The automobile owner's guide

by Frank B. Scholl

		PAGE
Preface		[v]
Introduction		[vii]
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
History of the Gasoline Engine and Early Automobileconstruction		[1]
	Purchasing a new car	[3]
	Purchasing a used car	[4]
	Selecting and testing a used car	[5]
	Driving instructions	[6]
	Road rules for city and country	[9]
	What to do in case of accident	[10]
CHAPTER I.
Gasoline Engine Construction, and Parts		[12]
	The engine block castings, cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, bearings, crank shaft,cam shaft and fly-wheel.
CHAPTER II.
Valve Construction and Operation		[21]
	Valve construction. Types and operation of the valves in an 8-cylinder V-type engine. Valvelocations and valve grinding. Valve care.
CHAPTER III.
The Operation of a 4-Cycle 4-Cylindered Gasoline Engine		[29]
	Explaining the cycle. The 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-cylindered engine—The Knight sleeve valve engine—S. A. E.Horse Power scale—Displacement-Engine charts—Lubrication oils and greases—Lubrication systems—Care—Cleaning—and adjustingof lubrication systems.
CHAPTER IV.
Brief Treatise on Carburetion		[45]
	The Stromberg plain tube Model M carburetor. Principle of action—Installation—Adjustment andmaintenance—Stromberg Model L adjustment.
CHAPTER V.
Nitro Sunderman Carburetor		[60]
	Principle of action, action of venturi, adjustment and general care.
	The Schebler Model R carburetor, action and adjustment points.
CHAPTER VI.
Stewart Carburetor		[65]
	Principle of operation—Adjustment and maintenance.
CHAPTER VII.
Carter Carburetor		[70]
	Operating principle—Adjustment and care.
CHAPTER VIII.
Schebler Plain Tube Carburetor		[72]
	Operation—Instructions for installing, adjustment and maintenance.
CHAPTER IX.
Kerosene Carburetors		[76]
	Operating principle—Installation and adjustment.
CHAPTER X.
Heated Manifolds and Hot Spots		[79]
	Action—Advantage and design.
CHAPTER XI.
Cooling Systems		[82]
	Purpose of cooling system—Circulating systems—The force pump circulating system—Overheating—Radiatorcleaning—Freezing—Freezing solutions—Radiator repairing—The air cooling system.
CHAPTER XII.
Muffler Construction		[86]
	Purpose—Advantage—Type—Assembly and Maintenance.
CHAPTER XIII.
Vacuum Systems		[89]
	Operating principle—Purpose of the air vent—Failure to feed gasoline to carburetor—Removingtop—Cleaning gasoline strainer screen—Operating principle and general maintenance.
CHAPTER XIV.
Electrical Dictionary of Parts, Units and Terms		[95]
	Voltage—Amperage—Ohms—Current—Circuit—Low tension Current—High Tension Current—Inductioncoil—Commutator—Insulation—Shunt or choking coil—Fuse—Condenser—Dynamo—Voltaic cell—Accumulator—Storagebattery—Electrolyte—Hydrometer—Ammeter—Circuit breaker—Switch—Generator—Regulator—Contact-breaker—Non-vibratingcoil—Distributors.
CHAPTER XV.
The Magneto		[101]
	Parts—Assemblage—Operating principle.
CHAPTER XVI.
Bosch High Tension Magneto, Type ZR		[105]
	Operating principle—Primary or low tension circuit—Secondary or high tension circuit—Timingmagneto gears—Timing magneto with engine—The condenser—Safety spark gap—Interrupter timing range—Cutting outignition—Caution—Care—Maintenance.
CHAPTER XVII.
Magneto Washing, Repairing and Timing		[111]
	Magneto cleaning—Magneto repairing—Magneto assembling—Magneto timing to engine.
CHAPTER XVIII.
North East Ignition System		[114]
	Wiring ignition distributor—Ignition coil—Breaker box and distributor head assembly—Condenser—Breakercontacts—Breaker cam—Distributor head—Automatic spark advance mechanism—Manual spark control—Timing the distributor—Generalcare.
CHAPTER XIX.
Atwater Kent Ignition Systems		[126]
	Type CC system—Operating principle—Setting or timing—Adjustment—Oiling—General care.
CHAPTER XX.
Atwater Kent Battery Ignition System		[132]
	Type K-2-Operating principle—Operation of contact maker—Contactless distributor—Wiring diagram ofcurrent flowage—Setting and timing the unisparker—Timing with engine—Automatic spark advance—Contact point adjustment—Oilingdiagram—Condenser—Testing for ignition trouble.
CHAPTER XXI.
Philbrin Single Spark, and High Frequency Duplex Ignitioystems		[141]
	Operation of contact maker—Current induction—Duplex system—Duplex switch—Duplex switchaction—Wiring diagram—Adjustment of contact points—General care.
CHAPTER XXII.
Electrical Starting and Lighting Systems		[147]
	The generator—The regulator—The automatic cut-out—One unit system—Two unit system—Three unitsystem—The starting motor—Lubrication—Maintenance.
CHAPTER XXIII.
Electric Lighting and Starting Systems		[154]
	Wiring diagram Bijur system—Operation of Bijur system—Starting motor—Operation of startingmotor—Wiring circuits—Fuse—Ground fuse—Lamp controller—Oiling—Battery testing—General care.
CHAPTER XXIV.
North East Starter Used on Dodge Brothers’ Cars		[161]
	Model G starter-generator operation—Wiring diagram—Starter-generator action—Mounting—Drive—Chargingrate adjustment—Fuse—Locating trouble—Starting switch and reverse current cut-out—Running with battery disconnected.
CHAPTER XXV.
The Delco Electrical System		[167]
	Motoring the generator—Cranking the engine—Generating electrical energy—Diagram of motor generatoroperation—Lubrication—Ignition switch—Circuit breaker—Ignition coil—Distributor—Contact breaker and timer—Care.
CHAPTER XXVI.
Storage Battery		[180]
	Construction—Chemical action—Cells—Electrolyte solution—Battery charging—Care andmaintenance—Hydrometer testing—Battery idle—Battery freezing—General care.
CHAPTER XXVII.
Spark Plugs and Care		[186]
	Type—Construction—Connections—Assembling—Repairing—Cleaning—General care.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Clutch Construction, Type and Care		[189]
	Clutch operation—Gear shifting—Change speeds—Cone clutch—Cone clutch care—Cone clutchadjustment—Multiple disc clutch—Borg and Beck clutch—Borg and Beck clutch adjustment—Disc clutch cleaning, wet plate,dry plate—Cone clutch leather—Cone clutch leather patterns—Cutting—General care.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Transmissions, Types, Operation and Care		[198]
	Operation of—Planetary type—Progressive type—Selective type—Gear shifts—Unit-power-plant—Transmissioncleaning—Lubrication—Care.
CHAPTER XXX.
Universal Joints		[204]
	Universal joints—Slip joints—Operation—Construction diagram—Tightening—Lubrication—Care.
CHAPTER XXXI.
Differential Gears		[207]
	Bevel gear action—Construction—Adjusting—Gearless differential—Action—Adjustment—Advantage—Wormgear drive differential—Operation—Adjustment—Lubrication—General care.
CHAPTER XXXII.
Axle Types, Operation and Care		[212]
	Dead axles—The semi-floating axle—Adjustment—Lubrication—The full-floatingaxle—Construction—Adjustment—Lubrication—The I-beam front axle—The spindle—Steering knuckle—Care of all types.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Brake Types, Operation and Care		[218]
	Brake adjustment—Brake re-lining—Brake care—Brake cleaning.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Springs and Spring Care Tests		[223]
	Spring types—Spring lubrication—Weekly spring care—Bi-monthly spring care—Spring wrapping.
CHAPTER XXXV.
Alignment		[229]
	Wheel alignment—Lengthwise—Crosswise—Axle alignment—Lengthwise—Alignment tests—Mechanicalalignment—Lengthening wheelbase.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Steering Gears, Type and Construction		[232]
	Operation of worm and sector type—Adjustment of worm and sector type—Worm and nut type—Adjustmentof worm and nut type—Rack and pinion type—Connections—Drag link—General care.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Bearing Types, Use and Care		[236]
	Plain bearings—Bushings—Roller bearings—Flexible roller bearings—Radial ball bearings—Thrust ballbearings—End thrust—Double thrust—Cleaning—Care—Maintenance.
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
Car Arrangement		[243]
	Showing location and names of parts—Adjustment—General care.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
Overhauling the Car		[247]
	Instructions showing how to go about it—And how to give the car a thorough overhauling.
CHAPTER XL.
Repair Equipment		[251]
	Road repair necessities—Shop repair necessities.
CHAPTER XLI.
Car Cleaning, Washing and Care		[253]
	Body construction—Body washing—Running gear washing—Engine cleaning—Cleaning upholstering—Rugcleaning—Windshield cleaning—Sedan or closed body cleaning—Tire cleaning—Rim cleaning—Light lens cleaning—Caution.
CHAPTER XLII.
Tires, Build, Quality and Care		[256]
	Tire care—Tire chains—Cross chains—Tube care—Tube repairing—Tire and tube storage.
CHAPTER XLIII.
Electrical System		[259]
	General overhauling and tuning hints.
CHAPTER XLIV.
Automobile Painting		[262]
CHAPTER XLV.
Carbon Removing		[263]
Trouble Hints		[264]
FORD SUPPLEMENT.
I	The car—its operation and care	[269]
II	The Ford Engine	[277]
III	The Ford Cooling System	[287]
IV	The Gasoline System	[290]
V	The Ford Ignition System	[295]
VI	The Ford Transmission	[301]
VII	The Rear Axle Assembly	[307]
VIII	The Ford Muffler	[310]
IX	The Ford Running Gear	[311]
X	The Ford Lubrication System	[316]
XI	Care of Tires	[320]
XII	Points of Maintenance	[323]
XIII	The Ford One Ton Truck	[325]
XIV	The F. A. Starting and Lighting System Installed on Sedans and Coupés	[328]
Index		[335]

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE		PAGE
[1].	Typical Four-Cylinder Block	13
[2].	Cylinder Block with Head Removed	13
[3].	Removable Cylinder Head (Reversed)	14
[4].	Typical Cylinder Piston	15
[5].	Typical Piston Ring	15
[6].	Typical Connecting Rod	16
[7].	Counter-Balanced Crank Shaft	17
[8].	5-M-B Crank Shaft	17
[9].	Cam Shaft	18
[10].	Flywheel	19
[11].	8-Cylinder Valve Arrangement	22
[12].	Poppet Valve	23
[13].	Valve Types, Location and Operation	24
[14].	Valve Timing Marks	25
[15].	Knight Valve-Timing Marks—4-Cylinder	27
[16].	Knight Valve-Timing Marks—8-Cylinder	28
[17].	4-Stroke Cycle	29
[18].	Diagram of Action, 4-Cylinder 4-Cycle Engine	31
[19].	Power Stroke Diagram	32
[20].	Buick Engine—Parts Assembly	36
[21].	Buick Engine—Location Inside Parts Assembly	37
[22].	Buick Motor—End View	38
[23].	Liberty U. S. A. Engine	39
[24].	Splash Oiling	41
[25].	Plunger Pump Oiling System	42
[26].	Stromberg Model M Carburetor—Sectional View	46
[27].	Stromberg Carburetor Model M—Air Bleeder Action	47
[28].	Stromberg Carburetor Model M—Accelerating Well	49
[29].	Stromberg Carburetor Model M—Idling Operation	51
[30].	Stromberg Carburetor—Throttle 1⁄5 Open	52
[31].	Stromberg Carburetor—Throttle Wide Open	53
[32].	Stromberg Model M—Adjustment Points	55
[33].	Stromberg Model “L”—Adjustment Points	58
[34].	Sunderman Carburetor	60
[35].	Sunderman Carburetor	61
[36].	Sunderman Carburetor	62
[37].	Sunderman Carburetor	63
[38].	Schebler Model R Carburetor Assembled	64
[39].	Stewart Carburetor	66
[40].	Carter Carburetor	70
[41].	Schebler Carburetor Model Ford A—Sectional View	72
[42].	Schebler Carburetor Model Ford A—Adjustment Points	73
[43].	Holley Kerosene Carburetor	76
[44].	Holley Kerosene Carburetor Installment	77
[45].	Hot Spot Manifold	79
[46].	Holley Vapor Manifold—Ford Cars	80
[47].	Thermo-Syphon Cooling System	82
[48].	Muffler—Three Compartment	86
[49].	Muffler	87
[50].	Vacuum System—Top Arrangement	89
[51].	Vacuum System Installation	90
[52].	Vacuum System Diagram—Stewart Warner	91
[53].	Vacuum System—Inside View of Parts	94
[54].	Coil Diagram	96
[55].	Dynamo—Diagram of Action	98
[56].	Magnets—Pole Blocks	101
[57].	Armature Core—Wound Armature	102
[58].	Primary and Secondary Winding and Current Direction	102
[59].	Breaker—Slip Ring—Distributor	103
[60].	Bosch M Distributor and Interruptor—Housing Removed	106
[61].	Wiring Diagram Bosch Magneto, Type ZR-4	107
[62].	Wiring Diagram, North-East System—on Dodge Car	115
[63].	North-East Distributor—Model O—Ignition	116
[64].	North East Breaker-Box	118
[65].	Automatic Spark Advance Mechanism—North East	121
[66].	Atwater Kent Circuit Diagram—Type C. C.	127
[67].	Atwater Kent Contact Breaker—Type C. C.	128
[68].	Atwater Kent Distributor and Contactless Block	128
[69].	Distributor Wire Connections to Distributor	129
[70].	Atwater Kent Type C. C. Wiring Diagram	130
[71].	Atwater Kent Contact Breaker—Diagram of Action—Type K-2 System	133
[72].	Atwater Kent Contact Breaker—Diagram of Action—Type K-2 System	133
[73].	Atwater Kent Contact Breaker—Diagram of Action—Type K-2 System	134
[74].	Atwater Kent Contact Breaker—Diagram of Action—Type K-2 System	134
[75].	Atwater Kent Distributor and Contactless Block	135
[76].	Atwater Kent Wiring Diagram Type K-2	136
[77].	Atwater Kent K-2 Wiring	137
[78].	Atwater Kent Automatic Spark Advance Mechanism—A-K Type K-2	138
[79].	Atwater Kent Contact Breaker—Oiling Diagram—A-K Type K-2	139
[80].	Philbrin Contact Maker—Point Adjustment	141
[81].	Philbrin Contact Maker and Distributor Blade	142
[82].	Switch Case	143
[83].	Duplex High Frequency Switch	144
[84].	Philbrin Wiring Diagram	145
[85].	Bijur 2-V System Mounted on Hupmobile Engine	149
[86].	Bijur Starter Mechanism Showing Action	151
[87].	Bijur Starter Mechanism Showing Action	152
[88].	Wiring Diagram Model N—Hupmobile	153
[89].	Wiring Diagram—Jeffrey-Chesterfield Six	155
[90].	Wiring Diagram—Jeffrey Four	158
[91].	Hydrometer Syringe	159
[911⁄2].	Dodge Wiring Diagram	162
[92].	North East Model G Starter Generator	164
[93].	Delco Motor Generator—Showing Parts	168
[94].	Delco Motor Generator—Diagram of Operation	170
[95].	Delco Ignition Switch Plate	173
[96].	Delco Ignition Switch Circuit Breaker—Mounted	173
[97].	Delco Ignition Coil	175
[98].	Delco Wiring Diagram—Buick Cars	176
[99].	Delco Ignition Distributor	177
[100].	Delco Ignition Contact Breaker and Timer	178
[101].	Storage Battery, Sectional View	180
[102].	Storage Battery, Sectional View	182
[103].	Hydrometer Syringe	183
[104].	Spark Plug	187
[105].	Cone Clutch and Brake	190
[106].	Multi-Disc Unit Power Plant, Clutch and Transmission	192
[107].	Borg and Beck Clutch	193
[108].	Cone Clutch Leathers—Pattern—Cutting	196
[109].	Friction Transmission	199
[110].	Selective Type of Gear Shifts	200
[111].	Sliding Gear Transmission—Sectional View	201
[112].	Clutch and Transmission Assembly—Unit Power Plant	203
[113].	Slip Joint and Universal	204
[114].	Universal Joint Construction Diagram	205
[115].	Differential Action Diagram	207
[116].	Differential Assembly	208
[117].	Differential Adjusting Points	209
[118].	Allen Gearless Differential	210
[119].	Semi-Floating Rear Axle	213
[120].	Full-Floating Axle—Wheel-End Arrangement	214
[121].	Full-Floating Axle	214
[122].	Steering Knuckle and Front Axle Parts	215
[123].	I-Beam Front Axle	216
[124].	Brake—Types and Adjustment	219
[125].	Brake—Showing Toggle Arrangement	220
[126].	Transmission Brake—Equalizer	220
[127].	Brake—Arrangement and Adjustment—“Buick”	221
[128].	1⁄2-Elliptical Front Spring	226
[129].	Full-Elliptic Spring	226
[130].	3⁄4-Elliptical Rear Spring	227
[131].	Platform Spring	227
[132].	Cantilever Spring, Front	228
[133].	Cantilever Spring, Rear	228
[134].	Wheel Alignment Diagram	230
[135].	Worm and Sector Steering Gear	233
[136].	Worm and Nut Steering Gear	234
[137].	Rack and Pinion Type Steering Gear	234
[138].	Steering Wheel	235
[139].	Plain Bearings or Bushings	236
[140].	Shims	237
[141].	Bock Roller Bearing	237
[142].	Hyatt Roller Bearing	238
[143].	Double Row Radial Ball Bearing	239
[144].	Double Row Thrust Bearing	241
[145].	End Thrust Bearing	241
[146].	Car Arrangement	245
[147].	Ford Motor—Sectional View	278
[148].	Ford Motor—Valve and Cylinder Assembly	279
[149].	Ford Fuel System	290
[150].	Ford Transmission Assembly	303
[151].	Ford Rear Axle System	308
[152].	Ford Brake	309
[153].	Ford Spindle	311
[154].	Ford Chassis Oiling Chart	317

THE AUTOMOBILE OWNER’S GUIDE

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
HISTORY OF THE GAS ENGINE AND EARLY AUTOMOBILE CONSTRUCTION

A great many experiments were conducted with the explosive type of motor between 1840 and 1860. These motors were very heavy and crude affairs and furnished little or no power. They were either abandoned or given up by those conducting the experiments, and had all but disappeared in the later 50’s. The chief difficulties that they could not overcome were, the finding of a suitable and combustible fuel, a way to distribute it to the explosion chambers in proper proportion, and a device to ignite it at the proper time. Many of these early inventions used coal tar gases and gunpowder as fuel.

The first designs for an internal combustion engine of the four stroke cycle type were devised in 1862 by M. Beau de Rochas. These designs were taken in hand by a German by the name of Otto, and many experiments were conducted by him and two other Germans, Daimler and Benz, which resulted in a fairly successful engine. The Otto Gas Engine Co., of Deutz, Germany, was then formed with Daimler as general manager. Experiments were carried on which resulted in many improvements, such as valve adjusting and electrical spark ignition. Many other smaller improvements were worked out which overcame many of the difficulties of the former and cruder devices.

The first gas engines were all of the single cylinder type, very heavily constructed and produced from three to five horse power. In 1886, Daimler conceived the idea of constructing the multiple type of engine with water-jacketed cylinders. Benz also completed a very successful motor in the late fall of 1886, which embodied the water cooling idea. The practical beginning of the gas engine as a factor in vehicle propulsion began in the fall of 1886, when Daimler applied his motor to a two-wheeled contrivance, which greatly resembled our present-day motorcycle. While this machine ran, it was not considered a very great success. Benz in the early part of 1887, connected his motor to a three-wheeled vehicle with which he was able to travel at the rate of three miles per hour.

The real beginning of the present-day automobile took place in Paris, France, in 1890, when M. Panhard secured the patent rights from Daimler to use his engine. He then built a four-wheeled vehicle, which carried some of the ideas of present-day construction, such as a steering device and brakes. To this he applied his engine and was able to travel at the rate of six miles per hour. In 1891 Peugeot Frères completed their vehicle and installed a Benz engine. This vehicle or car, as it was then called by the French government on account of its being mechanically driven, was able to make from seven to eight miles per hour.