[28]Nordalbingia included the country now known as Holstein.

[29]Saint Boniface was an English missionary called “The Apostle of Germany.”

[30]Arminius, who achieved German independence, was the Saxon hero, and they called this idol “Irminsul,” another form of “Hermann Säule” (“Hermann’s Pillar”).

[31]Benevento, a Lombard duchy in Southern Italy.

[32]The chief tributary of the Rhine in Prussia.

[33]Wittekind was the Saxon leader against Charlemagne and conducted the war until 785, when he submitted.

[34]Field of May.

[35]A town in the province of Hanover, near Bremen.

[36]A small town in Ardennes, France.

[37]The Avars were a savage robber people inhabiting what is now Hungary.