522. White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera). L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. ♂. Rose-pink; middle of back black; wings with two white bars. Ad. ♀. Olive-green and dusky; rump and underparts yellower; wings with two white bars. Yng. Like Ad. ♀. Notes. Resemble those of [No. 521]. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward; winters south irregularly to Virginia, Illinois, British Columbia, and Nevada. 595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludoviciana). L. 8. Ad. ♂. Black; rump, belly, tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. Ad. ♀. Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and black; below whitish streaked with blackish; a white line over eye; two white wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Resembles ♀, but under wing-coverts rose; breast more or less rose-tinged. Notes. Call, a sharp, steely peek; song, a rich, fluent, joyous carol. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and south in Alleghanies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. 517. Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus). L. 6.2; W. 3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large, partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feathers; tail slightly forked. Ad. ♂. Dull rose, head and rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe over the eye. Yng. Resemble Ad. ♀. Notes. Call, creak, creak, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet, rapidly flowing warble. (See [page 175].) Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of Mexico. 517a. California Purple Finch (C. p. californicus). Similar to [No. 517], but ♂ duller and darker; ♀ decidedly olive greenish above. (See [page 175].) Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of California; west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from central Oregon to southern Arizona.

518. Cassin Purple Finch (Carpodacus cassini). L. 6.5. Ad. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂ of [No. 517] and [No. 517a], but back much blacker, streaks more sharply defined; crown as bright but appearing like a cap; below much paler. Ad. ♀. Similar to Ad. ♀ of [No. 517a], but larger and more sharply streaked with black, both above and below. Notes. Resemble those of [No. 517]. Range.—Western United States, east to the eastern base of the Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New Mexico north to British Columbia. 519. House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis). L. 6.1; W. 3.1. Ad. ♂. Throat, breast, forehead, line over eye, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish brown tinged with red; belly white, streaked with brownish. Ad. ♀. Above brownish gray obscurely streaked with brownish, no olive tint; below white streaked with brownish. Ad. ♂ in Winter. Red areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. Yng. Resemble Ad. ♀. Notes. Call, nasal, in chorus, chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, reminding one of that of [No. 517], but recognizably different. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and Oregon. 519b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus). Similar to [No. 519], but smaller, W. 2.8; red more extended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts. Range.—Southern Lower California. 519c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. clementis). Similar to [No. 519], but wing and tail averaging shorter, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; coloration somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.) Range.—Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, Lower California. 520. Guadalupe House Finch (Carpodacus amplus). Similar to [No. 519], but red deeper; back dark brown without red suffusion. Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus mcgregori). Similar to [No. 519], but much larger with relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .5. (Ridgw.) Range.—San Benito Island, Lower California.

527. Greenland Redpoll (Acanthis hornemannii). L. 6.1; W. 3.3. A red crown-patch. Ad. ♂. Rump, lower breast, sides and belly white, generally unstreaked; breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink. In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with buff. Ad. ♀. Similar to ♂, but no pink on breast or rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked. Range.—Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador. 527a. Hoary Redpoll (A. h. exilipes). Similar to [No. 527] but smaller and darker; rump still white, but with sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3; B. .3. Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters south irregularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan. 528. Redpoll (Acanthis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8; T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad. ♂. Above blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some whitish; rump heavily streaked with blackish edged with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides heavily streaked. Ad. ♀. Similar, but no pink on rump or breast. Yng. ♂. Like female. Notes. Call like that of Goldfinch or Siskin and chit; song like that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.) Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia, Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California. 528a. Holbœll Redpoll (A. l. holbœllii). Similar to [No. 528], but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.3; B. .38. Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, winters south, casually to northern United States, (Quebec, Ontario, and Massachusetts.) 528b. Greater Redpoll (A. l. rostrata). Similar to [No. 528], but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28. Range.—"Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois, etc.), and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.) 749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. ♂. A more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. ♀ and Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. Call, a wren-like cack; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical, varied, flute-like whistle. Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States northward and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and on the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Carolina and Oregon southward to Central America. 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to [No. 749], but more olive-green above, more buffy below. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds In southern Alaska; winters southward to California.

750. Dusky Kinglet (Regulus obscurus). Similar to [No. 749], but above sooty olive. Ad. ♂. With crown-patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red. (Ridgw.) (See [page 176].) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. —European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). L. 5.50. Feathers at base of bill red; crown and neck-stripe black; back brownish; wings with a yellow band; inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; below white tinged with brownish. Notes. Call, twit; song, "sweet and varied." (See [page 176].) Range.—Introduced in this country near Hoboken, N. J., in 1878; now not uncommon near New York City. 443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). L. 14.5. Ad. ♂. Above gray, back washed with red or yellow; crown-patch red. Ad. ♀. Similar, but tail shorter, red less bright, back grayer. Notes. Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing. Range.—Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Central America: accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut and Hudson Bay. 471. Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus). L. 6. Ad. ♂. Crown and underparts red; back grayish brown. Ad. ♀. Above brownish, below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or yellow. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀ but spotted with red below and on crown. Notes. A shrill zi-bréé, zi-bréé, uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up in the air. (Bendire.) Range.—Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely); "winter visitant to southern California." (Grinnell.) 688. Painted Redstart (Setophaga picta). L. 5.4. Ads. Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch in wings and outer tail-feathers white. Range—Mexican Plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona. 690. Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons). L. 5.2. Ads. Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck red, crown and ear-coverts black, nape band and rump whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. Notes. A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.) Range.—From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to southern Arizona and western New Mexico.

498. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phœniceus). L. ♂, 9.5; W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. Ad. ♂. Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser wing-coverts scarlet; median wing-coverts buff, tips in summer whitish. Ad. ♀. Above brownish black, widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange or yellow; lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂, but heavily margined with rusty above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and narrowly edged with black. Notes. Call, chût, chûck, a reedy cack; song, a chorus song, a liquid kong-quĕr-rēē; alarm note a shrill chee-e-e-e-e. The notes of this species are subject to much variation with locality, but I find it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly apparent when heard. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois southward. 498a. Sonoran Red-wing (A. p. sonoriensis). Similar to [No. 498], but larger, bill more slender; ♀ paler, streaking below browner. W. ♀, 4.8; B. .95; depth at base .5. Range.—Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas. 498b. Bahaman Red-wing (A. p. bryanti). Similar to [No. 498], but bill slightly longer, the female streaked below with brownish instead of black. Range.—Bahamas and southern Florida. 498c. Florida Red-wing (A. p. floridanus). Similar to [No. 498], but smaller, the bill longer and more slender; ♂, W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4. Range.—Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along Gulf coast to Texas. 498d. Thick-billed Red-wing (A. p. fortis). Similar to [No. 498], but larger, bill shorter and proportionately thicker. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5. Range.—Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.) 498e. San Diego Red-wing (A. p. neutralis). Similar to [No. 498a], but slightly smaller, the ♀ with streaks below wider. W. 4.7; B. .95; depth at base .5. Range.—Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.) 498f. Northwestern Red-wing (A. p. caurinum). Similar to [No. 498], but slightly larger, bill somewhat longer and more slender, the ♂ with median wing-coverts deeper buff, the ♀ much darker, streaks below wider, darkest ♀ of group. W. 4.8; B. .9; depth at base .45. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia; south in winter to southern California.