The cavity of the sack rapidly enlarges, and assumes a spherical form. At the same time a layer of mesoblast grows in between the walls of the sack and the external epiblast. Two new structures soon arise nearly simultaneously ([fig. 279]),—which become in the adult eye the iris (cc) and the posterior segment of the lens. The iris is formed as a circular fold of the skin in front of the optic vesicle. It consists both of epiblast and mesoblast, and gives rise to a pit lined by epiblast. The posterior segment of the lens arises as a structureless rod-like body, which is shewn in [fig. 279] depending from the inner side of the anterior wall of the optic vesicle. Its exact mode of origin is somewhat obscure. The following is Lankester’s account of it[184]: “It is formed entirely within the primitive optic chamber, and at first depends as a short cylindrical rod from the middle point of the anterior wall of that chamber, that is to say, from the point at which the chamber finally closed up. It grows subsequently by the deposition of concentric layers of a horny material round this cone. No cells appear to be immediately concerned in effecting the deposition, and it must be looked upon as an organic concretion, formed from the liquid contained in the primitive optic chamber.”
The lens would thus appear to be a cuticular structure. It gradually assumes a nearly spherical form; and is then composed of concentrically arranged layers ([fig. 280], hl).
While the lens is being formed, the ciliary epithelium of the optic vesicle becomes divided into two layers, an outer layer of large cells and an inner of small cells. Both layers are at first continuous across the anterior wall of the optic chamber in front of the lens, but soon become confined to the sides ([fig. 280] A, cc and gz). The inner layer is stated by Lankester to give rise to the muscles present in the adult. The mesoblast cells also disappear from the region in front of the lens, and the outer epithelium is converted into a kind of cuticular membrane. By these changes the original layers of cells in front of the lens become reduced to mere membranes,—a change which appears to be preparatory to the appearance of the anterior segment of the lens. The formation of the latter has not been fully followed out by any investigator except Bobretzky. His figures would seem to indicate that it is formed as a cuticular deposit in front of the membrane already spoken of ([fig. 280] B, vl). The two segments of the lens appear at any rate to be separated by a membrane continuous with the ciliary region of the optic vesicle.
Grenacher believes that the front part of the lens is formed in a pocket-like depression of the epiblastic layer covering the outer side of the optic cup; and Lankester thinks that the lens “pushes its way through the median anterior area of the primitive optic chamber, and projects into the second or anterior optic chamber where the iridian folds lie closely upon it.”
While the lens is attaining its complete development there appears a fresh fold round the circumference of the eye, which gradually grows inwards so as to form a chamber outside the parts already present. This chamber is the anterior optic chamber of the adult. In most Cephalopods ([fig. 277] C) the edges of the fold do not quite meet, but leave a larger or smaller aperture leading into the chamber containing the iris, outer segment of the lens, etc. In some forms however they meet and coalesce, and so shut off this chamber from communication with the exterior. The edge of the fold constitutes the cornea while the remainder of it gives rise to the sclerotic.
Fig. 280. Sections through the developing eye of Loligo at two stages. (After Bobretzky.)
hl. inner segment of lens; vl. outer segment of lens; a and a´. epithelium lining the anterior optic chamber; gz. large epiblast cells of ciliary body; cc. small epiblast cells of ciliary body; ms. layer of mesoblast between the two epiblastic layers of the ciliary body; af. and if. fold of iris; rt. retina; rt´´. inner layer of retina; st. rods; aq. cartilage of the choroid.
The retina is at first a thick layer of numerous rows of oval cells ([fig. 279]). When the inner segment of the lens is far advanced towards its complete formation pigment becomes deposited in the anterior part of the retina, and a layer of rods grows out from the surface turned towards the cavity of the optic vesicle ([fig. 280] A, st). At a slightly later stage the retina becomes divided into two layers (Bobretzky), a thicker anterior layer, and a thinner posterior layer ([fig. 280], rt and rt´´). The former is composed of two strata, (1) the rods and (2) a stratum with numerous rows of nuclei which becomes in the adult the granular layer with its pigment. The posterior layer gives rise to the cellular part of the posterior division of the retina, while layers of connective tissue around it give rise to the connective tissue of this portion of the retina (layer 6 in the scheme on p. [474]). The nervous layer is derived from the optic ganglion which attaches itself to the inner side of the connective tissue layer.
The greater part of the choroid is formed from the mesoblast adjoining the retina, but the epithelium covering its outer wall is of epiblastic origin.