Fig. 8.—Sectional Drawing of a T-headed Water-Jacketed Cylinder. Valves on opposite sides of Cylinder.
Fig. 9.—Outside View of a Water-Jacketed Cylinder.
Figs. [8]8 and [9] show two views of a single motor-car engine cylinder, the water-jacket forming part of the cylinder casting. In the figures C is the cylinder barrel or bore; J the water-jacket; I the inlet for the jacket water; O the outlet for the jacket water; D is for the compression tap; S for the sparking plug; V1, V2 are the valve seats; G1, G2 are the valve stem guides; H1, H2 are caps which may be removed when the valves are being put in or taken out; f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 are called flanges. The flange f1 is used for attaching the cylinder to the crankchamber; while it is quite true that the force of the explosion within the cylinder drives the piston downwards, it is equally true that it also tends to force the cylinder head off or to blow the cylinder casting upwards off the crankchamber, unless it is securely fastened to it by means of screws or bolts passing through the flange f1. The flanges, f2, f3 are for the inlet and outlet water pipe attachments, and f4, f5 are for the induction pipe and exhaust pipe connexions. Generally the pipes will have flanges and be held tight against the flanges on the cylinder casting by means of screws or studs. Figs. [10], [11], and [12] show how two metal flanges are held in contact by means of screws or studs or bolts, and they also show the packing materials between the metal surfaces which keep the joint tight and prevent water or gas leaking across the flanges and escaping to the outside air, or air leaking in if the internal pressure is below that of the atmosphere.
Stud
Fig. 10.