Some of the flowers described are found along every country highway. It is interesting to note that these wayside flowers may usually be classed among the foreign population. They have been brought to us from Europe in ballast and in loads of grain, and invariably follow in the wake of civilization. Many of our most beautiful native flowers have been crowded out of the hospitable roadside by these aggressive, irresistible, and mischievous invaders; for Mr. Burroughs points out that nearly all of our troublesome weeds are emigrants from Europe. We must go to the more remote woods and fields if we wish really to know our native plants. Swamps especially offer an eagerly sought asylum to our shy and lovely wild flowers.
LIST OF PLATES
| PLATE | PAGE | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| I. | Blood-root, | Sanguinaria Canadensis, | [23] |
| II. | Rue Anemone, | Anemonella thalictroides, | [25] |
| Wood Anemone, | Anemone nemorosa, | [25] | |
| III. | Star-flower, | Trientalis Americana, | [27] |
| Maianthemum Canadense, | [27] | ||
| IV. | May-apple, | Podophyllum peltatum, | [31] |
| V. | Spring Beauty, | Claytonia Virginica, | [33] |
| VI. | Dutchman’s Breeches, | Dicentra Cucullaria, | [35] |
| VII. | Foam-flower, | Tiarella cordifolia, | [37] |
| VIII. | Painted Trillium, | Trillium erythrocarpum, | [41] |
| IX. | Wild Sarsaparilla, | Aralia nudicaulis, | [43] |
| X. | Solomon’s Seal, | Polygonatum biflorum, | [45] |
| XI. | False Solomon’s Seal, | Smilacina racemosa, | [47] |
| XII. | Bellwort, | Uvularia perfoliata, | [51] |
| „ | Oakesia sessilifolia, | [51] | |
| XIII. | White Baneberry, | Actæa alba, | [53] |
| XIV. | Bunch-berry, | Cornus Canadensis, | [55] |
| XV. | Mountain Laurel, | Kalmia latifolia, | [57] |
| XVI. | American Rhododendron, | Rhododendron maximum, | [61] |
| XVII. | Wood Sorrel, | Oxalis Acetosella, | [63] |
| XVIII. | Shin-leaf, | Pyrola elliptica, | [67] |
| XIX. | Pipsissewa, | Chimaphila umbellata, | [69] |
| XX. | Wintergreen, | Gaultheria procumbens, | [73] |
| XXI. | Indian Pipe, | Monotropa uniflora, | [75] |
| XXII. | Black Cohosh, | Cimicifuga racemosa, | [79] |
| XXIII. | Partridge Vine, | Mitchella repens, | [81] |
| XXIV. | —— —— | Dalibarda repens, | [85] |
| XXV. | Tall Meadow Rue, | Thalictrum polygamum, | [87] |
| XXVI. | Meadow-sweet, | Spiræa salicifolia, | [89] |
| XXVII. | Pokeweed, | Phytolacca decandra, | [93] |
| XXVIII. | Wild Carrot, | Daucus Carota, | [95] |
| Yarrow, | Achillea Millefolium, | [95] | |
| XXIX. | Arrow-head, | Sagittaria variabilis, | [99] |
| XXX. | Turtle-head, | Chelone glabra, | [101] |
| XXXI. | Traveller’s Joy, | Clematis Virginiana, | [103] |
| XXXII. | Boneset, | Eupatorium perfoliatum, | [107] |
| XXXIII. | Ladies’ Tresses, | Spiranthes cernua, | [109] |
| XXXIV. | Grass of Parnassus, | Parnassia Caroliniana, | [111] |
| XXXV. | Marsh Marigold, | Caltha palustris, | [115] |
| XXXVI. | Yellow Adder’s Tongue, | Erythronium Americanum, | [117] |
| XXXVII. | Downy Yellow Violet, | Viola pubescens, | [119] |
| XXXVIII. | Shrubby Cinquefoil, | Potentilla fructicosa, | [121] |
| XXXIX. | —— —— | Clintonia borealis, | [123] |
| XL. | Smaller Yellow Lady’s Slipper, | Cypripedium parviflorum, | [125] |
| XLI. | Indian Cucumber-root, | Medeola Virginica, | [129] |
| XLII. | Winter-cress, | Barbarea vulgaris, | [131] |
| XLIII. | Rattlesnake-weed, | Hieracium venosum, | [133] |
| XLIV. | Bush-honeysuckle, | Diervilla trifida, | [135] |
| XLV. | Meadow Lily, | Lilium Canadense, | [137] |
| XLVI. | Four-leaved Loosestrife, | Lysimachia quadrifolia, | [139] |
| XLVII. | Yellow Loosestrife, | Lysimachia stricta, | [141] |
| XLVIII. | Yellow Star-grass, | Hypoxis erecta, | [143] |
| XLIX. | Butter-and-eggs, | Linaria vulgaris, | [147] |
| L. | Common St. John’s-wort, | Hypericum perforatum, | [149] |
| LI. | Common Mullein, | Verbascum Thapsus, | [151] |
| LII. | Yellow Fringed Orchis, | Habenaria ciliaris, | [153] |
| LIII. | Pale Jewel-weed, | Impatiens pallida, | [155] |
| LIV. | Evening Primrose, | Œnothera biennis, | [159] |
| LV. | Black-eyed Susan, | Rudbeckia hirta, | [161] |
| LVI. | Elecampane, | Inula Helenium, | [163] |
| LVII. | Wild Sunflower, | Helianthemum giganteus, | [165] |
| LVIII. | Stick-tight, | Bidens frondosa, | [167] |
| LIX. | Smooth False Foxglove, | Gerardia quercifolia, | [169] |
| LX. | Tansy, | Tanacetum vulgare, | [171] |
| LXI. | Trailing Arbutus, | Epigæa repens, | [175] |
| Twin-flower, | Linnæa borealis, | [175] | |
| LXII. | Showy Orchis, | Orchis spectabilis, | [177] |
| LXIII. | Twisted Stalk, | Streptopus roseus, | [179] |
| LXIV. | Pink Lady’s Slipper, | Cypripedium acaule, | [181] |
| LXV. | Pink Azalea, | Rhododendron nudiflorum, | [183] |
| LXVI. | Milkwort, | Polygala polygama, | [187] |
| „ | „ sanguinea, | [187] | |
| LXVII. | Spreading Dogbane, | Apocynum androsæmifolium, | [189] |
| LXVIII. | Purple-flowering Raspberry, | Rubus odoratus, | [191] |
| LXIX. | Herb Robert, | Geranium Robertianum, | [195] |
| LXX. | Bouncing Bet, | Saponaria officinalis, | [197] |
| LXXI. | Purple Loosestrife, | Lythrum Salicaria, | [199] |
| LXXII. | Meadow-beauty, | Rhexia Virginica, | [201] |
| LXXIII. | Sea Pink, | Sabbatia stellaris, | [203] |
| LXXIV. | —— —— | Sabbatia chloroides, | [205] |
| LXXV. | Rose Mallow, | Hibiscus Moscheutos, | [207] |
| LXXVI. | Fireweed, | Epilobium angustifolium, | [209] |
| LXXVII. | Joe-Pye-weed, | Eupatorium purpureum, | [211] |
| LXXVIII. | Wild Columbine, | Aquilegia Canadensis, | [215] |
| LXXIX. | Wake Robin, | Trillium erectum, | [217] |
| LXXX. | Wood Lily, | Lilium Philadelphicum, | [221] |
| LXXXI. | Butterfly-weed, | Asclepias tuberosa, | [223] |
| LXXXII. | Oswego Tea, | Monarda didyma, | [225] |
| LXXXIII. | Cardinal-flower, | Lobelia cardinalis, | [227] |
| LXXXIV. | Liverwort, | Hepatica triloba, | [231] |
| LXXXV. | Bluets, | Houstonia cærulea, | [233] |
| LXXXVI. | Robin’s Plantain, | Erigeron bellidifolius, | [237] |
| LXXXVII. | Wild Geranium, | Geranium maculatum, | [239] |
| LXXXVIII. | Blue-eyed Grass, | Sisyrinchium angustifolium, | [243] |
| LXXXIX. | Fleur-de-lis, | Iris versicolor, | [245] |
| XC. | American Brooklime, | Veronica Americana, | [247] |
| XCI. | Monkey-flower, | Mimulus ringens, | [251] |
| XCII. | Blue Vervain, | Verbena hastata, | [263] |
| XCIII. | Self-heal, | Brunella vulgaris, | [255] |
| XCIV. | Blueweed, | Echium vulgare, | [259] |
| XCV. | Great Lobelia, | Lobelia syphilitica, | [261] |
| XCVI. | Indian Tobacco, | Lobelia inflata, | [263] |
| XCVII. | Beach Pea, | Lathyrus maritimus, | [265] |
| XCVIII. | Chicory, | Cichorium Intybus, | [267] |
| XCIX. | Blazing Star, | Liatris scariosa, | [271] |
| C. | Closed Gentian, | Gentiana Andrewsii, | [273] |
| CI. | Fringed Gentian, | Gentiana crinita, | [275] |
| CII. | Skunk Cabbage, | Symplocarpus fœtidus, | [277] |
| CIII. | Wild Ginger, | Asarum Canadense, | [279] |
| CIV. | Jack-in-the-Pulpit, | Arisæma triphyllum, | [281] |
Most young people find botany a dull study. So it is, as taught from the text-books in the schools; but study it yourself in the fields and woods, and you will find it a source of perennial delight.
John Burroughs.
HOW TO KNOW THE WILD FLOWERS
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
Until a comparatively recent period the interest in plants centred largely in the medicinal properties, and sometimes in the supernatural powers, which were attributed to them.
—O who can tell
The hidden power of herbes and might of magick spell?—