394e. Willow Woodpecker (D. p. turati). Similar to [No. 394a], but smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch and underparts whiter; tertials always more or less spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.) Range.—"California, except: desert ranges and eastern slope of Sierra Nevada, coast region north of Marin Co., and region north of upper end of Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.) 395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Dryobates borealis). L. 8.4. Sides of head and neck white bordered by black below. Ad. ♂. A nearly concealed red tuft on either side of the hindhead. Ad. ♀. Similar, but no red on head. Notes. A loud, hoarse, yank, yank. Range.—Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to Virginia and Arkansas. 396. Texan Woodpecker (Dryobates scalaris bairdi). L. 7.5. Outer tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal tufts brownish. Ad. ♂. All crown feathers tipped with red; back barred: below brownish white, spotted and streaked with black. Ad. ♀. Similar but top of head wholly black. Range.—Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary, New Mexico, southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southeastern California. 396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker (D. s. lucasanus). Similar to [No. 396], but outer tail-feather barred with black only on terminal half or less, except sometimes on inner web. (Ridgw.) Range.—Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, California. 397. Nuttall Woodpecker (Dryobates nuttallii). L. 7.5. Below white only slightly soiled; outer tail-feather barred only on end half. Ad. ♂. Crown black streaked with white; nape red. Ad. ♀. Similar but top of head entirely black, usually, with a few white spots. Yng. Top of head dull red. Notes. A sharp quee-quee-quee-queep; a diminutive chittah. Bailey. Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.) Range.—Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern Oregon. 398. Arizona Woodpecker (Dryobates arizonæ). L. 8.2. Above brown, below spotted. Ad. ♂. A red nape band. Ad. ♀. Similar but no red on nape, brown of crown continuous with that of back. Yng. Whole crown red. Range.—Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. 399. White-headed Woodpecker (Xenopicus albolarvatus). L. 9. Whole head and part of wings white. Ad. ♂. Nape red. Ad. ♀. Nape white. Notes. A sharp, clear witt-witt; a rather silent bird. (Bendire.) Range.—Mountains of western United States from southern California north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and western Nevada.

402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius). L. 8.5; W. 4.8. Ad. ♂. Crown and throat red; a whitish band from eye to eye across nape; belly washed with yellow; breast patch black Ad. ♀. Similar, but throat white; crown rarely black. Yng. Breast grayish with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yellowish margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear on throat and crown. Notes. A clear ringing cleur repeated; a low snarling cry resembling mew of Catbird. (Brewster.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and northern Illinois north to about Lat. 63° 30'; south in Alleghanies to northwest Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern Virginia to Central America. 402a. Red-naped Sapsucker (S. v. nuchalis). Similar to [No. 402], but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape band red; red of throat encroaching on black bordering streaks; female the same but chin white. Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and northeastern California (?), north to British Columbia; winters from southern California south to northwestern Mexico. 403. Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber). L. 9. Ads. Crown, whole throat and breast dull red; in other respects resembling [No. 402]. Notes. Jay or chaē, peeye, pinck, and peurr: (Bendire.) Range.—Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north to southern Oregon. 403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker (S. r. notkensis). Similar to [No. 403], but colors deeper, red brighter; belly yellower. Range.—Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, north to southern Alaska. 404. Williamson Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus). L. 9. Belly bright yellow; rump white. Ad. ♂. Above black;, a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-coverts white. Ad. ♀. Crown and throat brownish; back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish. Yng. Similar to ♀, but breast barred like sides. Notes. A shrill huit-huit uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is broken or interrupted. Range.—Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from southern California and western Texas into Mexico. 408. Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus torquatus). L. 11. Ads. Breast and a collar around the neck gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish red; above shining green black. Yng. No gray collar; crown suffused with red. Notes. A weak, peeping twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent bird. Range.—Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to southern Alberta and British Columbia; winters from southern Oregon and Colorado south to western Texas and southern California.

406. Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). L. 9.7. Ads. Whole head and breast red; end half of secondaries white. Yng. Whole head and breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white with black bars. Notes. A tree-toad-like ker-r-ruck, ker-r-ruck. Range.—Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and irregular in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and occasionally from New York, southward. 407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). L. 9.5. Breast band streaked with white; rump white. Ad. ♂. Forehead, white, crown, nape, and breast-spot red. Ad. ♀. Center of crown with a black band of same width as white band on forehead. Notes. A loud tchurr, tchurr. Range.—Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona. 407a. Californian Woodpecker (M. f. bairdi). Similar to [No. 407], but black breast-band with white only on its posterior margin. Range.—Pacific coast region from northern California to southern Oregon. 407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker (M. f. angustifrons). Ad. ♂. Similar to [No. 407], but smaller, W. 5.2; the throat brighter yellow. Ad. ♀. With black crown-band wider than white forehead band. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 409. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus). L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. Ad. ♂. Top of head and nape entirely red. Ad. ♀. Nape red, crown grayish, forehead tinged with red. Notes. A hoarse, chûh-chûh. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as Massachusetts. 410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus aurifrons). L. 10.5; center of belly yellow. Ad. ♂. Forehead yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. Ad. ♀. Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray. Notes. Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.) Range.—Mexico, north to central Texas. 411. Gila Woodpecker (Centurus uropygialis). L. 10. Center of belly yellow. Ad. ♂. Top of head and nape sooty gray; a red-crown patch. Ad. ♀. Top of head and nape entirely sooty gray. Notes. Dchūrr, dchūrr; when flying, a shrill huit like call-note of Phainopepla. (Bendire.) Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico, and Lower California.

412. Southern Flicker (Colaptes auratus). Smaller than [No. 412a], W. 5.6. Range.—Southeastern United States north to South Carolina. 412a. Northern Flicker (C. a. luteus). L. 13; W. 6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown; a scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. Ad. ♂. With black patches on the sides of the throat. Ad. ♀. Without black throat patches. Notes. A loud, emphatic keé-yer; a low chuckle when taking flight; a weéchew repeated and used only when two or more birds are together; and a mellow cûh-cûh-cûh-cûh, repeated, doubtless a song. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with [No. 413] at the western border of its range. 413. Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris). L. 13. No red nape band; crown brownish; throat bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. Ad. ♂. Patches at side of throat red. Ad. ♀. No red throat patches. Notes. Resemble those of [No. 412]. Range.—Western United States, except northwest coast region; east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with [No. 412] at the eastern border of its range. 413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c. saturatior). Similar to [No. 413], but much darker throughout, back vinous-brown. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to southern Alaska; winters south to northwest California. 414. Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides). L. 12; W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon; under surface of wings and tail yellow. Ad. ♂. No red band on nape; throat bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. Ad. ♀. No red on sides of throat. Notes. Resemble those of [No. 412]. (Bendire.) Range.—"Central and southern Arizona from Lat. 34° to southern Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30°." (A. O. U.) 414a. Brown Flicker (C. c. brunnescens). Similar to [No. 414], but slightly smaller; upperparts darker. (Anthony). Range.—Lower California north of Lat. 30°. 415. Guadalupe Flicker (Colaptes rufipileus). Similar to [No. 413], but bill 1.6 or more; more slender, wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown; rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

Order XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMINGBIRDS.