Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man

by Francis Gano Benedict; Thorne M. Carpenter

To raise the chair and the man suspended on it in such a way as to draw the cork into the hard-rubber tube, we formerly used a large hand-lever, which was not particularly satisfactory. Thanks to the suggestion of Mr. E. H. Metcalf, we have been able to attach a pneumatic lift (fig. 9) in that the cross-bar above the calorimeter chamber, to which the suspension rod is attached, rests on two oak uprights and can be raised by admitting air into an air-cushion, through the central opening of which passes the chair-suspending rod. As the air enters the air-cushion it expands and lifts a large wooden disk which, in turn, lifts the iron cross-bar, raising the chair and weight suspended upon it. At the proper height and when the stopper has been thoroughly forced into place, two movable blocks are slipped beneath the ends of the iron cross-bar and thus the stopper is held firmly in place. The tension is then released from the air-cushion. This apparatus functionates very satisfactorily, raising the man or lowering him upon the knife-edges of the balance with the greatest regularity and ease.

PULSE RATE AND RESPIRATION RATE.

The striking relationship existing between pulse rate and general metabolism, noted in the fasting experiments made with the earlier apparatus, has impressed upon us the desirability of obtaining records of the pulse rate as frequently as possible during an experiment. Records of the respiration rate also have an interest, though not of as great importance. In order to obtain the pulse rate, we attach a Bowles stethoscope over the apex beat of the heart and hold it in place with a light canvas harness. Through a long transmission-tube passing through an air-tight closure in the walls of the calorimeter it is possible to count the beats of the heart without difficulty. The respiration rate is determined by attaching a Fitz pneumograph about the trunk, midway between the nipples and the umbilicus. The excursions of the tambour pointer as recorded on the smoked paper of the kymograph give a true picture of the respiration rate.

Of still more importance, however, is the fact that the expansion and contraction of the pneumograph afford an excellent means for noting the minor muscular activity of a subject, otherwise considered at complete rest. The slightest movement of the arm or the contraction or relaxation of any of the muscles of the body-trunk results in a movement of the tambour quite distinct from the respiratory movements of the thorax or abdomen. These movements form a very true picture of the muscular movements of the subject, and these graphic records have been of very great value in interpreting the results of many of the experiments.

ROUTINE OF AN EXPERIMENT WITH MAN.

In the numerous previously published reports which describe the construction of and experiments with the respiration calorimeter, but little attention has been devoted to a statement of the routine. Since, with the increasing interest in this form of apparatus and the possible construction of others of similar form, a detailed description of the routine would be of advantage, it is here included.

PREPARATION OF SUBJECT.

Prior to an experiment, the subject is usually given either a stipulated diet for a period of time varying with the nature of the experiment or, as in the case of some experiments, he is required to go without food for at least 12 hours preceding. Occasionally it has been deemed advisable to administer a cup of black coffee without sugar or cream, and by this means we have succeeded in studying the early stages of starvation without making it too uncomfortable for the subject. The stimulating effect of the small amount of black coffee on metabolism is hardly noticeable and for most experiments it does not introduce any error.

The urine is collected usually for 24 hours before, in either 6 or 12 hour periods. During the experiment proper urine is voided if possible at the end of each period. This offers an opportunity for studying the periodic elimination of nitrogen and helps frequently to throw light upon any peculiarities of metabolism.

Even with the use of a long-continued preceding diet of constant composition, it is impossible to rely upon any regular time for defecation or for any definite separation of feces. For many experiments it is impracticable and highly undesirable to have the subject attempt to defecate inside the chamber, and for experiments of short duration the desire to defecate is avoided by emptying the lower bowel with a warm-water enema just before the subject enters the chamber. Emphasis should be laid upon the fact that a moderate amount of water only should be used and only the lower bowel emptied, so as not to increase the desire for defecation.