CONTENTS
[ CHAPTER XXIII.] THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR—CHARLES VI. AND THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY
[ CHAPTER XXIV.] THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR.—CHARLES VII. AND JOAN OF ARC (1422-1461)
[ CHAPTER XXV.] LOUIS XI. (1461-1483.)
[ CHAPTER XXVI.] THE WARS OF ITALY.— CHARLES VIII. (1483-1498.)
[ CHAPTER XXVII.] THE WARS IN ITALY.—LOUIS XII. (1498-1515.)ILLUSTRATIONS
[ Hotel de Ville Bourges——frontispiece ]
[ The Procession Went over the Gates——16 ]
[ Charles Vi. And Odette——71 ]
[ Murder of the Duke Of Orleans——38 ]
[ Death of Valentine de Milan——45 ]
[ The Body of Charles VI. Lying in State——84 ]
[ Portrait of Joan Of Arc——85 ]
[ Joan of Arc in Her Father’s Garden——91 ]
[ Joan Entering Orleans——104 ]
[ Herself Drew out the Arrow——109 ]
[ Joan Examined in Prison——128 ]
[ Philip the Good of Burgundy——144 ]
[ The Constable Made his Entry on Horseback——150 ]
[ Jacques Coeur’s Hostel at Bourges——169 ]
[ Louis XI. And Burgesses Waiting for News——193 ]
[ Louis XI. And Charles the Rash at Peronne——209 ]
[ The Corpse of Charles the Rash Discovered——236 ]
[ Louis XI. At his Devotions——255 ]
[ Views of the Castle Of Plessis-les-tours——258 ]
[ Meeting Between Charles VIII., and Anne of Brittany——282 ]
CHAPTER XXIII.——THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR—
CHARLES VI. AND THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY.
Sully, in his Memoirs, characterizes the reign of Charles VI. as “that reign so pregnant of sinister events, the grave of good laws and good morals in France.” There is no exaggeration in these words; the sixteenth century with its St. Bartholomew and The League, the eighteenth with its reign of terror, and the nineteenth with its Commune of Paris, contain scarcely any events so sinister as those of which France was, in the reign of Charles VI., from 1380 to 1422, the theatre and the victim.
Scarcely was Charles V. laid on his bier when it was seen what a loss he was and would be to his kingdom. Discord arose in the king’s own family. In order to shorten the ever critical period of minority, Charles V. had fixed the king’s majority at the age of fourteen. His son, Charles VI., was not yet twelve, and so had two years to remain under the guardianship of his four uncles, the Dukes of Anjou, Berry, Burgundy, and Bourbon; but the last being only a maternal uncle and a less puissant prince than his paternal uncles, it was between the other three that strife began for temporary possession of the kingly power.
Though very unequal in talent and in force of character, they were all three ambitious and jealous. The eldest, the Duke of Anjou, who was energetic, despotic, and stubborn, aspired to dominion in France for the sake of making French influence subserve the conquest of the kingdom of Naples, the object of his ambition. The Duke of Berry was a mediocre, restless, prodigal, and grasping prince. The Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Bold, the most able and the most powerful of the three, had been the favorite, first of his father, King John, and then of his brother, Charles V., who had confidence in him and readily adopted his counsels. His marriage, in 1369, with the heiress to the countship of Flanders, had been vigorously opposed by the Count of Flanders, the young princess’s father, and by the Flemish communes, ever more friendly to England than to France; but the old Countess of Flanders, Marguerite of France, vexed at the ill will of the count her son, had one day said to him, as she tore open her dress before his eyes, “Since you will not yield to your mother’s wishes, I will cut off these breasts which gave suck to you, to you and to no other, and will throw them to the dogs to devour.” This singular argument had moved the Count of Flanders; he had consented to the marriage; and the Duke of Burgundy’s power had received such increment by it that on the 4th of October, 1380, when Charles VI. was crowned at Rheims, Philip the Bold, without a word said previously to any, suddenly went up and sat himself down at the young king’s side, above his eldest brother, the Duke of Anjou, thus assuming, without anybody’s daring to oppose him, the rank and the rights of premier peer of France.
He was not slow to demonstrate that his superiority in externals could not fail to establish his political preponderance. His father-in-law, Count Louis of Flanders, was in almost continual strife with the great Flemish communes, ever on the point of rising against the taxes he heaped upon them and the blows he struck at their privileges. The city of Ghent, in particular, joined complaint with menace. In 1381 the quarrel became war. The Ghentese at first experienced reverses. “Ah! if James Van Artevelde were alive!” said they. James Van Artevelde had left a son named Philip; and there was in Ghent a burgher-captain, Peter Dubois, who went one evening to see Philip Van Artevelde. “What we want now,” said he, “is to choose a captain of great renown. Raise up again in this country that father of yours who, in his lifetime, was so loved and feared in Flanders.” “Peter,” replied Philip, “you make me a great offer; I promise that, if you put me in that place, I will do nought without your advice.” “Ah! well!” said Dubois, “can you really be haughty and cruel? The Flemings like to be treated so; with them you must make no more account of the life of men than you do of larks when the season for eating them comes.” “I will do what shall be necessary,” said Van Artevelde. The struggle grew violent between the count and the communes of Flanders with Ghent at their head. After alternations of successes and reverses the Ghentese were victorious; and Count Louis with difficulty escaped by hiding himself at Bruges in the house of a poor woman who took him up into a loft where her children slept, and where he lay flat between the paillasse and the feather-bed. On leaving this asylum he went to Bapaume to see his son-in-law, the Duke of Burgundy, and to ask his aid. “My lord,” said the duke to him, “by the allegiance I owe to you and also to the king you shall have satisfaction. It were to fail in one’s duty to allow such a scum to govern a country. Unless order were restored, all knighthood and lordship might be destroyed in Christendom.” The Duke of Burgundy went to Senlis, where Charles VI. was, and asked for his support on behalf of the Count of Flanders. The question was referred to the king’s council. The Duke of Berry hesitated, saying, “The best part of the prelates and nobles must be assembled and the whole matter set before them; we will see what is the general opinion.” In the midst of this deliberation the young king came in with a hawk on his wrist. “Well! my dear uncles,” said he, “of what are you parleying? Is it aught that I may know?” The Duke of Berry enlightened him, saying, “A brewer, named Van Artevelde, who is English to the core, is besieging the remnant of the knights of Flanders shut up in Oudenarde; and they can get no aid but from you. What say you to it? Are you minded to help the Count of Flanders to reconquer his heritage, which those presumptuous villains have taken from him?”
“By my faith,” answered the king, “I am greatly minded; go we thither; there is nothing I desire so much as to get on my harness, for I have never yet borne arms; I would fain set out to-morrow.” Amongst the prelates and lords summoned to Compiegne some spoke of the difficulties and dangers that might be encountered. “Yes, yes,” said the king, “but ‘begin nought and win nought.’” When the Flemings heard of the king’s decision they sent respectful letters to him, begging him to be their mediator with the count their lord; but the letters were received with scoffs, and the messengers were kept in prison. At this news Van Artevelde said, “We must make alliance with the English; what meaneth this King Wren of France? It is the Duke of Burgundy leading him by the nose, and he will not abide by his purpose; we will frighten France by showing her that we have the English for allies.” But Van Artevelde was under a delusion; Edward III. was no longer King of England; the Flemings’ demand was considered there to be arrogant and opposed to the interests of the lords in all countries; and the alliance was not concluded. Some attempts at negotiation took place between the advisers of Charles VI. and the Flemings, but without success. The Count of Flanders repaired to the king, who said, “Your quarrel is ours; get you back to Artois; we shall soon be there and within sight of our enemies.”
Accordingly, in November, 1382, the King of France and his army marched into Flanders. Several towns, Cassel, Bergues, Gravelines, and Turnhout, hastily submitted to him.