The posterior part of the canal deepens much more rapidly than the rest ([fig. 20] C), and the medullary folds unite dorsally and convert the posterior end of the medullary groove into a closed canal, while the groove is still widely open elsewhere. The medullary canal does not end blindly behind, but simply forms a tube not closed at either extremity. The importance of this fact will appear later.
Shortly after the medullary folds have met behind the whole canal becomes closed in. This occurs in the usual way by the junction and coalescence of the medullary folds. In the course of the closing of the medullary groove the edges of the cephalic plate, which have at first a ventral curvature, become bent up in the normal manner, and enclose the dilated cephalic portion of the medullary canal. The closing of the medullary canal takes place earlier in the head and neck than in the back.
An anterior pore at the front end of the canal, like that in Amphioxus and the Ascidians, is not found. The further differentiation of the central nervous system is described in a special chapter: it may however here be stated that the walls of the medullary canal give rise not only to the central nervous system but to the peripheral also.
Mesoblast. The mesoblast was left as two lateral plates continuous behind with the undifferentiated cells of the caudal swellings.
The cells composing them become arranged in two layers ([fig. 20] C, lp), a splanchnic layer adjoining the hypoblast, and a somatic layer adjoining the epiblast. Between these two layers there is soon developed in the region of the head a well-marked cavity ([fig. 20] A, pp) which is subsequently continued into the region of the trunk, and forms the primitive body cavity, equivalent to the cavity originating as an outgrowth of the archenteron in Amphioxus. The body cavities of the two sides are at first quite independent.
Fig. 21. Transverse section through the trunk of an embryo slightly older than fig. 28 E.
nc. neural canal; pr. posterior root of spinal nerve; x. subnotochordal rod; ao. aorta; sc. somatic mesoblast; sp. splanchnic mesoblast; mp. muscle-plate; mp´. portion of muscle-plate converted into muscle; Vv. portion of the vertebral plate which will give rise to the vertebral bodies; al. alimentary tract.
Coincidentally with the appearance of differentiation into somatic and splanchnic layers the mesoblast plates become in the region of the trunk partially split by a series of transverse lines of division into mesoblastic somites. Only the dorsal parts of the plates become split in this way, their ventral parts remaining quite intact. As a result of this each plate becomes divided into a dorsal portion adjoining the medullary canal, which is divided into somites, and may be called the vertebral plate, and a ventral portion not so divided, which may be called the lateral plate. These two parts are at this stage quite continuous with each other; and the body cavity originally extends uninterruptedly to the summit of the vertebral plates ([fig. 21]).