The Petrol Engine / A Text-book dealing with the Principles of Design and Construction, with a Special Chapter on the Two-stroke Engine

by Francis John Kean

London
E. & F. N. SPON, Limited, 57 HAYMARKET

New York
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET

1915

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CONTENTS

PAGE
List of Illustrations		[ix]
Preface		[xiii]
[CHAPTER I]
General Principles—
	Explosive Mixtures	[1]
	The Meaning of Suction	[2]
	The Meaning of Compression	[3]
	The Meaning of a Stroke	[3]
	The Otto Cycle	[5]
[CHAPTER II]
Description of a Typical Petrol Engine—
	The Cylinder	[8]
[CHAPTER III]
Engine Details—
	The Piston	[17]
	The Connecting Rod	[21]
	The Crankshaft	[23]
	The Flywheel	[25]
[CHAPTER IV]
The Valves—
	Poppet Valves	[29]
	Sleeve Valves	[31]
	The Camshafts and Eccentric Shafts	[33]
	The Timing Wheels	[37]
	The Crankchamber	[38]
[CHAPTER V]
The Carburettor and Carburation—
	The Float Chamber	[44]
	The Petrol Jet and Choke Tube	[46]
	The Mixing Chamber and Throttle Valve	[47]
	Recent Improvements in Carburettors	[47]
	Pressure Feed and Gravity Feed	[50]
[CHAPTER VI]
Ignition and Ignition Devices—
	The Sparking Plug	[51]
	The High Tension Magneto	[52]
	The Ignition Coil	[57]
	Wiring Diagram for Magneto Ignition System	[60]
	Wiring Diagram for a Coil Ignition System	[60]
	Timing the Ignition	[62]
[CHAPTER VII]
Lubrication—
	Properties of Oils	[63]
	Splash System of Lubrication	[63]
	Improved System of Splash Lubrication	[64]
	Forced Lubrication	[65]
[CHAPTER VIII]
Cooling—
	Natural or Thermo-Syphon Circulation	[69]
	Forced or Pump Circulation	[71]
[CHAPTER IX]
The Points of a Good Engine—
	Choosing the Number of Cylinders	[75]
	The Question of the Valves	[77]
	Economy and Durability	[79]
[CHAPTER X]
Two-stroke Engines—
	The Two-port Two-stroke Engine	[80]
	The “Kean” Duplex Air Scavenging Engine	[85]
	The Twin-cylinder Two-stroke Engine	[96]
[CHAPTER XI]
Horse-power and the Indicator Diagram—
	Work	[98]
	Power	[98]
	Brake Horse-power	[99]
	Rated Horse-power	[100]
	Indicated Horse-power	[101]
	The Indicator Diagram	[102]
[CHAPTER XII]
Liquid Fuels—
	Petrol	[108]
	Benzol	[108]
	Alcohol	[109]
	Paraffin	[109]
	Thermal Efficiency	[110]
APPENDIX
Engine Troubles		[113]
Timing the Ignition		[115]
INDEX		[117]

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

fig.	Description.	page
[1.]	Diagram to explain the meaning of Suction	1
[2].	Diagram to explain the meaning of Compression	2
[3].	Otto Cycle. The Suction Stroke	3
[4].	Otto Cycle. The Compression Stroke	4
[5].	Otto Cycle. The Power Stroke	5
[6].	Otto Cycle. The Exhaust Stroke	6
[7].	General arrangement of a Modern Petrol Engine	9
[8].	Sectional Drawing of a T-headed Cylinder	12
[9].	Outside View of a Water-jacketed Cylinder	12
[10].	Stud	14
[11].	Bolt	14
[12].	Setscrew	14
[13].	Motor-cycle Engine with air-cooled Cylinder	14
[14].	Aeroplane Engine Cylinder	15
[15].	Cast-iron Piston	18
[16].	Method of fixing Gudgeon Pin	19
[17].	Three forms of Piston-head	19
[18].	Connecting Rod in the form of a Stamping	20
[19].	Connecting Rod turned from a solid Bar of Steel	21
[20].	Crankpin and Crankwebs	22
[21].	Four-throw Crankshaft	23
[22].	Motor-cycle Crankpin	24
[23].	Balanced Crank	25
[24].	Sketch showing the unbalanced portion of a Crank	25
[25].	Balanced Two-throw Crankshaft	26
[26].	Force acting on a Flywheel Rim	26
[27].	Built-up Steel Flywheel	27
[28].	Flywheel turned from a Steel Stamping	28
29.	General arrangement of a Poppet Valve	30
[30].	Sectional Drawing of the Cylinder of a Sleeve-valve Engine	31
[31].	Sectional Drawing of the Cylinder of a Sleeve-valve Engine	32
[32].	Poppet Valve-head, showing Slot for Grinding-in purposes	34
[33].	Inlet and Exhaust Valve Cams	34
[34].	Eccentric Sheave and Rod for a Sleeve Valve	36
[35].	A Pair of Timing Wheels	37
[36].	A Crank Chamber, outside end view	39
[37].	A Crank Chamber, sectional view	39
[38].	General arrangement of the Carburetting Plant	43
[39].	Sectional Drawing of a Carburettor of the Jet Type	44
[40].	Plain Form of the Choke Tube	47
[41].	Petrol Jet for atomising the Petrol	48
[42].	Compensated Petrol Jet	48
[43].	Automatic Spring-controlled Extra-air Valve	49
[44].	Plan View of Automatic Extra-air Valve	49
[45].	Sectional Drawing of a Sparking Plug	51
[46].	A Sparking Plug	52
[47].	Outside View of a High-tension Magneto	52
[48].	View of High Tension Magneto showing Distributor and Contact Breaker	53
[49].	End View of High Tension Magneto	54
[50].	An Ignition Coil	56
[51].	An Ignition Coil Case	57
[52].	Low Tension Contact Breaker for Coil Ignition (Wipe Form)	58
[53].	Wiring Diagram for Four Cylinder Engine with Magneto Ignition (High Tension)	60
[54].	Wiring Diagram for Four Cylinder Engine with Trembler Coil Ignition	61
[55].	Improved System of Splash Lubrication	64
[56].	Sectional View of Connecting Rod end, showing Scoop and Oil Trough	65
[57].	Forced Lubrication System	66
[58].	Sectional View of Rotary Oil Pump	67
[59].	A Rotary Oil Pump	67
60.	Thermo-syphon Water Cooling System	69
[61].	Forced Water Circulation by means of a Pump	70
[62].	Forms of Water Piping	74
[63].	Two-port Two-stroke Engine with Crankchamber Compression	81
[64].	Diagrammatic Sketch of a Duplex Two-stroke Air Scavenging Engine	87
[65].	General Arrangement of the “Kean” Two-stroke Engine	91
[66].	Twin-cylinder Two-stroke Engine with Crankchamber Compression	97
[67].	Petrol Engine Brake	100
[68].	Force-space or “Work” Diagram	103
[69].	Petrol Engine Indicator Diagram Four-stroke Cycle	105
[70].	Petrol Indicator Diagram for a Two-stroke Engine	106
[71].	Diagram of Valve-setting	116