| St Luke | St Matthew |
| St John | St Mark |
Christ Church, Newgate Street
Lincoln
The upper shoulder was usually simply molded, as at Beverley St Mary; it rarely took the form of an animal, as at Balsham. Usually the lower elbow was simply molded, as in Beverley Minster ([3]); sometimes it terminated in a mask, an animal or foliage; as in the lower range of stalls at Christchurch ([2]) and at Cartmel ([80]); in Beverley St Mary there is an angel in front of each of the lower elbows. As a rule, the projecting ends of the elbows were carried down as supports, e.g., at Beverley Minster; sometimes, however, a shaft or pair of shafts is introduced, as at Balsham, Beverley St Mary, Hereford All Saints ([44]); Dunblane ([67]) and Christchurch ([2]), where they are highly enriched. The upper part of the back of the stall is usually panelled; e.g., Winchester ([35]), Chichester ([36]). Hereford All Saints ([44]), Balsham ([3]). In the sixteenth century, however, panelling became less common; at Dunblane the stall backs are plain ([67]); at Cartmel they are filled in with scrolls and fretwork ([80]); at King's College, Cambridge, with coats of arms ([78]); at Christchurch with carvings of masks and animals ([76]). In Wren's church at Christ Church, Newgate Street, the panels of the stalls have fine carvings of St Matthew ([4]), St Mark ([4]), St Luke ([4]), St John ([4]), the Last Supper and other subjects. The desks also usually have traceried panelling in front and at their ends, which is often of much importance in helping to fix the date of the stalls; e.g., at Chester ([24]), Manchester ([6]), Trunch ([85]) and Stowlangtoft ([91]). At Lincoln the panels of the lowest rows of desks contain alternately the figures of a king and of an angel with a musical instrument ([5]). On the stall ends was lavished the best artistic talent of the day; there are magnificent examples at Chester ([9]), Ripon ([8]) and Beverley Minster ([7]); very fine also are those in Bishop Tunstall's chapel in Durham castle. On the example from Manchester is an impaled shield, displaying on the dexter half the letters I. B. (i.e., John Beswick, donor
of the northern stalls), a cross intervening, and beneath on a chevron seven nails or cloves. The sinister half is occupied by a demi-virgin issuing out of an orle of clouds. The illustrations from Ripon shew the stalls of the Archbishop of York and the Mayor of the city ([8]). In the former the poppy head takes the form of an elephant holding a man in his trunk, and carrying a castle filled with soldiery; in front of the elephant is a centaur (renewed); below is a large mitre studded with precious stones (mitra preciosa) above a shield charged with the three stars of St Wilfrid, the patron saint of the Minster, and supported by two angels, between whom is a scroll with the date 1494. Attached to the latter is a collared baboon; beneath is a shield charged with the arms of the see of York, two keys in saltire. Of the two examples illustrated from Chester ([10]), one represents the Annunciation; the other is a most elaborate Jesse Tree ([9]).
Manchester