VOLUME II

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
NEW YORK LONDON
1917

Copyright, 1917, by
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY

Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II

PAGE
CHAPTER XXVI
Explorations in Florida and the South Atlantic
Obituary published in London on day of his arrival in New York—Assistancefrom the Government—John Bachman becomes his friend—Winterin Charleston—His folios as gifts—To Florida with twoassistants—Letters to Featherstonhaugh—St. Augustine—Misadventuresin the mud of East Florida—Audubon on Florida's future—Atthe sources of the St. John's—Aboard the Marion—Returnfrom Key West—A merchant of Savannah—Disbanding ofparty at Charleston[1]
CHAPTER XXVII
Eastern Visit and Explorations in the North Atlantic
Bachman's success as a canvasser—Boston visit—Journey to Portland—Ascentof the St. John's—Return overland—Victor Audubon becomeshis father's agent—Winter in Boston—The Golden Eagle—Strickenwith illness—Expedition to Labrador planned—Americansupport—Sails from Eastport with five assistants—Discoveriesand adventures on the Labrador—Safe return—Another winter inCharleston—Sued for old debts—Experience with vultures—Adviceand instruction to a son—Working habits—Return to England [26]
CHAPTER XXVIII
Thorns on the Rose
Contributions to magazines—Attacked in Philadelphia—Statement toSully—The rattlesnake episode—Behavior of a Philadelphia editor—Mistakenidentity in account of the reptile—Lesson of the serpent'stooth—Audubon's long lost lily rediscovered—"Nosariansand Anti-Nosarians"—Bachman and Audubon on vultures—Aim ofthe critics—Authorship in the Biography—His most persistentheckler—Pitfall of analogy[67]
CHAPTER XXIX
Sidelights on Audubon and His Contemporaries
What was a Quinarian?—Controversy over the authorship of the OrnithologicalBiography—Audubon's quaint proposal—Swainson's reply—Friendshipsuffers a check—Species-mongers—Hitting at oneover the shoulders of another—Swainson as a biographer—His career—Bonaparte'sgrievance—A fortune in ornithology—Labors ofJohn Gould and his relations with Audubon—The freemasonry ofnaturalists[93]
CHAPTER XXX
Audubon and MacGillivray
In London once more—MacGillivray's assistance continued—Return toEdinburgh—MacGillivray's character and accomplishments—Audubon'sacknowledgments—Tributes of "Christopher North"—Resultsof overwork—Fusillades from "Walton Hall"—Progress of thelarge plates[125]
CHAPTER XXXI
Third American Tour, 1836-1837
In New York harbor—Collections from the Far West—Audubon's effortsto secure them—Return to Boston—Friendship of DanielWebster—Renewed efforts to obtain the Nuttall-Townsend collection—Expeditionto the west coast of Florida—Deferred governmentalaid—Another winter with Bachman—Overland journey toNew Orleans—On board the Crusader—Mistaken for pirates—WithHarris and his son explores the Gulf coast—The Republic of Texas—Visitto its capital and president—Meeting in Charleston—Marriageof his son—Their return to England[146]
CHAPTER XXXII
Audubon's Greatest Triumph
Extension of his work—Financial panic and revolt of patrons—Newwestern collections—His "book of Nature" completed—Work on theletterpress in Edinburgh—Vacation in the Highlands—Commissionsto Harris—Parting address to the reader—Dissolution of theHavell engraving establishment—The residuum of The Birds ofAmerica—Robert Havell, engraver, and his family—Lizars' firstedition and the Havell reissues of plates—Brief manual for collectors—Appreciations—Totaledition of The Birds of America—Pastand present prices—The Rothschild incident[168]
CHAPTER XXXIII
New Enterprises and Life at "Minnie's Land"
Settlement in New York—The Birds in miniature, and work on theQuadrupeds—Marriage of Victor Audubon—Coöperation of Bachmanin the Quadrupeds secured—Prospectuses—History of the octavoedition of the Birds—Baird's enthusiasm and efficient aid—Parkman'sWren—Baird's visit to Audubon in New York—"Lookout for Martens," and wildcats—New home on the Hudson—Godwin'spilgrimage to "Minnie's Land" in 1842[208]
CHAPTER XXXIV
Expedition to the Upper Missouri
Ambitions at fifty-seven—Plans his last expedition in the rôle of naturalist—Credentialsfrom public men—Canvassing tour in Canadadescribed—Baird's plans to accompany Audubon west frustrated—Westernexpedition begun—Ascent of the Missouri and Yellowstone—Discoveriesof new birds—A wilderness that howls—Buffalo hunting—Passingof the great herds—Return from Fort Union—Incidenton the canal boat—Completion of the octavo edition of theBirds[239]
CHAPTER XXXV
Final Work Days
Painting the Quadrupeds—Assistance of Bachman and Audubon's sons—Copperplates of the Birds go through the fire in New York—Audubona spectator at the ruins—Bachman's ultimatum—Successof the illustrations of the Quadrupeds—Bachman's letterpress—Recommendationof Baird—J. W. Audubon in London—Bachman'sassistants—His life and labors—Decline of Audubon's powers—Dr.Brewer's visit—Audubon's last letters—His death at "Minnie'sLand"[261]
CHAPTER XXXVI
Afterword: Audubon's Family in America
Bachman completes his text on the Quadrupeds—Victor Audubon's successin canvassing—John Woodhouse Audubon's family—Newhouses at "Minnie's Land"—Second octavo edition of the Birds—VictorAudubon's illness and death—Attempt to reissue The Birdsof America in America—The residual stock of this imperfect edition—Deathof John Woodhouse Audubon—His career and work asan artist and field collector—Mrs. Audubon resumes her old vocation—Fateof "Minnie's Land"—Death of Mrs. Audubon—Hershare in her husband's fame—Story written on Audubon's originaldrawings—Fate of the original copper plates of the Birds—A boycomes to the rescue—"Minnie's Land" today—The "Cave"—A real"Audubon Park"[291]
APPENDIX I
Original Documents
1. Copy of the original bill rendered by Doctor Sanson, physicianat Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, to Jean Audubon, containing theonly existing record of the birth of his son, Jean Jacques FougèreAudubon, on April 26, 1785; Les Cayes, December 29, 1783-October19, 1785[314]
1a. Translation of the Sanson Bill[315]
2. Copy of the Act of Adoption of Fougère (John James Audubon)and Muguet (Rosa Audubon), Nantes, March 7, 1794[328]
3. Copy of the Act of Baptism of Jean Jacques Fougère Audubon,Nantes, October 23, 1800[329]
4. Copy of a bill of sale of Negroes rendered by Monsieur Ollivierto Monsieur Audubon, Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, 1785[330]
5. Statement of Accounts of Messrs. Audubon, Lacroix, Formon &Jacques in the purchase of Negroes from M. Th. Johnston, LesCayes, Santo Domingo, 1785[331]
6. Copy of bill of sale of Negroes to Monsieur Audubon, and aStatement of his account with Messrs. Lucas Brothers & Constant,Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, August 7, 1785-June 9, 1788[334]
7. Accounts of William Bakewell of "Fatland Ford" as protégé ofhis future son-in-law, and as attorney or agent for Audubon &Rozier, giving certain exact indications of the naturalist's earlymovements and personal relations, before and after finally leaving"Mill Grove," January 4, 1805-April 9, 1810[336]
8. Concerning a Power of Attorney issued by Lieutenant Audubonand Anne Moynet Audubon to Ferdinand Rozier and John Audubon,the Younger, at Couëron, France, in 1805; parts inFrench translated by a Philadelphia notary; signatures of originaldocument authenticated by the Mayor of Couëron, October21, 1805; his attest of the legality of Anne Moynet Audubon'ssignature at Couëron, October 27, 1805; authentication of thesignature of the Mayor of Couëron by the Subprefect of Savenay,November 27, 1805; attest of the Subprefect's signature bythe Prefect[340]
9. Articles of Association of Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozierto govern their partnership in business; drawn up at Nantes,March 23, 1806[344]
9a. Translation of the Articles of Association of Jean Audubon andFerdinand Rozier[346]
10. Power of Attorney issued by Lieutenant Jean Audubon, AnneMoynet Audubon and Claude François Rozier, to their respectivesons, Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier, at Nantes, France,April 4, 1806, eight days before the latter embarked to Americato enter upon their partnership in business[350]
10a. Translation of the Power of Attorney issued by Jean Audubon,Anne Moynet Audubon, and Claude François Rozier to JeanAudubon and Ferdinand Rozier, April 4, 1806[351]
11. Account current of John Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier withthe estate of Benjamin Bakewell, late commission merchant inNew York, showing their dealings and standing with this houseduring the first sixteen months of their business experience in theWest. Covers the period August 1, 1807, to December 13, 1808[354]
11a. Final Account of Francis Dacosta, rendered July 25, 1807, toLieutenant Jean Audubon, his partner in the unfortunate miningenterprise at "Mill Grove"; later contested and settled by arbitration[356]
12. Quit Claim or Release given by John James Audubon to FerdinandRozier on the Dissolution of their Partnership in Business,at Sainte Geneviève, Upper Louisiana (Missouri), April 6, 1811[359]
13. Copy of a portion of the first Will of Lieutenant Jean Audubon,Couëron, May 20, 1812[360]
14. Copy of the second and last Will of Lieutenant Jean Audubon,March 15, 1816[361]
15. Copy of a portion of the first Will of Madame Anne Moynet,wife of Lieutenant Audubon, December 4, 1814[363]
16. Copy of a portion of the second Will of Madame Jean Audubon,May 10, 1816[364]
17. Copy of the third Will, "No. 169, of Madame Anne Moynet,widow of M. Jean Audubon, living at his house called "La Gerbetière,"and situated near the village of Port-Launay, not farfrom Couëron," December 26, 1819[366]
18. Copy of a portion of the fourth and last will of Madame JeanAudubon, living at the house of "The Turtle Doves" ("Les Tourterelles"),at Couëron, July 16, 1821[367]
19. Notice of the death of Lieutenant Jean Audubon, from the officialregistry of Nantes, Nantes, February 19, 1818[369]
20. Letter of Lieutenant Jean Audubon to Francis Dacosta, hisAmerican agent and attorney, relating to the conduct of his son,and to the lead mine at "Mill Grove" farm, transliterated fromphotographic copy of duplicate (Letter No. 4) in Jean Audubon'sletter-book. Nantes, March 10, 1805[370]
21. Letters of John James Audubon to Claude François Rozier,father, and to Ferdinand Rozier, son, immediately precedingand following his active partnership in business with the latter,1807 and 1812[372]
APPENDIX II
Audubon's Early Dated Drawings Made in France andAmerica
Drawings now in the collections of Mr. Joseph Y. Jeanes of Philadelphia,and formerly belonging to Mr. Edward Harris, of Moorestown,New Jersey; of Mr. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Massachusetts,and of Harvard University[375]
APPENDIX III
"The Birds of America"
1. Final Lists of Subscribers to The Birds of America, folio edition,as published by Audubon in 1839[380]
2. Prospectus of The Birds of America, as issued in 1828, whenten Numbers of the original folio were engraved[386]
3. Prospectus of the Second (partial) Edition of The Birds ofAmerica, issued by John Woodhouse Audubon, through Messrs.Trubner & Company, London, 1859[389]
APPENDIX IV
Authentic Likenesses of Jean Jacques Fougère Audubon[392]
APPENDIX V
Bibliography
Containing a fully annotated list of Audubon's writings, biographies,criticism, and Auduboniana[401]
Index[457]

ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME II

Audubon. After a portrait by George P. A. Healy, 1838. Photogravure[Frontispiece]
PAGE
"Beechgrove," William Garrett Johnson's plantation house near St. Francisville, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, where Mrs. Audubon lived and taught from 1827 to 1829[Facing 6]
John Bachman's house in Charleston, South Carolina[Facing 6]
Early drawing in water color of the Carolina Parrot on branch of the hickory, 1811, hitherto unpublished[Facing 20]
John Bachman at thirty-two. After an engraving by Charles C. Wright of a portrait by A. Fisher[Facing 32]
Robert Havell at eighty-five. After a photograph taken shortly before his death in 1878[Facing 32]
Letter of Dr. George Parkman to Audubon, May 25, 1833[43]
Pileated Woodpeckers on the "Raccoon Grape," The Birds of America, Plate CXI. After the original engraving by Robert Havell, 1831. Color[Facing 46]
Letter of Robert Havell to Audubon, June 15, 1833[51]
John George Children[Facing 64]
Edward Harris[Facing 64]
John Bachman[Facing 72]
George Ord[Facing 72]
Samuel Latham Mitchell[Facing 72]
Charles Waterton[Facing 72]
Dr. Thomas Cooper, President of South Carolina College. After a contemporary silhouette[78]
Vindication of Audubon's representation of the fangs of the southern rattlesnake as recurved at their tips. Detail from The Birds of America, Plate XXI, and photograph of the skull of a recent Florida specimen[Facing 80]
Bluebirds on a stalk of the "great Mullein," The Birds of America, Plate CXIII. After the original engraving by Robert Havell, 1831. Color[Facing 100]
William Swainson[Facing 118]
Thomas Nuttall[Facing 118]
Charles Lucien Bonaparte[Facing 118]
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque[Facing 118]
Audubon. After an engraving by H. B. Hall of a portrait painted by Henry Inman in 1833[Facing 126]
Letter of William MacGillivray to Audubon, October 22, 1834[Facing 131]
Part of the original draft of Audubon's manuscript for the Introduction to Volume II of the Ornithological Biography, giving list of names of persons to whom Audubon carried credentials on his first visit to London in 1827[Facing 133]
Audubon's inscription in a copy of the Ornithological Biography, which he presented to William MacGillivray in 1839[Facing 138]
Early drawings of American birds, 1807-12, hitherto unpublished: the Whippoorwill and the American Robin, with details[Facing 144]
Bust of Audubon by William Couper, in front and profile views. After the original in the American Museum of Natural History, New York[Facing 160]
Life mask of Audubon, hitherto unpublished, in front and profile views. After the original made by Robert Havell in London, now in possession of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy of Harvard University[Facing 178]
Canvas-backed Ducks, with distant view of the city of Baltimore, Maryland, The Birds of America, Plate CCCI. After the original engraving by Robert Havell, 1836. Color[Facing 196]
Victor Gifford Audubon[Facing 210]
John Woodhouse Audubon[Facing 210]
Title page of the paper covers in which parts of the first American (octavo) edition of The Birds of America were originally issued[213]
Audubon. After a portrait painted by John Woodhouse and Victor Gifford Audubon about 1841[Facing 226]
"Minnie's Land," Audubon's home on the Hudson River, as it appeared in 1865. After a lithograph in Valentine's Manual[Facing 236]
"Minnie's Land," as it appears to-day from the river front protected by the retaining wall of Riverside Drive[Facing 236]
Audubon, with gun, horse, and dog. After a painting by John Woodhouse Audubon about 1841[Facing 244]
Letter of Edward Harris to Audubon, January 31, 1843[251]
Drawings for The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America: the American or Canada porcupine and rabbits. After the originals in water color in the American Museum of Natural History, New York[Facing 264]
Title page of Volume I of the English edition of the text of The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America[275]
John W. Audubon's inscription in a copy of Volume I of the text of the Quadrupeds (English edition), presented to John Edward Gray[280]
Audubon. After an engraving by Nordheim of a daguerreotype possibly earlier than 1849[Facing 280]
Audubon. After his last portrait, a daguerreotype made in New York about 1850[Facing 280]
Letter of John Bachman to George Oates, November 7, 1846[282]
Audubon's last (?) letter to Edward Harris, February 22, 1847[287]
House formerly belonging to Victor Gifford Audubon, east front, as it appears to-day[Facing 294]
House formerly belonging to John Woodhouse Audubon, south front, as it appears to-day[Facing 294]
Lucy Bakewell Audubon. After a miniature painted by Frederick Cruikshank in London, about 1831[Facing 304]
Lucy Bakewell Audubon. After an unpublished photograph of 1871[Facing 304]

AUDUBON
THE
NATURALIST