The heart of Asia - Francis Henry Skrine; Sir E. Denison Ross

[751] Lord Curzon’s great work on Central Asia is considered by the Russians themselves as a text-book, though they vigorously combat his views on their policy.

[752] See Appendix, p. 425.

INDEX

Abbās the Great, Shāh, [267].
`Abbāsids, the, genealogy of `Abbās, [80] note;
rise of dynasty and increase in power, [78], [80–85];
emissaries sent to Khorāsān, [75];
black standard raised in Khorāsān by Abū Muslim, [80];
Abū-l-`Abbās (Es-Saffāh) proclaimed Caliph, [85].
`Abd el `Azīz, [196–98].
`Abd el-Jabbār, revolt against El-Mansūr, [91].
`Abd el-Melik, [43–44].
`Abd el-Melik II., [118].
`Abd er-Rahmān (brother of Kutayba), [57], [59], [65].
`Abd er-Rahmān ibn Muslim (see [Abū Muslim]).
`Abd ul-Ahad, [257].
`Abd ul-Kerīm, cited [204] note, passim.
`Abd ul-Latīf, [176], [177].
`Abd ul-Latīf the Uzbeg, [191] note.
`Abd ul-Mū´min, assassinated, [204].
`Abd us-Samad Khān, [215], [218], [219].
`Abdullah (brother of Kutayba), [65].
`Abdullah ibn `Āmir, [38].
`Abdullah ibn Kazghan, [166].
`Abdullah ibn Khāzim, [38], [43].
`Abdullah ibn Rabī`, [39].
`Abdullah ibn Tāhir, [100], [101].
`Abdullah ibn Zobayr, [43].
`Abdullah Mīrzā, [177].
`Abdullah Nāmé of Hāfiz ibn Tānish, cited [186] note.
`Abdullah (uncle of Abū-l-`Abbās), [85], [86], [87].
`Abdullah I., [191] note.
`Abdullah II., genealogy of, [190];
reign, [191–92].
Abramoff, General, defence of Yani Kurgān, [252];
appointed governor of Samarkand, [255];
Katti Tūra defeated and completion of Bokhāran conquest, [256].
Abū `Alī Sīmjūr, [117].
Abū Bekr, [36].
Abū Dā´ūd Khālid ibn Ibrāhīm, [88], [91].
Abū Ja`far (see [El-Mansūr]).
Abū-l-`Abbās (see [Es-Saffāh]).
Abū-l-Fayz, [199].
Abū-l-Ghāzi Khān (grandson of Abū-l-Fayz), [205].
Abū-l-Ghāzi, Khān of Khiva, revolt against Bokhārā, [197].
Abū-l-Husayn Nasr I. (see Ilik Khān).
Abū-l-Khayr, [183], [190].
Abū Muslim, early life, [81];
black banner raised in Khorāsān by, [80];
entry into Merv, [82];
enmity of Caliph towards, [86];
murder, [88].
Abū Sa`īd Khān, [189], [190].
Abū Sālama, [84].
Afrāsiyāb identified with Būkū Khān, [115], [397].
Āgha Mohammad, [267].
Ahmed ibn Asad, [101].
Ahmed Khān, [121].
Ahmed, Sultan, [178].
Akkal Oasis, [265], [268].
`Alā ud-Dawlé, war with Ulugh Beg, [176].
`Alā ud-Dīn Mohammad, revolt against the Gūr-Khān, [147], [148], [156];
extent of possessions on downfall of Kara-Khitāys, [157];
rupture with Chingiz Khān, [157];
flight and death, [159].
Alakush-Tekin, [155].
Alexander the Great, conquest of Persian Empire, [4–9].
Alexander II., Tashkent captured contrary to orders of, [248];
annexation of Kokand authorised by, [260];
conference with Skobeleff, [289].
Alexandria, [7], [11].
Al-Hakam ibn `Āmir al-Ghifārī, [38].
`Alī ibn `Isā, [96], [99].
`Ali ibn Talha, [101].
`Ali, Sultan, [178].
Alikhanoff, [298].
Almāligh, made his capital by Chaghatāy, [161].
Alp Arslān, [130].
Alptagin, [112].
Altagin, [132].
Altuntāsh, [123].
Amīn, [96], [99].
Amīr `Abd ul-Ahad, [257].
Amīr Bāyazīd Jalā´ir, [167].
Amīr Haydar (Sayyid Haydar Tura), [208–10], [384] note.
Amīr Husayn, [169].
Amīr Kazghan, [165].
Amīr Tīmūr (see [Tīmūr Leng]).
`Amr ibn Layth, Ya`kūb succeeded by, [105];
career and death, [105], [109–11].
Amū Daryā, crossed by Alexander, [6];
boundary between Turkish and Persian dominions, [30];
Al-Hakam first Arabian general to cross, [39];
course, [358];
shifting of bed, [263];
navigation, [358];
viaduct over, [310–312], [359].
Amūya, ancient name for Charjūy, [144].
Amyntas, [10].
Andakhūy, [8].
Andarāl (Drapsaca), [6].
Andijān, Kokandis defeated at, [260].
Annenkoff, General, Transcaspian railway constructed by, [307–10].
Antes, [225].
Antiochus I. and II., [11].
Anūsha Khān, Bokhārā invaded by, [197].
Anūshirawān (see [Chosrau I.]).
Aornos (Gori, Khulum), taken by Alexander the Great, [6].
Apaoki (T’ai-tsu), [137] note.
Arabia Felix, origin of name, [34] note.
Arabs, rise of Islām and spread of conquests, [34–44];
Arabic literature, [180].
Arachosia (see [Kandahār]).
Arbela (Gaugamela), battle of, [5].
Ardashīr, [22].
Ardavān (Artaban), battle with Ardashīr, [23].
Arimazes, [8].
Arsaces, Andragoras overthrown by, [11];
Arsacidæ dynasty founded by, [12];
Kābul partly possessed by Arsacidæ, [19].
Arslān Khān, [120].
Artabanus II., [12].
Artaxerxes IV. (Bessus), [5].
Aryan race, Pamirs birthplace of, [3].
Asad ibn `Abdullah el-Kasrī, [71], [75–77].
Ashras ibn `Abdullah (the Perfect), [72].
`Āsim ibn `Abdullah, [75].
Askabad, [345–9].
Astatke, [340] note.
Astrakhan conquered by Russia, [236].
Astrakhan dynasty, [194–203].
Atsiz, revolt against Sanjar, [138], [139];
death, [140].
Ayāz Topchi-bāshi, [211], [213].
Bāber (see [Zahīr ud-Din Bāber]).
Bachas, definition, [369].
Bactria (district), ancient extent, [3];
conquered by Cyrus I., sovereignty assumed by Bessus, [6];
conquered by Alexander the Great, [4–10];
Græco-Bactrian kingdom, founder of, [11];
districts ceded to Parthia, [12];
invasion by Sakas, [16], [18];
downfall, [18];
Yué-Chi invasion, [19];
partition among clans, [19];
Kushans expelled, [20];
Ephthalite settlement, [20];
expedition of Bahrām Gūr, [24];
annexed by Persia, [30].
Bactria (town) (see [Balkh]).
Badakshān incorporated with Transoxiana, [192].
Bādghīs, definition, [299] note.
Baghdād captured by Tāhir, [99].
Bahrām `Ali Khān, slain in battle with Ma´sūm, [206];
Merv railway station named after, [353].
Bahrām Chūbīn, [32].
Bahrām Gūr, [24].
Baigha, Bokhāran national game, [370].
Bākhdi (see [Balkh]).
Bākī Mohammad, [195].
Balāsāghūn, built by Būkū Khān, [116];
capital chosen by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137].
Balāsh, [26].
Balkategin, [136].
Balkh (Bactria, Bākhdi), [3] note;
taken by Alexander the Great, [6];
included in Tokhāristān, [18];
annexed by Persians, [30];
Islām introduced into, [38];
reduced by Rabī` ibn Ziyād, [39];
Kutayba’s expeditions to, [46], [57];
coalition with Nīzek, [56];
temporary Mohammedan capital of Central Asia, [76];
Sāmānanatire of, [101];
siege and capture by Isma`īl, [110];
centre of Mohammedan learning, [131];
defeat of Sanjar, [141];
`Alā ud-Dīn master of, [147];
Chaghatāy in possession of, [160].
Bamian, [19].
Barmecides, fall of, [95].
Barmek, [95] note.
Barthold, M., [150] note.
Batanieff, Major, mission to Bokhārā, [217].
Bātū Khān, [183], [233].
Bayān Kulī, [166].
Bayān Seldūz, [166].
Bāyazīd Jalā´ir Amīr, [167].
Bāyazīd I., Sultan of Turkey, [171].
Baykand (City of Merchants), identification with Zariaspa, [8] note;
importance of, [50];
partial conquest by `Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, [39];
battle and siege of, [47–49];
restoration, [49].
Baysunkur, [178].
Begi Jān (see [Shāh Murād]).
Bektuzun, [118]
Bellew, Dr., cited [41] note, passim.
Bendoe, [32].
Beni Rabī`a, [79].
Berkiyāruk, [133] note, [134], [144].
Bessus (Artaxerxes IV.), [5]..
Bi, definition, [204] note.
Bishkand, identified with Panjakand, [187] note.
Bistām, [32].
Boghrā Khān, brother and successor of Arslān Khān, [120].
Boghrā Khān, first Uīghūr Khān of Turkestān, [117].
Bokhārā (Sherīf or “the Noble”), settlement of Bactrians in confines of, [18];
conquered by Arabs, [40], [41];
king defeated by Habīb, [44];
Kutayba’s expeditions, [46–55];
Ism`l sent to and superseded by Ishak, [106], [107];
capital of Transoxiana and Khwārazm, [109], [111];
centre of Mohammedan culture and learning, [111];
destroyed by Chingiz, [158];
rising in, during reign of Chaghatāy, [161] note;
loss of position as capital, [189];
sub-dynasty abolished, [191];
Astrakhan dynasty in, [194–203];
prosperity regained in, [195];
Khivan revolt against, [197], [198];
Mangit dynasty in, [204–21];
effect of Ma´sūm’s rule on, [208];
besieged by Nasrullah, [212];
English and Russian missions to, [217–18];
Russian conquest, [250–56];
climate, soil, and productions, [360–63];
varied character of population, [364–367];
women of, [368];
customs and amusements, [368–70];
bazaar, [370];
public buildings, [373–77];
coinage, [371];
Islāmic education, [374];
government, [379–85];
decline of slave-market, [378];
dialect, [180].
Bolars (Boyars), rise of, [230];
influence of, shaken off by Ivan IV., [236].
Bosphorus, Caucasian (Straits of Yenekale), [13].
Bretschneider, cited [139] note.
Browne, E. G., cited [133] note.
Browning, Oscar, cited [242] note.
Bukayr, [43].
Būkū Khān, [115].
Burnes, Alexander, mission to Bokhārā, [217];
cited [207] note;
passim.
Buyide (Daylamite) dynasty, increase in power, [112];
overthrow by Toghrul Beg, [129].
Buyr-Nūr, China invaded by, [153].
Caliphs, the—Abū Bekr first to assume title, [36];
rise and fall of, [36–102];
various caliphs (see their names).
Cawder (Kāwurd, Kurd, Kādurd), [131] note.
Chaghatāy dialect, [180].
Chaghatāy Khānate, [160–64];
overthrown by Tīmūr, [170].
Chakir, [125], [127], [128].
Chandra Gupta, Seleucus defeated by, [10].
Chang-Kien, [17].
Charjūy, [310], [357].
Chernaieff, Colonel, Chimkent stormed by, [246];
siege of Tashkent, [247], [248];
advance on and retreat from Jizāk, [251];
superseded by General Romanovski, [251].
Chi Hwang-ti, Tsin, [14].
Chighān, [60].
Children, custom concerning naming of, in Merv, [42].
Chimkent, stormed by Russians, [246];
burnt by Kokandis, [248].
China—Han dynasty, founder of, [16];
Chow dynasty, fall of and subsequent events, [14];
Great Wall, [15];
march against Mothé, [16];
alliance with Yué-Chi, [17];
direct commercial intercourse with West, [17];
Hans defeated by, and enrolled in empire, [19];
Umayyads aided, [85];
Buyr-Nūr invasion, [153];
partial conquest by Chingiz, [156];
Yuen dynasty, founder of, [182];
Ming dynasty, founder of, [182].
Chingiz Khān, birth and early life, [151], [152–54], [232];
war with Tāi Yāng, [155];
with Guchluk, [157];
with Khwārazm Shāh, [157–59];
Dār ul-Ākhirat destroyed by, [143];
conquests of, [159], [160], [232];
death, [160].
Chosrau I. (Anūshirawān “the Just”), [27] and note, [29–31].
Chosrau II. (Parvīz “the Victorious”), [32].
Christianity—Persecution prohibited during reign of Bahrām Gūr by truce with Rome, [24];
Christians induced to embrace Islām, [72];
Holy War against Christians of Tarāz, [109];
crusades contemporaneous with Mohammed, son of Melik, [134];
Black Mongols converted to, [152];
persecution by Nasrullah, [219];
introduction into Russia, and subsequent influence of priests upon government, [229];
authorities on Christianity in Central Asia in ancient times, [109] note.
Chupān Ātā, [176], [402], [403].
Chu Yuān Chang, founder of Ming dynasty, [182].
Cleitus, death of, [9].
Confucius (Kung-fu-tse), [14] note.
Conolly, Captain Arthur, imprisoned and killed by Nasrullah, [217–18].
Cossacks, Siberians attacked by, [238];
raiding expedition into Siberia and Khwārazm, [239];
Kokandis repulsed, [248].
Cotton, cultivation of, in valley of Zarafshān, [386].
Crusades contemporaneous with Sultan Sanjar, [134].
Ctesias, cited [4].
Cube (Ka`ba), the
Cunningham, General, cited [15], [20] notes.
Cyropolis, [4], [7].
Cyrus I., conquest of Bactria, [4].
Damascus, conquered by Parvīz, [32];
taken by Arabs, [37];
stormed by Tīmūr, [171].
Dāniyāl Bi, [205], [384] note.
Dangil Teppe, [287].
Dāneshmandja, [166].
Dār ul-Ākhirat, [143].
Darbend, building of, [31].
Dariel Pass, Roman subsidy for fortification of, [24].
Darius Hystaspes, [4].
Darius II. overthrown by Alexander the Great, [4], [5].
Dasht-i-Kipchāk, extent of empire, [182].
Dā ūd, uncle of Abū-l-`Abbās, instrumental in exterminating Umayyads, [85].
Dawlat Bi, [204], [205].
Dawlat Girāy (Bekovitch Cherkaski), expedition to Khiva, [240–42].
Dawlat Girāy, Khān, [237].
Dawlat Shāh, quo. [113] note.
Daylamite (Būyide) dynasty, increase in power, [112];
overthrow by Toghrul Beg, [129].
De Bode, cited [393] note.
De Guignes, cited [30], [137] notes, passim.
De Maynard, C. Barbier, cited [207] note.
Defile, battle of the (Ash-Shi`b), [73].
Dervishes, various orders in Samarkand, [171] note.
d’Herbelot, cited [16], [102] notes;
passim.
Dhirār ibn Haspan, [47].
Dihakān, definition, [46] note.
Dīn Mahammad, [195].
Diodotus, [11].
Direm, value of, [40] note.
Dirgham, battle in valley of, [139].
Dirham ibn Nasr, [104].
Dmitri, Prince, attempt to throw off Mongol yoke, [235].
d’Ohsson, cited [137], [146] notes; passim.
Don (Tanaïs), Jaxartes mistaken by Alexander for, [7].
Douglas, R. K., cited [149] note.
Drangiana (see [Sīstān]).
Drapsaca (Andarāb), [6].
Drouin, E., cited [11] note; passim.
Eagle, regarded as bird of ill-omen, [220] note.
Edighei, Khān, [236].
El-`Abbās el-Ash`ath, [95].
El Barm (Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm), [94].
El-Fadhl ibn Sulaymān Tūsī, [94].
El-Fadhl ibn Yahya, [95].
El-Ghatrīf ibn `Atā, [95].
El-Hādi, [94].
El-Mahdi, [91], [93], [94].
El-Mansūr (Abū Ja`far), Es-Saffāh succeeded by, [86];
enmity towards and murder of Abū Muslim, [86–88];
revolts against, [90–93];
death, [93].
England—missions to Nasrullah, [216–17];
Russia and, Siberian advance viewed with disfavour, [246];
appropriation of territory south of Merv, English indignation, [300];
appointment of joint commission to decide boundary, [301–303];
commission to demarcate spheres of influence on Pamirs, [303–305];
route of Indian overland railway, [317–19];
methods of dealing with Orientals contrasted, [410–15];
desirability of union, [414–16].
Ephthalites, origin, [20];
Kushans expelled from Bactria, [20], [21];
defeated by Bahrām Gūr, [24];
Yezdijerd II. defeated, [25];
Fīrūz aided, [25];
rupture with Fīrūz, [26];
Persia overrun, [26];
Kobād received, [28];
territory divided between Turks and Persians, [30].
Erdmann, cited [149] note.
Es-Saffāh (Abū-l-`Abbās), [85–86].
Ersaris, the, [268].
Euthydemus, [11].
Fadhl ibn Sahl, [97], [98], [99], [100].
Fā´ik, [117].
Farghāna, besieged by El-Harashī, [71];
Mohammedan governor appointed to, [77];
railway to Andijān, [316] (see also [Kokand]).
Fath `Ali Shāh, [267].
Fāzil Bi, [208].
Ferengis, [115] note.
Feudalism, introduced into Russia from Germany, [231].
Forsyth, Mr., cited [119] note.
Fraser, James Baillie, quo. [264] note.
Gāndhāra (see [Kandahār]).
Gardner, quo. [11], [12] notes, passim.
Gaugamela (Arbela), battle of, [5].
Gengis, Genghiz (see [Chingiz]).
Geok Teppe, battle of, [291–97].
Gerard, Major-General M. G., [303].
Gersīwaz, [115] note.
Ghassān, [100] note, [101].
Ghazā, definition, [109].
Ghaznavides, Alptagin ruler in Ghazna, [112];
Sabuktagin, [113], [117–18];
Mahmūd of Ghazna (see that [title]);
Mas`ūd, [126–28];
truce with Seljūks, [128].
Ghujduvān, battle of, [187].
Ghuz, the, migrations of, [124];
incursions into Khorāsān, [126];
Sanjar defeated, and Merv and Khorāsān laid waste, [141–42].
Ghuzek, [60].
Gibbon, cited [37], [127] notes, passim.
Girāy, Sultan, [183].
Glukhovsky, Colonel, [251] note, [286] note.
Golden Horde, the, [182].
Gori (Aornos, Khulum) taken by Alexander the Great, [6].
Gortschakoff, Prince, circular to Great Powers, [247] and Appendix I.
Græco-Bactrian Empire (see under [Bactria]).
Grigorieff, cited [6], [8] notes, passim.
Grodekoff, cited [272] note.
Guchluk, [155].
Gūr, definition, [24] note.
Gūr Amīr, Tamerlane’s tomb, [389].
Gūr-Khān, title assumed by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137].
Gutschmid, cited [10] note.
Guyard, S., cited [133] note.
Hāji Biklās, [166].
Hajjāj, Khorāsān, appointments by, [44];
instructions to Kutayba, [51], [52];
death, [61] note, [63].
Hakīm Bi, [211].
Haloxylon Ammodendron (Saxaul), [263].
Hamdullah Mustawfi, quo. [125] note.
Hami (Khamil), [15].
Hamza el-Khuzā`ī, [95].
Hamza Sultan, [186].
Hārith ibn Surayj, revolt against `Āsim, [75];
against Nasr, [79];
death, [79].
Harthama, despatched to Samarkand, [96];
Samarkand taken, [98].
Hasan Beg, [177].
Hasan ibn `Alī (Nizām ul-Mulk), [131].
Hasan ibn Kahtaba, [84].
Hasan ibn Sabbāh, the Assassin, [131] note.
Hāshimites (see [`Abbāsids]), [80].
Hārūn (governor of Khwārazm) revolt, [126].
Hārūn er-Raschīd, [95–97].
Hayāthila (see [Ephthalites]).
Hayyān, the Nabatæan, [54].
Hegira, the, [35] and note.
Herāt, importance of, [300];
conquered by Ya`kūb, [104];
acquired by `Abdullah II., [117];
`Alā ud-Dīn, master of, [147];
plundered by Turkomans, [176].
Hexapolis, settlement of Sakas in, [15], [17].
Hezārasp, identity with Zariaspa suggested, [8] note.
Hishām, Yezid II. succeeded by, [71];
Asad dismissed, [72];
reinforcements sent to Junayd, [74];
Junayd dismissed, [75];
`Asim dismissed, [75];
death, [78].
Hiung-nu (see [Huns]).
Holwan, [64].
Horde, derivation, [233].
Hormuz II., [23].
Hormuz III., [25].
Hormuz IV., [31].
Howorth, Sir Henry, cited [149], [155] notes, passim.
Huen-Tsang, [31].
Humayd ibn Kahtaba, [93].
Huns (see also [Ephthalites] or [White Huns]), war with Tung-nu, [15];
Kaotsu’s troops surrounded, [16];
defeated and enrolled in Chinese Empire, [19];
Slav progress impeded by, [226].
Hunter, Sir W. W., cited [315] note.
Husayn, Amīr, [169].
Husayn Khān, [211].
Husayn Mīrzā (Sultan Husayn Baykara), [184].
Hyacinth, Father, cited [149] note.
Ibn Hobayra, [84].
Ibrāhīm, [121].
Ikrān, [145] note.
Il-Arslān, [140], [144].
Ilbars, [193].
Il-Kilij, [138] note.
Ilik Khān, [117–19], [123].
Iliyās Khwāja Oghlān, [169], [170].
Iltūza Khān of Khiva, [209].
Ilyiās, [101].
Imām Kulī Khān, [195].
India—Alexander’s conquest of, date of setting out, [9];
Seleucus defeated by Chandra Gupta, [10];
Saka invasion, [17], [18];
Parthian characteristics on Saka coins, [16];
Shāh Kator, title of chief of Chitral, [20];
Kashmir lost by Kushans, [20];
Gangetic delta and Panjāb overrun by Tīmūr, [171];
invasion by Nādir Shāh, [200];
Peacock Throne, the, [201];
England in—“Permanent Settlement,” the, [406];
methods compared with Russian in Central Asia, [410–15];
fears of Russian absorption baseless, [408];
route of overland railway from England, [317–19].
Irjai, battle of, [252].
Irkutsk founded, [239].
Ishāk, [107].
Ishān Mohammad `Alī Khalīfa, [260].
Iskandar the Uzbeg, [191] note.
Iskander Kul, [9] note.
Islām—definition, [36] note;
origin and rise, [34–44];
spread of, on downfall of Sāmānides, [119];
established in Kābul, [105];
sectarian dissensions, [78];
Kutayba’s zeal for, [45], [66];
Guchluk’s intolerance of, [156];
embraced by immigrant Tibetan Turks to Balāsāghūn, [120];
Moslems subject to enemies of faith, [139];
education, [374];
influence of mullās on government, [375];
impression left by Alexander the Great, [9];
persecution of Christians (see [Christianity]).
Isma`īl el-Muntazir, [118] note.
Isma`īl ibn Ahmed, sent to Bokhārā, [106];
defeat of Nasr, [107];
Nasr succeeded by, [109];
hostilities with `Amr, [110];
campaign against Turks, [111];
death, [112].
Isma`īl, Shāh, the Safavī, [185], [186].
Ispāhbād, definition, [56].
Issus, overthrow of Darius II., [4].
Istakhr, capital of Persia under Ardashīr, [23].
Istakhri, quo. [46] note.
Ivan IV. (the Terrible), [236].
Ja`far el-Ash`ath, [95].
Ja`far ibn Yahya, [95].
Jahwar ibn Marrār el-`Ijlī, [90], [91].
Jalāl-ud-Dīn, [159].
Jāmāsp, [28].
Jāni Khān, [194].
Jānībeg, Sultan, descent traced, [190];
battle with Bāber, [187];
made Kālgha, [189];
territory of, [191].
Jarrāh, [69].
Jaxartes (see [Sir Daryā]).
Jerusalem, conquered by Parvīz, [33].
Jews, condition in Bokhārā, [365].
Jighāya, [56], [57], [59].
Jizāk, [404].
Jornandes, cited [225] note.
Juday` el Kirmānī, [79], [82].
Juen-Juen, conquests, [21];
subdued by Tumen and Mokan-khān, [30].
Jūjī Khān, [158], [182].
Junayd (Jandab) ibn `Abd er-Rahmān, [72–75].
Jurjān, importance of, [67].
Justin, cited [11], [12] notes.
Juvayni, cited [115].
Jūzajān, king of, [56], [59].
Ka`ba (Cube), the, [34].
Kābul, overrun by Kushans, [19];
Islam established in, [105].
Kādir (Kadr) Khān, [120], [121].
Kahtaba ibn Shebīb, [83], [84].
Kā´im, Caliph, [130].
Kālgha, title of heir-apparent among the Uzbegs, [189].
Kamāj, [141].
Kandahār (Arachosia, Gāndhāra, Kiphin), [18], [19], [20].
Kao-tsu, Emperor, [16].
Karāchār Nuyān, ancestor of Tīmūr Leng, [168].
Kara-Khitāys—origin of empire, [137];
Transoxiana tributary to, [137];
Sanjar defeated, [139];
Khwārazm invaded, [144];
Tekish aided, [145];
rupture with Tekish and reconciliation, [145–47];
independence of, asserted by Mohammad Shāh, [147], [148];
Gūr-Khān dethroned by Guchluk, [155–56];
downfall of kingdom, [157];
urban life, [163].
Kara-Khānides (see [Uīghūrs]).
Karmā, [146].
Kāshghar—Juen-Juen masters of, [21];
occupied by Great Yué-Chi, [16];
conquered by Kutayba, [62];
by Kādir Khān, [120];
by the Tufghāj, [120];
by Ye-liu Ta-shi and made capital, [137], [138];
Seljūk suzerainty recognised, [132];
in possession of Guchluk, [156], [157];
part of Mongol Empire, [160];
dialect, [180].
Kāsim Mohammad, [197].
Kasimovski, [183] note.
Katti Tūra, [256].
Kauffman, General, appointed governor-general of Turkestān, [253];
Samarkand taken, [254];
Kokand invaded, [260];
war with Yomud Turkomans, [284].
Kavādh (see [Kobād]).
Kāwurd (Kurd, Kādurd, Cawder), [131] note.
Kay-Khosrū, [115].
Kays ibn al-Haytham, [38].
Kazāks, the, [183].
Kazān (Karān) Khān, [165].
Kazghan, Amīr, [165].
Kerbelā, battle near, [84].
Kerz, siege of, [58].
Kesh (see [Shahrisabz]).
Khadīja, [35].
Khālid, [37].
Khālid ibn `Abdullah al-Kasrī, [71].
Khālid ibn Barmek, [95] note.
Khalīfa (see [Caliphs]).
Khalīl Sultan, [173–76].
Khamil (Hami), [15].
Khanikoff, cited [207] note, passim.
Khānsālār, definition, [141] note.
Kharashar, [21].
Khārijites, [78], [80], [81].
Khātūn, Princess, [40–42].
Khātūn Turkān, [133].
Khazars, force sent against Darbend, [31].
Khāzim ibn Khuzayma, [90], [91], [93].
Khidhr Khān, [121].
Khitā´ī, [115] note.
Khitan, definition, [150] note.
Khitāys (Khitā´ī) harassed by Kara-Khānides, [115], [120].
Khiva (Khwārazm)—definition of Khwārazm, [233] note;
Persians defeated by Ibn Āmir, [38];
Mufaddhal’s expeditions against, [44];
Chighān aided by Kutayba, [60];
conquered by Mahmūd, [123];
by Seljūks, [136];
anarchy in, [138];
Khwārazm Shāhs, [136], [144–48];
tribute paid to Kara-Khitāys, [147];
conquered by Chingiz, [159];
overrun by Abū-l-Khayr, [184];
conquered by Shaybānī Khān, [184];
made an independent principality, [193];
revolt against Bokhārā, [197];
invasion of Bokhārā and subservience to, [198];
conflict with Haydar, [209];
conquered by Nādir Shāh, [202];
Nasrullah’s hostile relations with, [216];
war with Turkomans, [269];
Russian conquest, Cossack invasion, [239];
expedition against, [244];
treaty concluded, [245];
negotiations in reign of Peter the Great, [240–42];
treacherous conduct of Khivans, [241];
Bokhāran campaign joined by Khiva, [250];
final conquest, [258].
Khodāydād, revolt against Khalīl Sultan, [175].
Khojend, surrender to Nasrullah, [215], [216];
siege of, [252].
Khorāsān (Ta-hia)—conquered by Yué-Chi, [17];
Caliph suzerain over, [38–127];
rising in, [85];
massacre of inhabitants by `Abdullah, [87];
disorder in, [91];
rising under Ustādsīs, [92];
various revolts, [93], [94];
rule of Tāhirides, [102–5];
Ya`kūb master of, [105];
Ghaznavide rule, [118];
Seljūk rule, [127];
ravaged by Atsiz, [139];
laid waste by Ghuz, [142];
acquired by Khwārazm-Shāhs, [144];
overrun by Chingiz, [159], [233];
acquired by Shāh Rukh, [174];
in possession of Husayn Mīrzā, [184];
conquered by Shaybānī Khān, [185];
by Shāh Isma`īl, [185];
by `Abdullah II., [192];
incursions by Ma´sūm, [207];
overrun by Tekkes, [271], [284];
famine, [284].
Khorazmia, [4] (see also [Khwārazm] and [Khiva]).
Khorzād, [60].
Khotan, Juen-Juen masters of, [21];
occupied by Great Yué-Chi, [16];
Sultan harassed by Toghān Khān, [120];
conquest by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137].
Khudā Yār, [220].
Khulayd ibn `Abdullah el-Hanafī, [39].
Khulum (Gori, Aornos), [6].
Khunuk-Khudāt, [51].
Khwāja Ahrār, Nakshabandi, [171] note.
Khwāja Bahā ud-Dīn, founder of the Nakshabandis, [170] note.
Khwāja Nefes, [240].
Khwārazm (see [Khiva]).
Kibitka, definition, [268] note.
Kipchāks, struggle with Tīmūr, [171];
revolt against Khudā Yār, [220], [221].
Kiphin (see [Kandahār]).
Kirghiz, origin and haunts of, [242];
characteristics, [365];
conflict with Cossacks, [239];
submission of Middle Horde to Russia, [242];
raids on caravans, [243].
Kitolo, [20].
Kizil Arvat, workshops, [342].
Klaproth, cited [116] note.
Kobād, [26–29].
Kokand—invaded by Mozaffar ud-Dīn, [221];
Kipchāk rebellion against Khudā Yār, [220–21];
Bokhārā suzerain over, [215], [216];
Russian conquest, Ak Mechet taken, [245];
Chimkent stormed, [246];
Tashkent attacked and taken, [247–49];
invasion of, and annexation, [259–61].
Ko-lo, [30].
Komaroff, General, Afghans attacked and routed, [302];
Askabad founded by, [345].
Kiphin, [21].
Koran, the, [36].
Krasnovodsk, [340].
Kubilāy Khān, founder of Yuen dynasty, [182].
Kuchunji Khān, [189];
descent, [190].
Kūhistān, Turks defeated by Arabs at, [39].
Kulchanoff, Colonel, [404] note.
Kung-fu-tse (Confucius), [14] note.
Kurapatkine, Colonel Alexis, sent with reinforcements to General Skobeleff, [290];
sketch of career, [323];
policy of Russia in Central Asia, [338] and Appendix II.
Kurd (Kāwurd, Kādurd, Cawder), [131] note.
Kur-Maghānūn, Prince, [51].
Kūrsūl, [77].
Kushans (see [Yué-Chi]).
Kutayba ibn Muslim el-Bāhili, appointed governor of Khorāsān, [44], [46];
expeditions to Bokhārā, [46–55];
Nīzek’s rebellion, [56–59];
hostages of king of Jūzajān put to death, [59];
Chighān aided, [60];
Soghdiana invaded, [60];
Shāsh, Khojend, and Kāshān reduced, [61];
first Arab leader to establish Islām in place of Zoroastrian religion, [45];
zeal for Islām, [66];
Kāshghar conquered, [62];
fall and death, [63–66].
Kutb ed-Dīn Mohammad, [136], [137].
Kutluk, [194].
Kwei-shuang (see [Yué-Chi]).
Languages spoken in Samarkand and Bokhārā, [180].
Lao-tse, [14] note.
Leignitz, battle of, [124].
Lessar, M. P., cited [265] note.
Liao-chi, [139] note.
Lohrāsp, [115].
Lomakin, General, governor of Transcaspian military district, [285];
expedition against Turkomans, [286].
Lumsden, Sir Peter, [301].
Maddāh, public entertainers, [401].
Mahmūd Bi, [208].
Mahmūd ibn Mohammad, [134], [137].
Mahmūd ibn Melik, [133].
Mahmūd Khān, [122].
Mahmūd of Ghazna, [117], [118], [125–26].
Malcolm, cited [24], [104] notes, passim.
Ma´mūn, [95], [96], [98–102].
Mangit dynasty (see under [Uzbegs]).
Mansūr el-Himyari, [95].
Mansūr I., [112].
Marcanda (see [Samarkand]).
Margiana, annexed by Cyrus I., [4];
overrun by Alexander the Great, [8];
Greeks deprived of, [18] (see also [Merv]).
Marvin, cited [270] note.
Maslama, [70].
Massagetæ, [4].
Mas`ūd ibn Mahmūd, [126–28].
Mas`ūd ibn Mohammad, [178].
Mas`ūd Khān, [121].
Ma´sūm (Shāh Murād), [205–8], [384] note.
Mausoleum of Sanjar, [142].
Mavarā-un-Nahr (see [Transoxiana]).
Maymena, [8].
Mazdak, [27], [28], [29].
Mecklenburg, Grand Dukes of, descent claimed from Wends, [226] note.
Medīna, Mohammed’s flight to, [35].
Mekka, capital of Arabia, [34];
Mohammed’s flight from, [35].
Melik Shāh, [121], [131–33].
Melik Shāh II., [134].
Mencius (Meng-tse), [14] note.
Merūchak, [8].
Merv, “Queen of the World,” origin of title, [44] note;
custom regarding naming of children, [42];
capital of Khorāsān under Arab rule, [42], [45];
Muhallab, governor of, [43], [44];
Yezīd, governor of, [44];
entry of Abū Muslim into, [82];
standard of Hārith set up in, [79];
made capital of Caliphate, [99];
laid waste by Ghuz, [142];
conquered by Ma´sūm, [206];
Russia made suzerain over, [298];
railway to Samarkand, [310–313];
branch of railway to Kushk, [317];
irrigation of, [206], [333];
general description, [265], [349–56].
Merv er-Rūd, storming of, [57].
Merwān I., [43].
Merwān, governor of Irāk, [82], [85].
Meyendorf, cited [244] note.
Mikā´īl, [125].
Miklositch, cited [226] note.
Mīr `Alī Shīr, [181].
Mīrāb, definition, [332] note.
Mīrkhwānd, cited [101] note, passim.
Mīrzā Haydar, cited [188].
Mīrzā Husayn (Husayn Mīrzā), [184].
Mirza Sikandar, cited [185] note.
Mithridates I., [12].
Mithridates II. (the Great), [13].
Mo`awiya II., [42], [80].
Modharites, war with Yemenites, [78];
divisions of, [79].
Mohammad (great-grandson of `Abbās), [81].
Mohammad `Ali, Khān of Khiva, [215].
Mohammad Amīn Khān, [269].
Mohammad Rahīm Bi, [198], [199], [200], [202], [204].
Mohammad ibn Abū Sa`īd, [178].
Mohammad ibn el-Ash`ath, [91].
Mohammad ibn Mahmūd, [126], [127].
Mohammad ibn Melik, [133] note, [134], [144].
Mohammad Khān ibn Nasr, [122].
Mohammad Khān ibn Sulaymān, [121].
Mohammad Khwārazm Shāh, [145] note.
Mohammad Shaybānī (Shāhī Beg), [179], [184].
Mohammed (Prophet), [34].
Mohammedanism (see [Islām]).
Mokan-khān, [30].
Mokanna` (veiled prophet of Khorāsān), [94].
Mokhallad, [68].
Mollā Khān, [220].
Mongols—early history, [150];
divisions of, [151];
religions, [152];
civilisation of, attributed to Tatatungo, [155];
nomadic habits, [161], [162], [232];
invasion of Central Asia, [155–60];
Russia invaded, [233];
influence on Russian character and characteristics, [234];
dissensions among, [234];
Russian attempts to throw off Mongol yoke, [235];
decline of power, [236].
Moscow, rise of, [234];
Mongol attacks on, [235], [236], [237].
Moser, cited [262] note, passim.
Mostadhhir, [134].
Mothé, [15].
Mu`ayyad, governor of Nīshāpūr, [145].
Mu`ayyad ud-Dawlé, [133].
Mu`āz ibn Muslim, [94].
Mufaddhal, [44].
Mughal, first use of word, [150].
Muhallab, [42], [43].
Muir, cited [38] note, passim.
Mukīm Khān, [199].
Muktadi, Caliph, death of, [134].
Mulabbab esh-Shaybāni, [90].
Müller, cited [39] note, passim.
Murghāb, the, [333–35].
Musayyah ibn Zobayr, [94].
Muslim ibn Sa`īd, the Kilābite, [71].
Mu`tadhid, [109–10].
Mu`tamid, Caliph, [104–05].
Mutawakkil, Caliph, [103].
Muwaffak, [104], [105].
Muzaffar ud-Dīn (Sayyid Muzaffar ud-Dīn), [219–21].
Nādir Shāh, [200–3], [267].
Nahāvend, Zoroastrians defeated by Arabs at, [37];
captured by Hāshimite troops, [84].
Nakshabandi, order of dervishes, [170] note.
Naphthalites (see [Ephthalites]).
Narshakhi, cited [41], [42], [43] notes, passim.
Nāsir, Caliph, [157].
Nasr ibn Ahmed, [105–8].
Nasr ibn Sayyār, [75], [77–83].
Nasrullah Khān, [211–19].
Nautaca, district covered by, [6].
Nawrūz Ahmed, [191] note.
Nāzir Mohammad, [196].
Nestorius, followers persecuted by Tamerlane, [397].
Ney, cited [249], [257] notes, passim.
Nicator (Seleucus I.), [10].
Nijni Novogorod, building of, [231];
a principality, [234].
Nīshāpūr, conquest ascribed to Shāpūr, [23]; passim.
Nīzak Tarkhūn, [39].
Nizām ul-Mulk (Hasan ibn `Alī), [131], [132].
Nīzek, peace concluded with Kutayba, [47];
rebellion and death, [56–59].
Nöldeke, cited [22] note, passim.
Novogorod, a republic, [230];
added to Russia by Vassili III., [236];
Vladimir of, [229].
Nūh III., [117].
Nūh, Amīr of Samarkand, [101].
Nūr Verdi Khān, [273].
Nūshtegin, [136].
O’Donovan, cited [42] note.
Ogdāy, [158], [162], [166] note.
Oliver, W. E. E., cited [161] note.
`Omar Bi, [208].
`Omar, Caliph, assassination of, [38].
`Omar ibn `Abd ul-`Azīz, [69].
`Omar ibn Hobayra, [70].
`Omar Khān, [212], [213].
`Omar Khayyām, [131] note.
`Omar Shaykh, [178].
`Omāra ibn Horaym, [73].
Omsk acquired by Russia, [242].
Orenburg, founding of, and importance for caravans, [242];
defective as basis for expeditions, [245].
Orkhon inscriptions, [29] note.
Oshrūsana, [95].
`Othmān, prince of Samarkand, [147], [156].
Osmānlīs, origin of, [124].
Ossipoff, story of, [346].
`Othmān, Caliph, [37].
Oxus (see [Amū Daryā]).
Oxyartes, father of Roxana, [8].
Palestine, conquest by Arabs, [37];
Damascus and Jerusalem conquered by Parvīz, [32], [33];
Damascus stormed by Tīmūr, [171].
Pamirs, birthplace of Aryan race, [3];
commission to demarcate English and Russian influence on, [303–5].
Panchao, [20].
Panjakand, identified with Bishkand, [187] note.
Pāpak, [22].
Paropamisus mountains, boundary of Bactria, [3].
Parthia, [11–13];
Greeks deprived of Margiana by, [18];
encounters with the Yué-Chi, [19];
overthrow of dynasty by Ardashīr, [23];
Parthians identical with Turkomans, [266];
characteristics on early Indian Saka coins, [16].
Parvīz, “the Victorious” (Chosrau II.), [32].
Pasargadæ, [5].
Perofski, Count, expedition against Khiva, [243], [244].
Persepolis, plundered by Alexander, [5].
Persia—Bactria annexed to, [4];
conquered by Alexander the Great, [4];
condition in third century, [22];
Ardashīr, king of, [23];
famine in, [25];
loss of eyesight a bar to ruling, [27];
Arab conquest, [37];
acquired by Turks, [129];
overrun by troops of Tīmūr, [171];
war with Bākī Mohammad, [195];
Nādir Shāh, [200–3];
war with Turkomans, [267], [269–72];
Persian literary language in time of Tāhirides, [180];
Parthia (see that [title]).
Peter the Great, [240–42].
Petra Oxiana, [8].
Petrofsky, M., cited [371] note.
Petrusevitch, cited [270], [271], [272] notes.
Philippus of Elymeus, [10].
Phraates, [12].
Pīr Mohammad, [173].
Pīr Mohammad, grandson of Tīmūr, the Uzbeg, [191] note.
Pīrūz, [25].
Pishagar, destroyed by Nasrullah, [215].
Polotsk, [230].
Poole, Mr. S. Lane, cited [60] note, passim.
Powers, the Great, Russian circular to, [249], Appendix I.
Price, Major, cited [161] note, passim.
Pskov, [230].
Rabī` ibn Ziyād el-Hārithī, [39].
Rāfi` ibn Harthama, appointed governor of Khorāsān, [105];
peace between Nasr and Isma`īl, obtained by, [107];
murder of, [110].
Rāfi` ibn Layth, [96].
Rahīm Bi, [199], [202], [384] note.
Railways (see under [Russia]).
Rāmtīna, conquered by Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, [39].
Rapson, cited [16] note.
Rāvandis, the, [92].
Raverty, cited [120] note.
Riazan, Russian principality, [234].
Risālachi, public entertainers, [401].
Romanovski, General, General Chernaieff superseded by, [251];
battle of Irjai, [252].
Romans, struggle with Mithridates, [13];
Kushan Empire recognised by, [19];
Shāpūr I. at war with, [23];
war with Bahrām Gūr, and truce, [24];
rupture between Pīrūz and Ephthalites attributed to, [26];
hostilities with Kobād, [28];
war with Hormuz IV., [31], [32];
alliance between Turks and Persians regarded with apprehension by, [31];
defeated by Arabs, [37];
first Turkish invasion of Rome, [131].
Roxana, [8].
Russia—ethnological origin of Russians, [225];
influence of physical surroundings, [227];
growth of cities, [227];
origin of serfs, [228];
origin, customs, and territory of Slavs, [225], [226];
growth of princely rule, [228–31];
introduction of Christianity and influence of priests upon government, [229];
feudalism introduced from Germany, [231];
Mongol invasion and results, [233–34];
Mongolian yoke thrown off by Vassili the Great, [235];
growth of Moscow, [234];
Cossack invasion of Siberia, [238–39];
Khiva, Bekovitch expedition, [240–42];
Perofski expedition, [244];
treaty, [245];
conquest, [257–59];
Kokand, invasion of, [245];
Tashkent taken, [247–49];
action with Khān of Bokhārā, [250];
annexation, [259–61];
Bokhārā, mission to, [217];
conquest, [250–57];
general description, [357–85];
Samarkand, annexation, [255];
general description, [386–407];
Turkomania, conquest of, [285–97];
battle of Geok Teppe, [292–97];
Merv acquired, [298];
administration in Transcaspia, [325–39];
Afghanistān, joint commission with England to demarcate northern boundary, [301];
skirmish with Afghans, [302];
result of deliberations, [303];
commission to demarcate English and Russian influence on Pamirs, [303–5];
condition of roads in Central Asia, [345];
methods of dealing with Orientals compared with English, [410–15];
desirability of union with England, [414–16];
Railways, used by military transport between Caspian and Amū Daryā, [289];
overland route to India, [317–19];
Transcaspian Railway, construction, [307–13];
branch lines, [261], [316–17];
importance of and effect on Central Asian commerce, [313–15];
journey described, [341], [349], [357], [386].
Sabuktagin, [113], [117], [118].
Sacæ (see [Scythians], [Sakas]).
Sadr-i-sharī`at, influence of, in towns of Transoxiana, [163].
Sāghir Beg, [122].
Sa`īd ibn `Abd ul-`Azīz, [70].
Sa`īd ibn `Amr el-Harashī, [71].
Sa`īd ibn `Othmān, [40].
Sālih ibn Nasr, [103].
Salm ibn Ziyād, [41].
Salors, the, territory of, [266], [268];
settlement at Zarābād, [270].
Sāmān, [101].
Sāmānides, the, [109–18];
Transoxiana wrested from, and territory subsequently owned by, [119].
Samarkand (Marcanda)—besieged by Spitamenes and relieved, [7–8];
stormed by Sa`īd ibn `Othmān, [40], [41];
taken by Harthama, [98];
besieged and taken by Chingiz, [159];
taken by Khān of Jatah, [169];
improvement under Tīmūr, [171];
capital transferred to, [166];
throne seized by Khalīl Sultan, [174];
plundered by Uzbegs, [176];
beautifying of, [176], [178];
fall of Tīmūr’s dynasty and accession of Mohammad Khān Shaybāni, [179];
captured by Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, [184];
sub-dynasty abolished, [191];
surrender to Russians, [254];
citadel defended against Sarts, [255];
incorporated with Turkestān, [255];
railways from Merv, [310–13];
to Tashkent, [316];
height above sea, [388];
the Rīgistān, [391];
mosques and tombs, [391–95];
Urda, [395];
Russian quarter, [396];
mineral wealth, [398];
trade and industries, [398–401];
professional story-tellers and legends, [401–3];
administration, [404–7];
summary of history, [389];
dialect, [180].
Sanjar, Sultan, parentage, [133] note;
governor of Khorāsān, [134];
Mahmūd succeeded by, [135];
revolt of Atsiz, [138–40];
defeat of Kara-Khitāys, [139];
by Turkomans, [266];
irrigation of Merv, work of, [206];
fall and death, [140–42];
tomb, [354].
Sarakhs, [269].
Sardār, definition, [274] note.
Sārikhs, the, [268].
Saripul, established by Alexander, [8].
Sarkār, definition, [333] note.
Sarts, definition, [245] note, [364].
Sāsānides, the, [22–33];
death of Yezdijerd, [37].
Satuk Boghrā Khān, [119].
Saura ibn el-Hurr, [73].
Saxaul (haloxylon ammodendron), [263].
Sayyid `Abdul Ahad, [384].
Sayyid el-Harashī, [94].
Sayyid Haydar Tūra, [208–10], [384] note.
Sayyid Mīr `Alīm, [384].
Sayyid Muzaffar ud-Dīn, [219];
expedition against and submission to Russia, [250–56].
Schefer, Ed., cited [50] note, passim.
Schuyler, cited [254] note.
Scythians—Arsaces (see that [title]), defeated by Alexander, [8];
Thogari, the, [13];
Sakas, Phraates slain by, [12];
portion of Bactria wrested from, [13];
settlement in Hexapolis, [15];
expulsion from Soghdiana and subsequent fate, [16], [17];
settlement in Bactria and subsequent expulsion, [18];
driven from Kiphin by Kushans, [19].
Sé (see [Scythians], [Sakas]).
Sefīd-Jāmegān, followers of Mokanna`, [94].
Seljūks, the, districts invaded by, [124];
origin of, and founders, [125];
Mahmūd’s expedition against, [126];
rise of, [127];
treaty with Ibrāhīm;
Khwārazm conquered, [136];
division into various branches, and downfall of authority, [144], [146];
various rules (see their names).
Seleucus I. (Nicator), [10].
Semirechensk, extent of, [253].
Serikūl, settlement of Sakas in, [17].
Shāba, [31].
Shaburgān, [8].
Shād Mulkh, [174].
Shāh Isma`īl, the Safavī, [185], [186].
Shāh Kator, [20].
Shāh Mahmūd Sultan, [145].
Shāh Murād (Ma´sūm), [205–8], [384] note.
Shāh Rukh, [174–76], [180].
Shāhī Beg (Mohammad Shaybānī), [184].
Shahrisabz, `Abdullah (son of Amīr Kazghan) defeated at, [166];
attacked by Nasrullah, [214];
conquered, [219];
revolt, [220];
subdued by General Abramoff, [256].
Shāpūr (brother of Ardashīr), [22].
Shāpūr I., [23].
Shāpūr, conquest of, ascribed to Shāpūr I., [23].
Shāsh, king of, [61].
Shaybānī Khān (Shāhī Beg), [184];
Shaybānides (see [Uzbegs]).
Shaykh Nūr-ed-Dīn, revolt against Khalīl Sultan, [175].
Shen-Yü, title borne by Juen-Juen chiefs, [21] note.
Shi`ites, origin of, [81];
revolt in Khorāsān, [91];
in Daylam, [95];
[Ma´mūn], [Shāh Isma`īl], etc. (see those titles).
Shugnān, Sakas established in, [17].
Shukovski, Prof., cited [141] note.
Sibir captured, [239].
Sīhūn (see [Sir Daryā]).
Sinbad, [90].
Sir Daryā, northern boundary of Turkestān, [3];
chain of Russian forts on, [245].
Sīstān (Drangiana), occupied by Sakas, [18];
Pīrūz made governor, [25];
Arab expedition, [38];
conquered by Shāh Rukh, [174].
Siyāwush, [115] note.
Skobeleff, Michael Dmitriavitch, governor of Kokand, [260];
Russian policy in Central Asia, [339] note;
anecdote, [344], note;
exploits, [288].
Smolensk, [230].
Soghd, assistance rendered to Bokhārā, [42];
war with Kutayba, and treaty, [51], [54];
revolt against chief, [60];
captured by Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, [184].
Soghdiana—annexation by Cyrus I., [4];
revolt against Alexander, [7];
subdued by Alexander, [9];
loss of Grecian power in, [18];
expulsion of Sakas by Yué-Chi, and re-occupation, [16], [17], [18];
revolt in, and invasion by Kutayba, [60];
retreats of Asad, [72].
Spitamenes, Bessus betrayed by, [6];
rebellion against Alexander the Great, [7–8];
death, [9].
Stadium, definition, [7] note.
Stasanor, [10].
Stewart, Colonel C., cited [315] note.
Stoddart, Colonel, mission to Bokhārā, and death, [217–18].
Stolietoff, General, Krasnovodsk founded by, [262].
Strabo, cited [13] note.
Strogonoff, [238].
Stumm, Hugo, cited [238], [244] notes, passim.
Stylites, Joseph, cited [26].
Su (see [Scythians], [Sakas]).
Sū, definition, [332].
Subhān Kulī Khān, [196], [197], [198].
Sukhrā (Zermihr), [26].
Sulaymān Shāh (governor of Khwārazm), [138].
Sulaymān (son of `Abd ul-Melik), accession to Caliphate, [61];
Kutayba’s letters to, [61];
death, [64].
Sultan `Ali, [178].
Sultan Girāy, [183].
Sultan Hamza, [186].
Sultan Husayn Baykara (Husayn Mīrzā), [184].
Sultan Jānībeg (see [Jānībeg]).
Sultan Khalīl, [173–76].
Sultan Mohammad Khwārazm Shāh, [145] note.
Sultan Shāh Mahmūd, [145].
Suyunjik, [189].
Suzdal, [234].
Syria, conquered by Arabs, [37].
Tabari, cited [25] note, passim.
Tabaristān, [67], [68].
Tāhir ibn `Amr, [111].
Tāhirides, the, Tāhir, [99], [100];
Talha and `Abdullah, [100];
Tāhir II., [103];
defeated by Ya`kūb, [105];
length of rule, [102];
Persian literary language in time of, [180].
Taigir, Ye-liu Ta-shi, also known as, [137].
T’ai-tsu (Apaoki), [137] note.
Tāi Yāng, Khān, [155].
Tājiki dialect, [181].
Tājiks, the, origin and characteristics, [364];
Iranian branch of Aryans represented by, [3].
Talha, [100], [101].
Tālikān, battle at, [57].
Tanaïs (Don), Sir Daryā, mistaken for, by Alexander the Great, [7].
Tanap, definition, [362] note.
Tandar, [47].
Tanga, value of, [212] note.
Tarikh-i-Rashidi, cited [116], [119], passim.
Tashkent, siege and storming of, by Colonel Chernaieff, [247], [248];
made capital of Turkestān, [249];
railway to, [316].
Tatatungo, [155].
Tchinghiz (see [Chingiz]).
Tea, importation of, to Bokhārā, [372];
Chāy Kabūd, [401].
Tekish, [145–47].
Tekkes (see [Turkomans]).
Temūchin (see [Chingiz]).
Thogari, the, [13].
Thomson, E. C. Ringler, cited [324] note.
Tīmūr Leng (Tamerlane), [168–72];
conquests, [235];
brilliancy of age, [179–82];
fall of dynasty, [179].
Tīmūr Shāh Oghlān, [166].
Tiridates, [12].
Tiu-ping, [30].
Tobolsk, building of, [239].
Toghān Khān, [119].
Toghrul Beg, parentage, [125];
Mas`ūd defeated by, [127];
conquests and death, [129–30].
Toghrul, Khān of the Keraits, [153].
Toghrul III., overthrown by Tekish, [146].
Tokhāristān, Yué-Chi settlement in, [18];
Persians masters of, [30];
occupied by Al-Hakam, [39];
incorporated with Transoxiana, [192].
Tokhtamish Khān, [171], [183] note, [235].
Transcaspia—boundaries and physical features, [321];
productions and industries, [322];
administration, [325];
taxation, [336];
transport, [337];
irrigation methods, [331–34];
education, [335];
drunkenness, [329];
statistics of crime, [327–28];
epidemics, [330];
Turkomans (see that [title]).
Transoxiana—Yué-Chi powerful in, [17];
Ephthalites in, [21];
tribes defeated by Bahrām Gūr, [24];
Turks masters of, [30];
suggested conquest by Anūshirawān, [30] note;
Kutayba’s expeditions to, [47–55];
Turks driven out, [75];
revolt of Nīzek, [56];
reduced by `Omāra ibn Horaym, [73];
Rāfi` master of, [97];
governorship held by Sāmānides, [105–13];
fall of Sāmānides, [119];
Melik Shāh master of, [132];
Kara-Khitāys in possession of, [137], [139];
inherited by Chaghatāy, [160];
Amīr Kazghan master of, [166];
Bayān Seldūz and Hāji Birlās rulers of, [167];
invaded by Khān of Jatah, [167], [169];
Sultan Khalīl in possession of, [174];
Ulugh Beg governor of, [175];
invasion by `Abd ul-Latīf, [177];
Abū Sa`īd master of, [177];
condition under Sultan Ahmad, [178];
Uzbeg rule in, [184–92];
Bāber master of, [186];
Tokhāristān and Badakshān incorporated with, [192];
Astrakhan dynasty in, [192–203];
dialect in, [180] (see also [Bokhārā], [Samarkand], etc.).
Tsin Chi Hwang-ti, [14].
Tufghāj, the, [121].
Tūghluk Tīmūr Khān, [167].
Tūkā Tīmūr, [183] note.
Tu-kiué, [29].
Tukta, [155].
Tūlī, [158].
Tulun, [21].
Tumen, [29].
Tung-nu (Eastern Tartars), war with Hiung-nu, [15];
Yué-Chi (see that [title]).
Turkān, Queen, [142–45].
Turkestān—boundaries and earliest references, [3];
Turkish migration to, [124];
conquered by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137];
social conditions under successors of Chaghatāy, [162];
partly overrun by Abū-l-Khayr, [184];
attacked by Kokandis, [248];
made frontier district, [249];
governor-general appointed to, [253];
Samarkand incorporated with, [255];
Kokand incorporated, [260];
dialect, [180].
Turkī dialect, [180].
Turkomans—derivation, [266];
branch of Western Turks, [124], [265];
migration, [265];
various tribes, [266–68];
government of, [272];
growth of hereditary principle, [273];
raids, [274–76];
slavery, [276];
horses of, [276];
appearance and dress, [279];
characteristics, [280];
weaving, [282];
extent and physical features of territory, [262–65];
defeat by Uzbegs, [188];
conflicts with Persia, [267–68], [269–70], [272];
conflict with Khiva, [269];
Merv occupied by, [269–72];
Russian conquest, war of extermination by General Kauffman, [284];
expedition of Lomakin, [286–87];
of Skobeleff, [289–99];
battle of Geok Teppe, [291–97];
Transcaspia (see that [title]).
Turks—divisions of, [29], [123];
migrations, [124], [129];
relations with Persians, [30–32];
defeated by Rabī` ibn Ziyād, [39];
Islām embraced by Turks in Balāsāghūn, [120];
[Kirghiz], [Turkomans], [Uzbegs], etc. (see those titles).
Tver, [234].
`Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, [39].
`Ubaydullah (son of Subhān Kulī Khān), [199].
`Ubaydullah, Sultan, [186], [189], [190], [191] note.
Uīghūrs (Kara-Khānides), [114–22];
first mention of name, [116];
Sakas intermixed with, [17];
urban life, [163].
Ujfalvy, cited [17] note, passim.
Ulugh Beg, governor of Transoxiana, [175];
proclaimed emperor, [176];
murdered by son, [177];
arithmetician and astronomer, [180].
Umayya ibn `Abdullah ibn Khālid, [43].
Umayyads, the, various Caliphs (see their titles);
descent of Umayya traced, [80];
origin of dispute with `Abbāsids, [80];
downfall, [85].
Urdu Bālik, [115].
Ustādsīs, [93].
Usuns, territory of, [15].
Uzbegī dialect, [180].
Uzbegs, the, [183–93];
Kazaks, [183];
characteristics, [365];
Samarkand plundered by, [176];
mastery gained over Sultan Ahmad, [178];
Mangit dynasty, [204–21], [365].
Valerian, Emperor, captured by Shāpūr I., [23].
Vāli Mahammad, [195].
Vambéry, cited [39] note, passim.
Vardān, battle of, [52–54].
Vardān-Khudāt, the, king of Bokhārā, [51], [52].
Varkā, [49] note.
Vassili I., [236].
Vassili III., [236].
Vassilief, Prof., cited [149] note.
“Veiled Prophet of Khorāsān” (Mokanna`), [94].
Veliaminof-Zernof, M., cited [183], [185] seq.
Veneti, plains of Eastern Europe invaded by, [225].
Vine cultivation in Samarkand, [399–401].
Vladimir, building of, [231].
Vladimir of Novogorod, [229].
Von Hammer, J., cited [133] note.
Von Struve, Colonel, [251] note.
Wakī`, [67].
Weaving, tradition concerning, [399].
Weil, quo. [87] note, passim.
Wei-wu-rh, Kara-Khānides known to Chinese as, [116].
Welīd, Caliph, [46], [61].
Wends, the, [225].
Wheeled traffic on Persian roads, [27] note.
White Horde, the, [182].
White Huns (see [Ephthalites]).
Wolff, cited [170] note, passim.
Wu-ti, Emperor, alliance with Yué-Chi, [17].
Yādgār Mīrzā, [177].
Yahya, Amīr of Shāsh, [101].
Ya`kūb ibn Layth, [103–5].
Yamuds, the, [268].
Yani Kurgān, conquered by Russians, [252].
Yār Mohammad Khān, [194].
Yarkand, occupied by Great Yué-Chi, [16];
conquered by Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137];
dialect of, [180].
Yarkand Daryā, Sakas driven to upper valleys of, [17].
Yaroslav the Wise, [230].
Yatīmatu ’d-Dahr, cited [111] note.
Ye-liu Ta-shi, [137], [138].
Yemenites, war with Modharites, [78].
Yenekale, Straits of (Caucasian Bosphorus), [13].
Yetha (see [Ephthalites]).
Yezdijerd II., [25].
Yezdijerd III., [37].
Yezīd ibn Mazyad, [94].
Yezīd ibn Merwān, [41], [42].
Yezīd ibn Muhallab, [44], [63], [64–70].
Yezīd II., [69–71].
Yissugāy, [150], [152].
Y-li, [139] note.
Yué-Chi—extent of empire, [15];
divisions of, [16];
alliance with China, [17];
Bactria in possession of, [18], [19];
encounters with Parthians, [19];
Kushan clan, sovereignty of, recognised, [19], [20];
founder of Little Yué-Chi, [20];
fall of, [20].
Yule, Colonel, cited [19] note.
Yūsuf, Alp Arslān killed by, [131] note.
Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm (El-Barm), [94].
Zāb, battle of the, [84].
Zafar-Nāmé, Life of Tamerlane, two works of that name, [168] note.
Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, [179], [180];
war with Uzbegs, [184], [186], [187].
Zarafshān, Bokhārā watered by, [360];
cultivation of cotton on banks of, [386].
Zariaspa, identification of, [8].
Zelenoi, General, [301].
Zermihr (Sukhrā), [26], [27].
Zernof, Veliaminof, M., cited [183], [185] notes.
Zingis (see [Chingiz]).
Ziyād (brother of Caliph Mo`awiya), [38], [39].
Ziyād, governor of Samarkand, [85], [86].
Zoroastrianism, toleration of, provided in truce between Rome and Bahrām Gūr, [24];
supplanted by Islām, [45];
revolt of Sinbad, [90].
Zotenberg’s translation of Tabari, cited [67] notes, passim.
Zulkarnayn, or Two Horned, title of Alexander, [9].
Zungaria, Sakas driven to, [16].

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. Due to the large number of transliterated/accented words, no attempt was made to check spelling in this eBook.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.

Transcriber has attempted to show macrons, `ayns, and hamzas as they were printed in the source book, using the accent grave (`) to represent `ayn, and the accent acute (´) to represent hamza. However: as with English words, when there was a predominant transliterated spelling, with or without such marks, variants were changed to match them. All-caps words, such as the ones in headings and illustration captions, generally were unmarked in the source book, but are shown here with the marks.

Frequent occurrences of variants of some words were retained here, including: