. de) on the height of lightning-clouds	[67]
Louis XV. and experiments in electricity	[6], [19]
Louvre, the protection of the, from lightning	[80]
———— the first public building in France fitted with lightning-conductors	[80]
M
McTaggart (F.), his opinion of lightning-conductors	[92]
Magnetisation of metals by lightning	[56]
Magnetism and lightning, the connection between	[56]
Majendie (Major), report on the destruction by lightning of the powder magazine, Victoria Colliery, Burntcliffe	[147]
Marly-la-Ville, Dalibard’s electrical experiments at	[20]
Matthiessen (Professor), his researches on the conductivity of copper	[109]
Maxwell (Professor Clerk, F.R.S.), his theory of lightning protection	[164]
Melsens (Professor), his system of lightning-conductors at the Hotel de Ville, Brussels	[111]
Merton College Chapel, Oxford, struck by lightning	[182]
Metals as conductors of electricity	[49–61]
Metals, the different conductivity of various	[50–55]
Michel (R. F.), his modified terminal-rod	[132]
Mineral oil-tanks, the protection of, from lightning in America	[138]
Monks, Carthusian, electrical experiments made on	[6]
Musschenbroek (Peter Van), his researches on electricity	[4], [5]
N
Newall (R. S., F.R.S.), his copper-rope manufactory	[110], [142]
———— on the church at Laughton-en-le-Morthen being struck by lightning	[153], [154]
Newall’s system of protecting buildings from lightning	[140]
———— copper-rope conductors	[162], [164]
Newbury Church, Massachusetts, struck by lightning	[27]
New River, electrical experiments made on the	[8]
Newton (Sir Isaac), his electrical machine	[2]
Nollet (Abbé), his criticisms on Franklin’s electrical experiments	[19], [35]
———— his animadversions on lightning-conductors	[35], [37]
———— Franklin’s reply thereto	[36], [37]
O
Oersted (Hans Christian) his researches in electro-magnetism	[55], [57]
Ohm (Professor), his experiments on the conductivity of metals	[53]
Ohm’s law	[59]
Oil, mineral, tanks, the protection of, from lightning in America	[138]
Orsini family and lightning-conductors	[64]
Oxford, Merton College Chapel struck by lightning	[182]
P
Padua, the first lightning-conductor in	[48]
Painting lightning-conductors	[129]
Paratonnerres, the Paris Academy ‘Instruction’ on	[75]
Paris Academy, the ‘Instruction’ of the, on lightning-conductors	[75]
Paris, death of two persons by the fall of a ‘tige’ from steeple of St. Gervais	[146]
Peltier (Jean Athanase), his researches in electricity	[71]
‘Physico-mechanical experiments,’ Hauksbee’s	[3]
Pliny the Elder, on the observation of thunderstorms	[62]
‘Points v. balls,’ the controversy of	[40]
‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’ and lightning-conductors	[28]
Pope, the, on electrical experiments on monks	[7]
Pouillet (Professor Claude), his experiment on the conductivity of metals	[54]
———— on lightning-conductors	[78]
Powder-magazines in France, the protection of, from lightning	[82]
———— Sir William Snow Harris’s instruction for protecting	[93]
Pringle (Sir John) his resignation of the Presidency of the Royal Society in 1777	[41]
Protestantism and lightning-conductors	[43]
Prussia, statistics of deaths from lightning in	[170]
Purfleet, building struck by lightning in 1777	[41]
R
Rarefied air, the conductivity of	[142], [149]
Raven (Mr.), his house in Carolina, U.S., struck by lightning	[159]
———— Arago’s comments thereon	[159]
Réaumur (Rene Antoine de) Musschenbroek’s letter to, on the Leyden Jar	[5]
‘Return strokes’ of lightning	[70]
Richmann (Professor G. W.), his experiments on electricity	[31]
———— his death thereby	[32]
‘Ridge Circuit’ as used in France	[129]
Robespierre and lightning-conductors	[36], [43]
Roman Catholicism and lightning-conductors	[42], [44]
Rosenburg, Austria, church repeatedly struck by lightning at	[64]
Rosstall, Bavaria, church struck by lightning at	[105]
———— Professor Kastner’s report thereon	[106]
Royal Navy, vessels of the, destroyed by lightning	[88]
Royal Society and Benjamin Franklin	[17]
Russia, statistics of deaths from lightning in	[171]
S
St. Bride’s Church, London, struck by lightning in 1764	[38]
———— Dr. William Watson’s account thereof	[39]
———— account of the damage done	[183]
St. Omer, the first lightning-conductor at	[35]
St. Paul’s Cathedral, the erection of lightning-conductors upon	[39–41]
Saussure (Professor Horace de) erects the first lightning-conductor in Geneva	[43]
———— the opposition thereto and his manifesto thereon	[43], [44]
———— on the height of lightning-clouds	[67]
———— on the origin of atmospheric electricity	[70]
Schleswig-Holstein, thunderstorms in	[222]
Secchi (Father) on the protection of churches from lightning	[203]
Ships destroyed by lightning, statistics of	[88]
Shooter’s Hill, electrical experiments made at	[8]
Siena, the erection of lightning-conductors on the Cathedral at	[45]
Smoke, the conductivity of	[142]
Solokow and Professor Richmann’s experiment in electricity	[32]
Solomon’s Temple, its immunity from lightning-strokes	[63]
Staples for lightning-conductors	[163]
Statistics of deaths, fires, and damage caused by lightning	[170]
Superstitions in regard to lightning	[63]
Sweden, statistics of deaths from lightning in	[172]
Switzerland, statistics of deaths caused by lightning in	[175]
T
Terminal-rods, Newall’s	[144]
Thomson (Sir William, F.R.S.), his researches on the conductivity of copper	[109]
Thunderstorms and lightning, the character of	[62]
‘Tightening-screw,’ the	[162]
Tin, the use of, for lightning-conductors	[104]
Toaldo (Abbé Giuseppe) and lightning-conductors	[45]
‘Tomlinson’s Thunderstorm,’ quoted	[177]
Torpedo fish and electric shocks	[1]
Trees, their liability to be struck by lightning	[228]
Tuscany, the erection of lightning-conductors upon powder-magazines in	[48]
U
United States, lightning protection in	[133]
Units, the law of	[68]
V
Vaccination and lightning-conductors, analogy between the progress of	[46]
Venice, the erection of lightning-conductors in	[48]
Victoria Colliery, Burntcliffe, destruction of the magazine by lightning	[146]
———— Major Majendie’s report thereon	[147]
Volta and the ‘return stroke’	[70]
Voltaire, his bon mot concerning lightning	[158]
W
Wall (Dr.), on electricity and lightning	[3]
Watson (Dr. William), experiments in electricity	[7]
———— the first to erect a lightning-conductor in England	[38]
———— on St. Bride’s Church being struck by lightning	[39]
———— and the protection of the Royal Navy from lightning	[86]
Weathercocks and lightning-conductors	[21]
Weber (Dr.) and the law of units	[59]
West-End Church, Southampton, struck by lightning	[181]
Westminster Bridge, electrical experiments made from	[7]
———— Palace, the system of lightning-conductors at	[98], [118]
Wilson, the advocate of ‘balls versus points’	[40]
Winckler (Dr.), his experiments in electricity	[5], [6]
Windsor Castle inadequately provided with lightning-conductors	[175]
Winthrop (Professor), his defence of lightning-conductors	[26], [27]
———— Franklin’s letter to, defending lightning-conductors	[36]
Wurtemberg, statistics of deaths caused by lightning in	[175]
Y
Yelin (J. C. von) his advocacy of brass wire for lightning-conductors	[105]

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Transcriber’s Notes

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