The works of Francis Maitland Balfour, Volume 3 (of 4)

by Francis M. Balfour

Those from the mesoblast are (1) the general connective tissue and skeleton; (2) the vascular system and body cavity; (3) the muscular system; (4) the urinogenital system.

Those from the hypoblast are the alimentary tract and its derivates; with which the stomodæum and proctodæum and their respective derivates are also dealt with.

Bibliography.

General works dealing with the development of the organs of the Chordata.

(291) K. E. von Baer. Ueber Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Thiere. Königsberg, 1828-1837.
(292) F. M. Balfour. A Monograph on the development of Elasmobranch Fishes. London, 1878.
(293) Th. C. W. Bischoff. Entwicklungsgesch. d. Säugethiere U. d. Menschen. Leipzig, 1842.
(294) C. Gegenbaur. Grundriss d. vergleichenden Anatomie. Leipzig, 1878. Vide also English translation, Elements of Comp. Anatomy. London, 1878.
(295) M. Foster and F. M. Balfour. The Elements of Embryology. Part I. London, 1874.
(296) Alex. Götte. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Unke. Leipzig, 1875.
(297) W. His. Untersuch. üb. d. erste Anlage d. Wirbelthierleibes. Leipzig, 1868.
(298) A. Kölliker. Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Menschen u. der höheren Thiere. Leipzig, 1879.
(299) H. Rathke. Abhandlungen ü. Bildung und Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Menschen u. d. Thiere. Leipzig, 1838.
(300) H. Rathke. Entwicklungs. d. Natter. Königsberg, 1839.
(301) H. Rathke. Entwicklungs. d. Wirbelthiere. Leipzig, 1861.
(302) R. Remak. Untersuchungen üb. d. Entwicklung d. Wirbelthiere. Berlin, 1850-1855.
(303) S. L. Schenk. Lehrbuch d. vergleich. Embryologie d. Wirbelthiere. Wien, 1874.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS DERIVATIVES.

In many of the Cœlenterata the outermost layer of the blastoderm is converted as a whole into the skin or ectoderm. The cells composing it become no doubt in part differentiated into muscular elements and in part into nervous elements, &c.; but still it may remain through life as a simple external membrane. This membrane contains in itself indefinite potentialities for developing into various organs, and in all the true Triploblastica these potentialities are more or less realized. The embryonic epiblast ceases in fact, in the higher forms, to become converted as a whole into the epidermis, but first gives rise to parts of the nervous system, organs of special sense, and other parts.

After the formation of these parts the remnant of the epiblast gives rise to the epidermis, and often unites more or less intimately with a subjacent layer of mesoblast, known as the dermis, to form with it the skin.