479. Florida Jay (Aphelocoma cyanea). L. 11.5. Ads. foreback clay-color or pale brownish gray; head, nape, wings, tail, sides of throat and faint breast-streaks blue; a grayish line over eye; throat gray; belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. Notes. Harsh and unmusical calls. Range.—Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of the peninsula. 480. Woodhouse Jay (Aphelocoma woodhousei). L. 12; W. 5. Ads. Back grayish or brownish blue, usually not sharply defined from nape; crown, nape, wings and tail blue; throat gray; belly dingier; breast streaked with blue; under tail-coverts blue; a narrow white line over eye. Resembles [No. 479], but is larger, back bluer, forehead not hoary; line over eye sharper. Range.—Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region), from northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming; east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the Sierras. 480.1. Blue-eared Jay (Aphelocoma cyanotis). Resembling [No. 480], but larger; W. 5. 5; under tail-coverts white; back slaty-gray tinged with blue; white line over eye less evident. Range.—"Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County, Texas." (Bailey.) 480.2. Texan Jay (Aphelocoma texana). Similar to [No. 480.1], but white line over eye more distinct, below paler and browner gray, lower throat and chest with obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streaks. Differs from [No. 480] in having pure white under tail coverts and in other respects. (Ridgw.) Range.—"Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties west to the Davis Mountains." (Bailey.) 481. California Jay (Aphelocoma californica). Similar to [No. 480], but back brown; usually sharply defined from nape; blue areas brighter, throat and belly whiter; breast less streaked with blue. Notes. Varied, usual call a harsh, metallic squawking. Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to southern Washington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada. 481a. Xantus Jay (A. c. hypoleuca). Similar to [No. 481], but blue areas somewhat lighter, underparts decidedly whiter. Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 28°. 481b. Belding Jay (A. c. obscura). Similar to [No. 481], but darker and with smaller feet; W. 4.7. (Anthony.) Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. 481.1. Santa Cruz Jay (Aphelocoma insularis). Similar to [No. 481], but larger; W. 5.6; blue areas much deeper, back much darker, grayish sooty tinged with blue. Range.—Santa Cruz Island, California.

478. Steller Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri). L. 13. Ads. Crest, back and upper breast sooty brown; rump and belly dark, (Antwerp) blue; forehead more or less streaked with blue. Notes. Varied, usual call a loud, harsh squawking; the bird is a mimic and also a whistler. Range.—Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near Cook Inlet, Alaska, including Vancouver Island. 478a. Blue-fronted Jay (C. s. frontalis). Similar to [No. 478], but back paler, grayer, rump and belly turquoise, forehead with more blue which sometimes extends to the crest. Range.—"Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California and western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower California." (A. O. U.) 478b. Long-crested Jay (C. s. diademata). Similar to [No. 478], but paler, grayer above, blue turquoise, as in [No. 478a]; crest longer, the forehead with pale, bluish white streaks; a white spot over the eye. Range.—"Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming; west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.) 478c. Black-headed Jay (C. s. annectens). Between [No. 478] and [No. 478b]. Forehead streaks, and spot over eye much as in latter; color of body dark as in former. Range.—Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and southern Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia. 478d. Queen Charlotte Jay (C. s. carlottæ). Similar to [No. 478], but darker, sooty slate above, blue deeper. Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 483. Green Jay (Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens). L. 11. Ads. Crown and patches at side of throat blue; back, wings, and central tail-feathers green; outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast and belly greenish yellow. Notes. Noisy and harsh often suggesting certain of the Blue Jay's calls. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south into northeastern Mexico.

Perching Birds with Yellow or Orange

503. Audubon Oriole (Icterus audubonii). L. 9.5. Ads. Head, breast, wings and tail black; belly yellow; back greenish yellow. Yng. Greenish yellow below; olive-green above. Notes. See [No. 507]. Range.—Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as San Antonio, Texas; resident. 504. Scott Oriole (Icterus parisorum). L. 8; B. .95; Ad. ♂. Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump and belly yellow; rest of plumage black. Ad. ♀. Yellowish below, olive-green above, two white wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Like female, but throat black. Notes. See [No. 507]. Range.—Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Texas, northern New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern California; winters in Mexico. 505. Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus sennetti). L. 8; B. .75. Ad. ♂. Orange; forehead, face, throat, foreback, wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts and tips to greater ones white. Ad. ♀. Yellowish below, brownish olive-green above, two white wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Like ♀, but throat black. Notes. See [No. 507]. Range.—Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters in Mexico. 505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole (I. c. nelsoni). Similar to [No. 505], but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of orange. Range.—Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating north to southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, west of Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico. 507. Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and middle tail-feathers black; breast, belly, rump, lesser wing-coverts and ends of outer tail-feathers orange; wing-coverts and tertials margined with white. Ad. ♀. Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black; rump and tail brownish yellow; below dull yellow, throat generally blackish. Notes. The notes of all the orange and black Orioles known to me are mellow, musical, querulous whistles generally given in detached fragments, all much alike in character but distinguishable when one becomes familiar with them. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; winters in Central and South America. 508. Bullock Oriole (Icterus bullocki). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. Cheeks, most of underparts, forehead and line over eye orange; rump and outer tail-feathers yellower; center of throat, crown, foreback and middle tail-feathers black; a large white wing-patch. Ad. ♀. Above olive grayish brown; below yellowish, belly whiter; tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median coverts tipped, greater coverts externally margined with white; chin sometimes blackish. Yng. ♂. Like ♀, but center of throat and lores black. Notes. See [No. 507]. Range.—Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia and British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific; winters in Mexico.

637. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers with large white areas. Ad. ♂. Whole head and underparts orange-yellow; back greenish yellow; rump gray. Ad. ♀. Crown greenish like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; less white in tail. Notes. Call, a sharp, metallic chink; song, a "high pitched, penetrating and startling" "peet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet." (Jones.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters in the tropics. 651. Olive Warbler (Dendroica olivacea). L. 5.2. Ad. ♂. Head and breast orange brown, a black band through the eye; back olive-gray; belly grayish; wing-bars white; outer tail-feathers largely white. Ad. ♀. Above olive-gray, head yellower; eye-band dusky; breast yellow; belly white. Notes. Song, a liquid quirt quirt, quirt, in a descending scale. (Price.) Range.—Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. 662. Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica blackburniæ). L. 5.2. Ad. ♂. Throat, line over eye, center of crown, and sides of neck bright orange; back black with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars broadly white; tail-spots white. Ad. ♀. Yellow areas paler; above grayish streaked with blackish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter. Similar to Ad. ♂, but throat paler, back browner; wing with two distinct bars. Notes. Song, wee-see-wee-see, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee, in an ascending scale, the last shrill and fine. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England (and in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts), and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region, (and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in tropics. 687. Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). L. 5.4. Ad. ♂. Black; sides of breast, band in wings and in tail rich salmon. Ad. ♀. Sides of breast, band in wings and in tail dull yellow; back olive-brown, crown gray; below whitish. Yng. ♂. Intermediate between adults. Notes. Song, ching, ching, chee; ser-wee, swee, swe-e-e. Range.—North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from North Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in the West Indies, Central and South America. 748. Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa). L. 4.1. Ad. ♂. Crown orange and yellow bordered by black; a whitish line over eye; back grayish olive-green; below soiled whitish. A blackish band in wing bordered basally by yellowish white. Ad. ♀. No orange in crown, its whole center yellow. Notes. Call, a fine, high ti-ti; song, five or six fine, shrill high-pitched notes ending in a short, rapid, rather explosive warble, "tzee, tzee, tzee, tzee, ti, ti, ter, ti-ti-ti." Range.—North America; breeds from northern United States northward, and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from about its southern breeding limit to the Gulf States and Mexico. 748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet (R. s. olivaceus). Similar to [No. 748], but upperparts brighter olive-green; underparts with a brownish tinge. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Sierra Nevada of California north to southern Alaska.