The honey bee: a manual of instruction in apiculture

by Frank Benton

	Page.
Chapter I.—Classification of the honey bee	[11]
The different species and races	[11]
Common East Indian honey bee, Apis indica	[12]
Tiny East Indian honey bee, Apis florea	[13]
Giant East Indian honey bee, Apis dorsata	[13]
Common hive or honey bee, Apis mellifera	[15]
Cyprians	[15]
Italians	[16]
Carniolans	[17]
German, common black or brown bees	[18]
Chapter II.—Kinds of bees composing a colony—Bee products and description of combs—Development of brood	[19]
Kinds of bees in a colony	[19]
Bee products and organs used in their preparation	[21]
Nectar and honey	[22]
Propolis	[24]
Bee poison and the sting	[24]
Water	[25]
Silk	[25]
Wax	[25]
Combs	[26]
Development of brood	[28]
The worker	[29]
The drone	[30]
Chapter III. Quieting and manipulating bees	[31]
Chapter IV. Establishing an apiary: Time—Selecting hives of bees—Moving bees Selection of site	[35]
Selection of stocks	[35]
Moving bees	[37]
Selection of site	[38]
Chapter V. Hives and implements	[40]
Hives	[40]
Implements	[47]
Bee smokers	[47]
Veils	[48]
Honey extractors and honey knives	[49]
Wax extractors	[50]
Queen introducing-cages	[50]
Bee feeders	[51]
Section folders	[52]
Bee escapes	[52]
Foundation fasteners	[52]
Comb-foundation machines	[54]
Chapter VI. Bee pasturage	[56]
Cultivation of honey plants	[59]
Bees as cross fertilizers	[62]
Honey and pollen producing plants	[64]
Chapter VII. Spring manipulation	[69]
Transferring	[71]
Queenlessness in spring	[74]
Chapter VIII. Securing surplus honey and wax	[75]
Extracted honey	[75]
Comb honey	[79]
Putting on sections	[81]
Production of wax	[84]
Chapter IX. Rearing and introducing queens	[87]
Mailing queens	[92]
Introducing queens	[93]
Chapter X. Increase of colonies	[95]
Natural swarming	[95]
Clipping queens	[97]
Automatic hivers	[98]
Prevention of after-swarming	[98]
Artificial increase	[99]
Dividing	[100]
Driving or brushing	[100]
The nucleus system	[101]
Prevention of swarming	[101]
Dequeening	[102]
Requeening	[102]
Space near entrances	[103]
Langdon non-swarming device	[104]
Selection in breeding	[105]
Chapter XI. Wintering bees	[106]
Outdoor wintering	[109]
Indoor wintering	[111]
Chapter XII. Diseases and enemies of bees	[112]
Diarrhea and dysentery	[112]
Foul brood	[112]
The wax moth	[113]
Braula or bee louse	[115]
Other enemies	[115]
Robber flies, dragon flies, etc.	[115]
Ants and wasps	[115]
Spiders	[116]
Toads and lizards	[116]
Birds	[116]
Mammals	[116]
Robber bees	[116]
Laying workers	[117]
Brief list of books and journals relating to apiculture	[118]

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

			Page.
An apiary in Maryland			[Frontispiece.]
Plate	I.	Honey bees	[16]
	II.	Digestive system of bee	[22]
	III.	Alfalfa (Medicago saliva)	[64]
	IV.	Esparcet or sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa)	[64]
	V.	Sweet clover or melilot (Melilotus alba)	[64]
	VI.	Acacia (Acacia constricta)	[64]
	VII.	Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora)	[64]
	VIII.	Blue weed or viper's bugloss (Echium vulgare)	[64]
	IX.	Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum)	[64]
	X.	Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum)	[64]
	XI.	Bacillus alvei	[112]

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig.	1.	Worker cells of common East Indian honey bee (Apis indica)	[12]
	2.	Worker cells of tiny East Indian honey bee (Apis florea)	[13]
	3.	Comb of tiny East Indian honeybee (Apis florea)	[14]
	4.	Worker cells of common honey bee (Apis mellifera)	[15]
	5.	Ovaries of queen and workers	[19]
	6.	Heads of queen and drone	[20]
	7.	Modifications of the legs of different bees	[21]
	8.	Head and tongue of Apis mellifera worker	[22]
	9.	Wax disks of social bees	[26]
	10.	Comb building, side of hive removed	[27]
	11.	Cross section of brood apartment	[29]
	12.	Use of veil and bee smoker	[31]
	13.	Manipulation removing comb from hive	[32]
	14.	Manipulation tilting to bring reverse side of comb to view	[33]
	15.	Manipulation reverse side of comb brought to view	[33]
	16.	Manipulation examining reverse side of comb	[33]
	17.	Quinby closed-end frames	[34]
	18.	Box hive prepared for transportation	[37]
	19.	Frame hive prepared for transportation	[37]
	20.	An apiary in Florida	[38]
	21.	An apiary in California	[39]
	22.	Ancient Greek movable comb hive	[41]
	23.	Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive with cap and gable roof	[41]
	24.	Langstroth frame showing construction	[42]
	25.	Form in which to nail frames	[42]
	26.	Lock-joint chaff hive	[43]
	27.	Manner of nailing hives	[43]
	28.	Section of improved tin frame-rest	[44]
	29.	The Langstroth hive (Dadant-Quinby form), cross section showing construction	[45]
	30.	The Nonpareil hive	[46]
	31.	Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive open	[46]
	32.	The Bingham bee smoker	[48]
	33.	Automatic reversible honey extractor	[49]
	34.	Quinby uncapping knife	[49]
	35.	Bingham & Hetherington uncapping knife	[49]
	36.	Excelsior wax extractor	[50]
	37.	Simplicity feeder	[51]
	38.	Fruit-jar bee feeder, bottom of feeding stage and perforated cap shown separately	[51]
	39.	The Porter spring bee escape	[52]
	40.	Daisy foundation fastener	[53]
	41.	Fastening starter of comb foundation in frame	[53]
	42.	Spur wire-embedder	[54]
	43.	Comb-foundation machine	[55]
	44.	Willow herb (Epilobium angustifolium)	[57]
	45.	Wagner's flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris wagneri)	[59]
	46.	Dwarf Essex or winter rape (Brassica napus)	[60]
	47.	Summer or bird rape (Brassica napus)	[60]
	48.	Sacaline or giant knotweed (Polygonum sachalinense)	[61]
	49.	Russian or hairy vetch (Vicia villosa)	[61]
	50.	Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia)	[63]
	51.	Apple (Pyrus malus)	[63]
	52.	Heath-like wild aster (Aster ericoides)	[64]
	53.	Transferring drumming the bees from a box hive into a frame hive	[71]
	54.	Transferred comb and inserted queen cell	[73]
	55.	Uncapping and extracting honey	[77]
	56.	One-piece "V"-grooved sections	[80]
	57.	Super with section holders and sections in place	[80]
	58.	Dadant-Quinby form of Langstroth hive, elevated from bottom board and slid back for ventilation in summer	[82]
	59.	Langstroth hive with combined surplus case and shipping crate	[83]
	60.	Honey shipping cases	[83]
	61.	Boardman solar wax extractor	[85]
	62.	Comb showing worker brood and queen cells	[88]
	63.	Queen cells and worker brood in various stages	[89]
	64.	The Benton queen cage fur transporting a queen and attendants by mail	[92]
65.	Caging a queen for mailing	[92]
66.	Queen introducing-cage	[94]
67.	Hiving a swarm of bees	[96]
68.	The Simmins non-swarming system, single-story hive with supers	[103]
69.	The Simmins non-swarming system, double-story hive with supers	[103]
70.	Beehives with Langdon non-swarmer attached	[104]
71.	Percolator for preparation of winter food	[107]
72.	The American straw hive of Hayek Bros	[108]
73.	Davis hive with newspapers packed between inner and outer cases and brood frames on end for winter	[108]
74.	Double-walled hive adapted to outdoor wintering as well as summer use below 40 C north latitude in United States	[109]
75.	An apiary in Vermont winter view	[110]
76.	Cheshire anti-robbing entrance	[117]

MANUAL OF APICULTURE.

CHAPTER I.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE HONEY BEE

THE DIFFERENT SPECIES AND RACES.

A knowledge of the structural peculiarities and the life history of bees will aid anyone who essays to manage them for profit in determining more accurately what conditions are necessary to their greatest welfare. It is not to be understood that such knowledge will take the place of an acquaintance with those conditions under which actual practice has shown that bees thrive, but that it forms a good basis for an understanding of whatever practice has found best in the management of these industrious and profitable insects. It will also assist in pointing out in what way practice can be improved.