SECTION V.
FROM THE DISCOVERY OF CAPE HORN TO THE APPLICATION OF STEAM TO NAVIGATION: 1616-1807.
| CHAPTER XXXV.—A Famous Vessel—The Mayflower—Her Appearance—TheSpeedwell—Departure of the Two Ships—Alleged Unseaworthiness of theSpeedwell—The Mayflower sails alone—The Equinoctial—Consultations—ARemedy applied—First View of the Land—Subsequent History and Fateof the Mayflower | [339] |
| CHAPTER XXXVI.—Discovery of New Holland—Tasman ordered to surveythe Island—Discovery of Van Diemen's Land—Of New Zealand—Murderers'Bay—The Friendly Islands—The Feejees—New Britain—An Earthquake atSea—A Copious Language—Circumnavigation of New Holland—Return toBatavia—Results of the Voyage—Dutch Opinions of Tasman's Merit | [346] |
| CHAPTER XXXVII.—Piracy—Origin of the Buccaneers—Their Manner ofLife—Dress—Occupation-The Island of Tortuga their Head-Quarters—TheirReligious Scruples—Manner of dividing Spoils—The Exterminator—TheObservance of the Sabbath—Exploits of Henry Morgan—Impotence ofthe Spaniards—Career of William Dampier—His First Piratical Cruise—Adventuresby Land and Sea—Description of the Plantain-Tree—LingeringDeaths by Poison—Reproaches of Conscience—The New-Hollanders—Dampier'sDangerous Voyage in an Open Boat—Piracy upon the American Coast—WilliamKidd sent against the Pirates—He turns Pirate himself—His Exploits,Detection, and Execution—His Buried Treasures—Wreck of theWhidah Pirate-Ship | [351] |
| CHAPTER XXXVIII.—The Voyage of Woodes Rogers-Desertion checkedby a Novel Circumstance—A Light seen upon the Island of Juan Fernandez—ABoat sent to Reconnoitre—Alexander Selkirk discovered—His Historyand Adventures—His Dress, Food, and Occupations—He ships with Rogersas Second Mate—Turtles and Tortoises—Fight with a Spanish Treasure-Ship—Profitsof the Voyage—The South Sea Bubble—Its Inflation and Collapse—Measuresof Relief | [373] |
| CHAPTER XXXIX.—The Dutch West India Company—Renewed Search forthe Terra Australis Incognita—Jacob Roggewein—His Voyage of Discovery—Brushwith Pirates—Arrival at Juan Fernandez—Easter Island—Its Inhabitants—Entertainmentof one on board the Ship—A Misunderstanding—Perniciousand Recreation Islands—Glimpse of the Society Islands—A Faminein the Fleet—Arrival at New Britain—Confiscation of the Ship at Batavia—Decisionof the States-General—Vitus Behring—Behring's Strait—Descriptionof the Scene—Death of Behring—Subsequent Survey of the Strait | [383] |
| CHAPTER XL.—Piratical Voyage under George Anson—Unparalleled Mortality—Arrivaland Sojourn at Juan Fernandez—A Prize—Capture of Paita—Preparationsto attack the Manilla Galleon—Disappointment—FortunateArrival at Tinian—Romantic Account of the Island—A Storm—Anson's Shipdriven out to Sea—The Abandoned Crew set about building a Boat—Returnof the Centurion—Battle with the Manilla Galleon—Anson's Arrival in England—TheProceeds of the Cruise | [393] |
| CHAPTER XLI.—The First Scientific Voyage of Circumnavigation—The Dolphinand Tamar—Byron in Patagonia—Falkland Islands—Islands of Disappointment—Arrivalat Tinian—Byron versus Anson—The Voyage Home—Wallisand Carteret—Their Observations in Patagonia—Wallis at Tahiti—ADesperate Battle—Nails lose their Value—A Tahitian Romance—Pitcairn'sIsland—Queen Charlotte's Islands—New Britain—The Voyage Home—AMan-of-War Destroyed by Fire | [410] |
| CHAPTER XLII.—Colonization of the Falkland Islands—Antoine de Bougainville—HisVoyage around the World—Adventure at Montevideo—The Patagonians—TakingPossession of Tahiti—French Gallantry—Ceremonies ofReception—Sojourn at the Island—Aotourou—The First Female Circumnavigator—Famineon Board—Remarkable Cascade—Arrival at the Moluccas—Incidentsthere—Return Home | [426] |
| CHAPTER XLIII.—Expedition despatched at the Instance of the Royal Society—LieutenantJames Cook—Incidents of the Voyages—A Night on Shorein Terra del Fuego—Arrival at Tahiti—The Natives pick their Pockets—TheObservatory—A Native chews a Quid of Tobacco—The Transit of Venus—Twoof the Marines take unto themselves Wives—New Zealand—Adventuresthere—Remarkable War-Canoe—Cannibalism demonstrated—Theory of aSouthern Continent subverted—New Holland—Botany Bay—The Endeavoron the Rocks—Expedient to stop the Leak—A Conflagration—Passagethrough a Reef—Arrival at Batavia—Mortality on the Voyage Home—Cookpromoted to the Rank of Commander | [435] |
| CHAPTER XLIV.—Cook's Second Voyage—A Storm—Separation of the Ships—AuroraAustralis—New Zealand—Six Water-Spouts at once—Tahiti again—PettyThefts of the Natives—Cook visits the Tahitian Theatre—Omai—Arrivalat the Friendly Islands—The Fleet witness a Feast of Human Flesh—TheNew Hebrides—New Caledonia—Return Home—Honors bestowedupon Cook | [451] |
| CHAPTER XLV.—Cook's Third Voyage—The Northwest Passage—Omai—HisReception at Home—The Crew forego their Grog—Discovery of the SandwichIslands—Nootka Sound—The Natives—Cape Prince of Wales—Two Continentsin Sight—Icy Cape—Return to the Sandwich Islands—Cook is deified—Interviewwith Tereoboo—Subsequent Difficulties—A Skirmish—PitchedBattle and Death of Cook—Recovery of a Portion of his Remains—FuneralCeremonies—Life and Services of Cook | [461] |
| CHAPTER XLVI.—Louis XVI. and the Science of Navigation—Voyage ofLapérouse—Arrival at Easter Island—Address of the Natives—Owhyhee—Tradeat Mowee—Survey of the American Coast—A Remarkable Inlet—DistressingCalamity—Sojourn at Monterey—Run across the Pacific—TheJapanese Waters—Arrival at Petropaulowski—Affray at Navigators' Isles—Lapérousearrives at Botany Bay, and is never seen again, alive or dead—Voyagesmade in Search of him—D'Entrecasteaux—Dillon—D'Urville—Discoveryof numerous Relics of the Ships at Manicolo—Theory of the Fate ofLapérouse—Erection of a Monument to his Memory | [480] |
| CHAPTER XLVII.—The Transplantation of the Bread-Fruit Tree—The Voyageof the Bounty—A Mutiny—Bligh, the Captain, with Eighteen Men, cast adriftin the Launch—Incidents of the Voyage from Tahiti to Timor—TerribleSufferings and a Marvellous Escape—Arrival of the Mutineers at Tahiti—TheirRemoval to Pitcairn's Island—Subsequent History—Voyage of Vancouver—AlgerinePiracy—Burning of the Philadelphia—Proud Position ofthe United States | [492] |
| CHAPTER XLVIII.—Application of Steam to Navigation—Robert Fulton—ChancellorLivingston—Launch of the Clermont—She crosses the HudsonRiver—Her Voyage to Albany—Description of the Scene—Fulton's own Account—LegislativeProtection granted to Fulton—The Pendulum-Engine—Constructionof other Steamboats—The Steam-Frigate Fulton the First—TheFirst Ocean-Steamer, the Savannah—Account of her Voyage—Misapprehensionsupon the Subject | [508] |
SECTION VI.
FROM THE APPLICATION OF STEAM TO NAVIGATION TO THE LAYING OF THE ATLANTIC CABLE: 1807-1858.
| CHAPTER XLIX.—Arctic Explorations—Russian Researches under Krusensternand Kotzebue—Freycinet—Ross—The Crimson Cliffs—Lancaster Sound—Buchanand Franklin—Parry—The Polar Sea—Winter Quarters—ReturnHome—Duperrey—Episodes in the Whale-Fishery—Parry's Polar Voyage—Boat-Sledges—Methodof Travel—Disheartening Discovery—82° 43′ North | [519] |
| CHAPTER L.—Ross's Second Voyage—The North Magnetic Pole—D'Urville—Enderby'sLand—Back's Voyage in the Terror—The Great Western and Sirius—UnitedStates' Exploring Expedition—The Antarctic Continent—Sir JohnFranklin's Last Voyage in the Erebus and Terror—Efforts made to relievehim—Discovery of the Scene of his First Winter Quarters—The Grinnell Expedition—TheAdvance and Rescue—Lieutenant de Haven—Dr. Kane—Returnof the Expedition | [535] |
| CHAPTER LI.—Kennedy's Expedition—Sir Edward Belcher—McClure—Discoveryof the Northwest Passage—Junction of McClure and Kellett—Episodeof the Resolute—Commodore Perry's Expedition—Decisive Traces of the Fateof Sir John Franklin—The Leviathan | [553] |
| CHAPTER LII.—The Second Grinnell Expedition—The Advance in WinterQuarters—Total Darkness—Sledge-Parties—Adventures—The First Death—Tennyson'sMonument—Humboldt Glacier—The Open Polar Sea—SecondWinter—Abandonment of the Brig—The Water again—Upernavik—Rescueby Captain Hartstene—Death and Services of Dr. Kane—Attempt to lay theAtlantic Cable | [561] |
| CHAPTER LIII.—Second and Third Attempts to lay the Atlantic Cable—TheFailure in the Month of June—Description of the Cable—The Voyage of theNiagara—The Continuity—All Right again—Change from one Coil to Another—TheKnights of the Black Hand—Unfavorable Symptoms—The Insulationbroken—The Third of August—An Anxious Moment—Land discovered—TrinityBay—Mr. Field visits the Telegraph Station—The Operators takenby Surprise—Landing of the Cable—Impressive Ceremony—Captain Hudsonreturns Thanks to Heaven—The Voyage of the Agamemnon—The Queen'sMessage—The Sixteenth of August—Deep-Sea Telegraphing—The Equatorand the Cable | [576] |
| CHAPTER LIV.—Diving—The first diving-bell—Fixed apparatussupplied with compressed air—The submarine hydrostat—Operationsat Hell Gate—Diving apparatus—Submarine explosions—Improveddiving dresses—Their use—Work of various kinds donewith them—Instances of this—Seeking the treasure of the Hussar—Sunkenships in Sebastopol—Operations in Mobile—TheDry Dock at Pensacola Bay—The beauties of the submarineworld—Habits of the fish—Possible depth of descent | [594] |
| CHAPTER LV.—Fishing—The ocean as a field—The crops it yields—Thesponge—Transplanting sponges—Coral fisheries—The coralan animal—The discovery of this—Oyster fishery—The oyster asocial animal—The young oyster—Oyster culture—Dredging foroysters—The American oyster fishery—Pearl oysters—The valueof the pearl fishery—Shark fishing—Cuttle fish | [627] |
| CHAPTER LVI.—Dredging in modern times—What it has taughtus—Deep sea soundings—First attempts—Implements used forit—The chance for inventors—The temperature of the sea—Deepsea temperature—Self-regulating thermometers—Serial temperaturesoundings—Animal life of the sea—Deep sea dredging—Thedredging apparatus of the Porcupine | [652] |
| CHAPTER LVII.—The development of ship building—New modelsfor ships—Steam ship navigation—Monitors—Iron-plated frigates—Tin-clads—Rams—Torpedoboats—Their use in the Confederacy—LifeRafts—Yacht building—Ocean yacht race—The cost of ayacht | [673] |
| CHAPTER LVIII.—Our knowledge of the earth and sea—How ithas increased—The earth the daughter of the ocean—The opinionof science—The mean depth of the ocean—The extent of theocean—Its volume—Specific gravity of sea-water—Constitution ofsalt-water—The silver in the sea—The waves of the sea—Thecurrents of the ocean—The tides—The aquarium—The commerceof modern times—The spread of peace | [696] |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| No. | Page | |
| 1. | Gigantic Cuttle Fish———————[Frontispiece.] | |
| 2. | Asiatic Deluge | [18] |
| 3. | Hand of Satan | [19] |
| 4. | Stormy Petrel | [30] |
| 5. | The First Navigator | [31] |
| 6. | Modern Row Boat | [33] |
| 7. | The Deluge and the Ark | [35] |
| 8. | Noctulius Miliaris | [45] |
| 9. | Supposed form of the ship Argo | [54] |
| 10. | The World, according to Homer | [61] |
| 11. | The Earth, according to Anaximander | [62] |
| 12. | The Great Penguin | [64] |
| 13. | Greek Vessel of the 6th Century | [65] |
| 14. | The Ptolemy Philopator | [72] |
| 15. | Common Penguin | [74] |
| 16. | The Sacred Promontory | [78] |
| 17. | Plan of Pythias' Voyage | [79] |
| 18. | Plan of the Voyage of Nearchus | [83] |
| 19. | Supposed form of the ships of Nearchus | [91] |
| 20. | Venetian Galley of the 10th Century | [92] |
| 21. | Wedding the Adriatic | [95] |
| 22. | Danish vessel of the 10th Century | [99] |
| 23. | The Northmen of America | [104] |
| 24. | Fishing for Herrings | [107] |
| 25. | Ancient Chinese Compass | [113] |
| 26. | Chinese Junk | [119] |
| 27. | Ship of the 14th Century | [121] |
| 28. | Teneriffe | [122] |
| 29. | Cape Bojador | [124] |
| 30. | Cape Verd | [130] |
| 31. | Sea Swallow | [132] |
| 32. | Christopher Columbus | [137] |
| 33. | Violet Asteria | [145] |
| 34. | The Fleet of Columbus | [146] |
| 35. | Head of the Merganser | [147] |
| 36. | The Nina homeward bound | [157] |
| 37. | Columbus taking possession of Guanchani | [158] |
| 38. | Reception of Columbus by Ferdinand, etc. | [162] |
| 39. | Columbus in chains at Cadiz | [168] |
| 40. | Water Spout | [170] |
| 41. | The Phaeton | [178] |
| 42. | Vasco de Gama | [179] |
| 43. | Map of Africa, drawn 1497 | [182] |
| 44. | Spectre of the Cape | [187] |
| 45. | Phosphorescence | [188] |
| 46. | The Man overboard, and the Albatross | [189] |
| 47. | Calicut in the 16th Century | [196] |
| 48. | Wreck of the San Raphael | [197] |
| 49. | De Gama's Flag Ship | [204] |
| 50. | Vessels employed in the Spice Trade in the 16th Century | [207] |
| 51. | Ponce de Leon and the Fountain of Youth | [213] |
| 52. | Balboa and the Indian | [217] |
| 53. | Balboa discovering the Pacific Ocean | [219] |
| 54. | Balboa taking possession of the Pacific Ocean | [221] |
| 55. | Fate of De Solis and his companions | [224] |
| 56. | Ferdinand Magellan | [225] |
| 57. | Cape Virgin, east end Magellan's Strait | [231] |
| 58. | Laminaria | [235] |
| 59. | Natives of Borneo prepare to attack Magellan | [236] |
| 60. | Tidore | [242] |
| 61. | Scene on the Canadian Coast | [246] |
| 62. | Henry VIII. Embarking at Dover | [255] |
| 63. | Francis Drake | [256] |
| 64. | Drake and his Raft | [260] |
| 65. | Drake and the Patagonians | [261] |
| 66. | Drake condemning Doughty | [262] |
| 67. | Sea Anemones | [266] |
| 68. | Drake interrupting Justin at Acopulco | [270] |
| 69. | Queen Elizabeth knighting Drake | [274] |
| 70. | British Ship of War. 1578 | [276] |
| 71. | Cavendish in Brazil | [277] |
| 72. | Port Famine | [278] |
| 73. | Hull of a vessel of the Armada | [282] |
| 74. | Procession in honor of the defeat of the Armada | [284] |
| 75. | Sir Walter Raleigh | [285] |
| 76. | Native of the Solomon Islands | [291] |
| 77. | Islanders before a Breeze | [296] |
| 78. | The Dutch at Walrus Island | [297] |
| 79. | The Dutch in Winter quarters | [299] |
| 80. | The female Otter and her young | [303] |
| 81. | Funeral of Mahu at Brava Island | [304] |
| 82. | Affray between the Dutch and Patagonians | [310] |
| 83. | The Two Admirals at close quarters | [314] |
| 84. | A Dutch Pic-Nic in the Mauritius | [315] |
| 85. | Turtles Head | [315] |
| 86. | Woman and Child of Espiritu Santu | [316] |
| 87. | Scene at Tahiti | [318] |
| 88. | Hudson's vessel, The Half Moon, off Sandy Hook | [323] |
| 89. | Dutch vessel trading at the Ladrones | [326] |
| 90. | Conflict between the Dutch and Spanish Fleets | [330] |
| 91. | The Dutch surprised by the Spaniards | [331] |
| 92. | Cape Horn | [335] |
| 93. | The Concord at Fly Island | [336] |
| 94. | Arctic Gull | [338] |
| 95. | Speedwell and Mayflower | [339] |
| 96. | Cod Fish | [345] |
| 97. | Tasman's vessel, The Zeehaan | [346] |
| 98. | Murderer's Bay | [349] |
| 99. | Natives of Murderer's Bay | [349] |
| 100. | A Buccaneer | [351] |
| 101. | Boats used in the Philippian Islands | [360] |
| 102. | Surf Bathing by Natives | [362] |
| 103. | Polynesian Canoe with its Outrigger | [364] |
| 104. | Dampier's Boat in a Storm | [365] |
| 105. | Wreck of the Pirate Ship, Whidah | [372] |
| 106. | Home of Alexander Selkirk | [373] |
| 107. | Selkirk and his Family | [376] |
| 108. | Catching Turtles | [378] |
| 109. | The Hammer-headed Shark | [382] |
| 110. | The Eagle and the Pirate | [383] |
| 111. | Mirage at Behring's Straits | [391] |
| 112. | Lord Anson | [393] |
| 113. | Bombardment of Paita | [397] |
| 114. | Anson's Encampment at Firman | [401] |
| 115. | The Centurion and the Treasure Ship | [407] |
| 116. | Byron at King George's Island | [410] |
| 117. | Parting of Wallis and Oberea | [418] |
| 118. | Burning of the Le Prince | [423] |
| 119. | Chain of Phosphorescent Salpas | [425] |
| 120. | Bougainville | [426] |
| 121. | A Ferry Boat at Buenos Ayres | [428] |
| 122. | Bougainville at Magellan's Straits | [429] |
| 123. | Cascade at Port Praslin | [433] |
| 124. | Capt. James Cook | [435] |
| 125. | A New Zealand Canoe | [443] |
| 126. | Cape Pigeon | [450] |
| 127. | Cook's ship beset by Water Spouts | [451] |
| 128. | King Otoo's sister dancing | [455] |
| 129. | Reception of Cook at the Friendly Islands | [456] |
| 130. | Canoes of the Friendly Islands | [458] |
| 131. | New Caledonian double Canoe | [460] |
| 132. | Sandwich Island King to visit Cook | [461] |
| 133. | Omai | [465] |
| 134. | Habitations in Nootka Sound | [467] |
| 135. | Man of the Sandwich Islands | [469] |
| 136. | Woman of Sandwich Islands | [470] |
| 137. | Fight with the Natives | [472] |
| 138. | Death of Capt. Cook | [474] |
| 139. | Lapérouse | [480] |
| 140. | Lapérouse's Disaster at Frenchport | [485] |
| 141. | Remnants of the wreck | [490] |
| 142. | Consecration of the Cenotaph | [491] |
| 143. | Scene in Terra del Fuego | [492] |
| 144. | Colonists of Pitcairn's Island | [498] |
| 145. | A Deserted Village | [501] |
| 146. | The Discovery on a Rock | [502] |
| 147. | Burning of the Philadelphia | [506] |
| 148. | The Clermont, the first steamboat | [508] |
| 149. | The Savannah, the first ocean steamer | [517] |
| 150. | Head of a White Bear | [519] |
| 151. | Reception of Otzebue at Otdia | [520] |
| 152. | Sea Lions upon the Ice | [523] |
| 153. | Attacked by Walruses | [524] |
| 154. | White Bears | [526] |
| 155. | Cutting In | [529] |
| 156. | Cutting Out | [529] |
| 157. | The Whale of Capt. de Blois | [531] |
| 158. | The Navigators frozen in | [535] |
| 159. | The Victory in a Gale | [536] |
| 160. | Dr. Kane | [547] |
| 161. | Dr. Kane passing through Devil's Nip | [548] |
| 162. | The Seal | [552] |
| 163. | Japanese Vessel | [558] |
| 164. | The Leviathan | [559] |
| 165. | Cape Alexander, the Arctic Gibraltar | [561] |
| 166. | Chaos | [563] |
| 167. | Wild Dog Team | [565] |
| 168. | Open Polar Sea | [566] |
| 169. | Seeking Eider Down | [570] |
| 170. | The Telegraphic Fleet | [571] |
| 171. | Hauling the Cable ashore | [573] |
| 172. | Landing the Cable | [574] |
| 173. | A hollow Wave | [575] |
| 174. | The Cable in the bed of the Ocean | [576] |
| 175. | Sections of Atlantic Cable | [577] |
| 176. | The Telegraphic Plateau | [584] |
| 177. | The Agamemnon in a Gale | [590] |
| 178. | The Seal | [594] |
| 179. | Diving Bell | [595] |
| 180. | Fixed Apparatus supplied with Compressed Air | [596] |
| 181. | Payerne's Submarine Hydrostat | [598] |
| 182. | Mushroom Drill | [601] |
| 183. | Ready to go down | [603] |
| 184. | Putting in the Charges | [605] |
| 185. | Grappling Machine | [606] |
| 186. | Divers dressed in their Apparatus | [607] |
| 187. | Divers finding a Box of Gold | [608] |
| 188. | Arming the Diver | [611] |
| 189. | Casting off the Diver | [612] |
| 190. | Diver down | [613] |
| 191. | Cannon, bell, and bones, brought up from the Wreck | [615] |
| 192. | Salvage of Russian Ships | [616] |
| 193. | Caulking a Vessel | [617] |
| 194. | The Northern Diver | [625] |
| 195. | Star Fish | [627] |
| 196. | Sponge fishing | [628] |
| 197. | Coral fishing off coast of Sicily | [631] |
| 198. | Faggots suspended to receive Oyster Spat | [636] |
| 199. | Dredging for Oysters | [639] |
| 200. | A Shell containing Chinese Pearls | [640] |
| 201. | Pearl Fisher in danger | [642] |
| 202. | Shark fishing | [646] |
| 203. | Cuttle fish making his Cloud | [648] |
| 204. | Ideal Scene | [650] |
| 205. | Red Coral | [651] |
| 206. | Dredging | [652] |
| 207. | Brook's Deep Sea Sounding Apparatus | [657] |
| 208. | Bull Dog Sounding Machine | [659] |
| 209. | Massey's Sounding Machine | [660] |
| 210. | The stern of the Porcupine | [668] |
| 211. | Sail boat in a Gale | [673] |
| 212. | Pennsylvania and Ohio on the Stocks | [675] |
| 213. | Monitors | [678] |
| 214. | Plans of the Monitors | [679] |
| 215. | St. Louis | [680] |
| 216. | Double Ender | [681] |
| 217. | Minnehaha, or Tin Clad | [683] |
| 218. | The Ram Ironsides | [685] |
| 219. | Torpedo Explosion | [687] |
| 220. | Life Raft | [691] |
| 221. | Ocean Yacht Race, Henrietta, Vesta and Fleetwing | [694] |
| 222. | Fancy Sail Race | [695] |
| 223. | Appearance of Ice at the Poles | [710] |
| 224. | Light Ship | [711] |
| 225. | A Coral Island | [712] |