451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher (Myiodynastes luteiventris). L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch; inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish; back grayish brown streaked with dusky. Yng. With no crown-patch. Notes. A screech, like squeaking of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.) Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona. 452. Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus). L. 9. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly bright sulphur; back grayish olive-green; greenest above and yellowest below of our larger Myiarchi. Notes. Loud, chuckling, grating whistles. Range.—Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from southern Florida south to northern South America. 453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus mexicanus). L. 9.2; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly sulphur, both paler than [No. 452]; back grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. Notes. Resemble those of [No. 452]. (Merrill.) Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas. 453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher (M. m. magister). Similar to [No. 453], but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, and averaging slightly paler. Range.—"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico." 454. Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens). L. 8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of inner web. Ads. Throat and breast pale grayish white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest below of our Myiarchi. Notes. A rather resonant but wooden chūck-pr-r-r-r. Range.—Western United States: breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern Mexico and Central America. 454a. Nutting Flycatcher (M. c. nuttingi). Similar to [No. 454], but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web rusty, not dusky. Range.—Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters in Central America. 454b. Lower California Flycatcher (M. c. pertinax). Similar to [No. 454a], but bill larger and stouter; above grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.) Range.—Lower California. 455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher (Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens). L. 7. Ads. Inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty; breast and belly as in [No. 452]; crown brownish, back grayish olive-green. Notes. A short mournful peeur. Range.—Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown

587. Towhee; Chewink (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. Ad. ♂. Above and breast black; sides reddish chestnut; belly white. Ad. ♀. Above and breast brown. Call, chewink or towheé; song, a loud, not over musical sweet bird sin-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain I'll try. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas. 587a. White-eyed Towhee (P. e. alleni). Similar to [No. 587], but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feathers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes. Call, towhee, much sharper than that of [No. 587]. Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina. 588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilo maculatus arcticus). L. 8.7. Ad. ♂. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 long; scapulars and back marked with white; back black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. ♀. Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings than in ♂. Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew; song, suggesting that of [No. 587], but shorter, more wooden, less musical. Range.—Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas. 588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Similar to [No. 588], but blacker above, no brownish edgings on front of back; white markings on back less numerous; white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1.3 long. Range.—Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of range. 588b. Oregon Towhee (P. m. oregonus). Similar to [No. 588a], but darker; practically no brownish edgings on back of male; sides much deeper; white markings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1. long; sides much deeper. Range.—Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters south to southern California. 588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementæ). Similar to [No. 588a], but adult male with black duller or grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.) Range.—"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.) 588d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar to [No. 588a], but decidedly darker, with white markings of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black. Range.—The southern coast district of southern California, south into Lower California. (Ridgw.) 588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magnirostris). Similar to [No. 588], but bill much larger, rufous below paler, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pipilo consobrinus). Similar to [No. 588b] in restriction of white markings, but wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw much larger; Ad. ♂ sooty rather than black. (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

457. Say Phoebe (Sayornis saya). L. 7.5. Ads. Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above gray with a brown tinge; tail black. Notes. A plaintive phee-eur; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.) Range.—Western North America, east to about Long. 100°: breeds from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Massachusetts. 591. Canon Towhee (Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus). L. 9.; W. 3.7. Ads. Crown cinnamon-brown; back brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon. Notes. Calls, a loud, metallic chip repeated four times; in flight a robin-like screep-eep-eep. Range.—Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley, Colorado, and Arizona; resident. 591a. St. Lucas Towhee (P. f. albigula). W. 3.3. Similar to [No. 591], but smaller; abdomen whiter, without cinnamon. Range.—Southern Lower California. 591b. California Towhee (P. f. crissalis) W. 3.9. Similar to [No. 591], but much browner above; throat and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish gray; scarcely lighter on the belly. Range.—California, west of the Sierra. 591c. Anthony Towhee (P. f. senicula). W. 3.7. Similar to [No. 591b], but smaller and grayer, the abdomen whiter. Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern California. 592. Abert Towhee (Pipilo aberti). L. 9. Ads. No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish cinnamon; above grayish brown. Notes. Call, a loud, clear, sharp chirp. Song, resembling that of the Spurred Towhee group. (B. B. and R.) Range.—Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.

506. Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius) L. 7.3. Ad. ♂. Black: breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. Ad. ♀. Above olive-green, below greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. Yng. Male. First fall like ♀; first spring like ♂, but throat black. Notes. Song much richer and more finished than that of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is indescribable but easily recognizable. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South America. 592.1. Green-tailed Townee (Oreospiza chlorura). L. 7. Ads. Center and sides of breast grayish, middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish chestnut. Notes. Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew; song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed Sparrow. Range.—Mountains of western United States, from more eastern Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. (Ridgw.) 643. Lucy Warbler (Helminthophila luciæ). L. 4.2. Ad. ♂. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-coverts chocolate; below whitish. Ad. ♀. Chocolate areas smaller. Yng. No chocolate in crown; upper tail-coverts cinnamon. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and southwestern Utah. 660. Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea). L. 5.6. Ad. ♂. Throat, sides and crown rich chestnut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ♀. Less chestnut; cheeks grayish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter. Above olive-green streaked with black; below buffy white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut. Notes. Song, a very soft warble, tse-chee, repeated five times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and northern South America.

596. Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melanocephala). L. 8.1. Ad. ♂. Black; neck-ring, rump, back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing, wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers white. In winter tipped with brown above and on breast below with black spots. Ad. ♀. Under wing-coverts yellow as in ♂; above as in [No. 595]; below less streaked, breast buff. Yng. ♂. Like ♀ but breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown blacker. Notes. Call and song like those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of United States into Mexico. 761. American Robin (Merula migratoria). L. 10; W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips. Ad. ♂. Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark slaty, head and spots in back black. Ad. ♀. Similar but paler below, little or no black above. Winter. Underparts margined with whitish; black above more or less concealed by ashy. Notes. Calls, varied and characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, cheer-up cheerily, cheerily, cheerily, repeated and varied. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia; winters from northern States southward. 761a. Western Robin (M. m. propinqua). Similar to [No. 761], but no white tips to tail-feathers. Ad. ♂. Without black spots in back. Range.—Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon and southern Colorado southward. 761b. Southern Robin (M. m. achrustera). Similar to [No. 761], but smaller and in general much lighter and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. (Batchelder.) Range.—Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, lowlands of Virginia. 762. St. Lucas Robin (Merula confinis). Resembling [No. 761] in plan of coloration but everywhere much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 763. Varied Thrush (Ixoreus nævius). L. 10; W. 4.7. Ad. ♂. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eye and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast band with rusty. Ad. ♀. Paler below, breast-band faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. Notes. Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated on different notes. Range.—Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast. 763a. Pale Varied Thrush (I. n. meruloides). Similar to [No. 763], but wing longer, 5.1; ♀ paler and grayer. (Grinnell.) Range.—- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south in winter, through interior, to southern California.