727. White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis). L. 6. Ad. ♂. Crown and foreback bluish black; sides of head and neck grayish white; tertials with distinct black marks rounded at end. Ad. ♀. Similar but black of head and shoulders washed with gray. Notes. Call, a nasal yank-yank and conversational notes; song, a tenor, ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha, all on the same note. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains, breeds from the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resident. 727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch (S. c. aculeata). Similar to [No. 727], but head usually greenish black; black of tertials less deep and one next to inner one usually pointed at end. Range.—Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from Lower California north to British Columbia; resident. 727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch (S. c. atkinsi). Similar to [No. 727], but somewhat smaller, wing-coverts and tertials not tipped with grayish; ♀ with head black as in ♂. Range.—Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina. 727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch (S. c. nelsoni). Similar to [No. 727a], but larger, W. 3.7, with somewhat more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and lower belly. Range.—Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Mearns.) 727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch (S. c. lagunæ). Similar to [No. 727a], but with the wings and tail shorter, the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted; W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.) Range.—Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California. (Brewster.) 728. Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). L. 4.6. Ad. ♂. A stripe through the eye and crown, black; line over eye white; underparts rusty. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown gray like back, line through the eye blackish, paler below. Notes. A fine, thin, nasal, penny-trumpet like, drawled yna-yna. Range.—North America, breeding from the northern portions of the northern tier of States northward, and southward in the Alleghanies to Virginia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada in California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf States and Arizona. 729. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla). L. 4.3. Ads. Crown brown; a white patch on nape; back bluish gray; below grayish white, sometimes tinged with buff. Yng. Crown whitish. Notes. A conversational, twittering tnee-tnee. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, accidentally to New York and casually to Missouri. 730. Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmæa). L. 4.3. Ads. Crown grayish olive; a whitish patch on nape; a dark brown line through eye; below white tinged with buff. Yng. Crown gray like back. Notes. A metallic, clinking clittick, clittick., Range.—Western North America, east to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia.

730a. White-naped Nuthatch (S. p. leuconucha). Similar to [No. 730], but bill larger, crown grayer, back less bluish gray, nape patch more conspicuous, underparts white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy. (Ridgw.) Range.—Lower California. 444. Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). L. 8.5. Tail tipped with white. Ads. Above slaty, crown blacker with an orange patch. Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. An unmusical, steely chatter. "A soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early morning. (O. T. Miller.) Range.—North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Nevada, northeast California and western British Columbia; winters south of United States, to Central and South America. 445. Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis). L. 9. Ads. No-white tip on tail; an orange crown-patch; under wing-coverts sulphur; ear-coverts black; above gray; below white. Notes. A loud, chattering, pitírri, pitírri. Range.—West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the coast to South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central America. 701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel (Cinclus mexicanus). L. 8. Ads. Slaty gray, head and neck browner. In winter more or less tipped with whitish. Notes. Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in modulation resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher, but less powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridgway.) Call, a sharp, pebbly cack-cack-cack. Range.—"The mountainous parts of central and western North America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. Apparently resident throughout its range." (A. O. U.) 704. Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis). L. 8.9. Ads. Slaty gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts reddish chestnut. Notes. Call, a whining, nasal tchay; song, rich, musical, and varied. Range.—North America; west to British Columbia and rarely Pacific coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward. 754. Townsend Solitaire (Myadestes townsendii). L. 8.5. Ads. Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer tail-feathers, a narrow wing-bar white; wing with a buff band showing in flight. Notes. Song, a rich, flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long periods. Range.—"Western United States, from the Plains westward to the Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the southern border of Arizona and northern Lower California; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central California northward."

621. Northern Shrike (Lanius borealis). L. 10.2. Lores grayish. Ads. Above bluish gray; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white; below white, usually with wavy bars. Yng. Above washed with brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred Notes. Song, not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher but more disconnected, less loud. Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters south, irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California. 622. Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus). 9. Lores black. Ads. Underparts white without bars; above bluish gray; rump and upper tail-coverts little if any paler; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white. Yng. Underparts, head, and rump more or less narrowly barred. Notes. Call, harsh and discordant; song, a series of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia; In Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine, and British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as Mississippi Valley, and winters in southern States. 622a. White-rumped Shrike (L. l. excubitorides). Similar to [No. 622], but paler above, rump and upper tail-coverts whiter; bill less deep. Range.—"Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains to the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico." 622b. California Shrike (L. l. gambeli). Similar to [No. 622], but rump paler, breast usually with indistinct wavy bars and tinged with brownish. Range.—Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia. 622c. Island Shrike (L. l. anthonyi). Similar to [No. 622b], but darker and smaller, W. 3.7. Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California. 703. Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). L. 10.5. Ads. Above ashy gray; below soiled whitish; outer tail-feathers with white; wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; primaries white basally. Notes. Call, a harsh, kissing note; song indescribable. Range.—Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to northeastern Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely Massachusetts), and southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and lower Mississippi Valley southward. 703a. Western Mockingbird (M. p. leucopterus). Similar to [No. 703], but with a very slight brownish tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger. Range.—Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from Indian Territory and eastern Texas west to California. 765. Wheatear (Saxicola œnanthe). L. 6; W. 3.7. Ad. ♂. Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; below white more or less washed with buff. Ad. ♀. Browner above and below, no black through eye. Ads. in winter and Yng. Similar to ♀, but cinnamon brown above, cinnamon below. Range.—Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska. 765a. Greenland Wheatear (S. œ. leucorhoa). Similar to [No. 765], but larger, W. 4. Range.—Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining mainland; rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana.

573. Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata). L. 5.3. Ads. Throat, upper breast, and front of face black; a white stripe over eye and another at the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked; outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at least half an inch of tip of inner web white. Notes. Song, simple but sweet, three ascending and three descending notes. Range.—Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into northeastern Mexico. 573a. Desert Sparrow (A. b. deserticola). Similar to [No. 573], but above grayer, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than half an inch long. Range.—Western United States and northern Mexico, from western Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado, and western Nevada; winters south into Mexico. 602. Morellet Seed-eater (Sporophila morelleti). L. 4.6. Ad. ♂. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail, wings and breast-band black; bases of wing-feathers, tips to coverts and underparts, except breast-band, whitish. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown, below uniform buffy. Yng. ♂. Variously intermediate between Ad. ♂ and Ad. ♀. At least two years evidently required to reach mature plumage. Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas. 636. Black and White Warbler (Mniotilta varia). L. 5.3. Ad. ♂. Above streaked black and white; throat black or white; belly white; sides streaked black and white. Ad. ♀. Less black; whiter below; throat always white. Notes. Song, a thin, wiry, see-see-see-see. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, and northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf States south to northern South America; accidental in California. 661. Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata). L. 5.6. Ad. ♂. Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked, gray and black; below white streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ♀. No black cap; above olive-green streaked with black. Yng. and Ad. in winter. Above olive-green lightly streaked with black; below yellowish white; breast obscurely streaked. Notes. Song, a slender, wiry tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree, rapidly uttered. (Langille.) Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in West Indies and northern South America. 665. Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Crown, cheeks and throat black, a white stripe at sides of throat, a yellow line before eye; back gray streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown not always wholly black. Yng. Above washed with brownish, black areas tipped with white. Notes. Song, zee-ee-zee-ee, ze, ze, ze, with the quality of the song of Dendroica virens or D. cærulescens. Range.—Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona and northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver Island; winters in Mexico.

611. Purple Martin (Progne subis). L. 7.8. Ad. ♂. Shining blue-black, all feathers with dusky bases. Ad. ♀. Above dull blue-black; breast grayish edged with white; belly whitish. Yng. ♂. Variously intermediate between ♀ and Ad. ♂. Range.—North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to Newfoundland and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics. 611a. Western Martin (P. s. hesperia). ♂ similar to ♂ of [No. 611]; ♀ belly whiter; forehead grayish. Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington (and British Columbia?); winters in tropics. 611.1. Cuban Martin (Progne cryptoleuca). W. 5.50. Ad. ♂. With feathers of ventral region basally marked with white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. With breast and flanks sooty grayish brown, belly pure white. Range.—Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida. 612. Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons). L. 5.5. Ads. Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cinnamon-buff; nape gray; crown and back glossy blue-black, the back streaked with white. Yng. Throat dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish brown; rump cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with same. Range.—"North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding south to the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas, southern Arizona, and California; Central and South America in winter; not recorded from Florida or West Indies." (A. O. U.) 612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon melanogastra). Similar to [No. 612], but smaller, W. 4.1, forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like throat, rump darker, more rusty. Range.—Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 613. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra). L. ♂, 7.5; ♀, 6.5. Tail deeply forked. Ad. ♂. Above glossy blue-black, forehead chestnut; throat and upper breast chestnut, belly paler. Ad. ♀. Forehead, and underparts paler; tail less deeply forked. Notes. Song, a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The notes of all our Swallows, while simple, are diagnostic but difficult of description.) Range.—North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds through most of range; winters south to southern Brazil. 614. Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor). L. 6. Ads. Above steel-blue or steel-green; below white. Yng. Sooty gray above; white below. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41° on Atlantic coast and Lat. 38° on Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics. 615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina lepida). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. Ad. ♂. Above bronze-green; upper tail-coverts greener; an indistinct nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks and underparts white; flank-patches white, often showing from above. Ad. ♀. Much duller, the head browner, Yng. Above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge; a whitish mark above and behind eye; below white. Range.—Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.