[8]Frederick’s appellation, “Barbarossa” in Italian, “Rothbart” in German, came from his red beard.
[9]This refers to Henry I (919-936) who subdued the Magyars and the Slavs (including the Bohemians), recovered German territory from Denmark, and rid Germany of all its enemies.
[10]Tortoria, in the province of Alessandria, Italy, was a conspicuous sufferer in many wars. It was destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa in 1155, again by the Ghibellines in 1163, and was several times captured in the War of the Spanish Succession.
[11]Lodi, in the province of Milan, was founded by Barbarossa in place of the Lodi destroyed in 1158. It is the locality of the great victory won by the French under Napoleon over the Austrians under Beaulieu, May 10, 1796. It is now principally famous for its Parmesan cheese and Majolica ware.
[12]Frederick’s army was composed of 100,000 foot and 15,000 horse.
[13]Crema is in the Province of Cremona and about twenty-four miles from Milan.
[14]Frederick set out for Germany attended by thirty horsemen, and at Susa only saved himself by escaping on foot at night with two followers.
[15]Frederick’s first wife was Adelaide, whom he married in 1147 and divorced in 1153, upon the pretext of kinship. In 1156 he married Beatrice, mentioned above, daughter of the Count of Burgundy.
[16]Saladin, the Egyptian Sultan, was born at Tekrit in 1137, and died at Damascus in 1193. He was made Sultan in 1173, and conquered Damascus and Syria. He defeated the Christians at Tiberias in 1187, and also captured Acre, Jerusalem, and Ascalon. The fall of Jerusalem led to the third Crusade, in which Frederick Barbarossa, Richard the Lion-hearted of England, and Philip II of France took part. In 1192 Richard forced Saladin to make a three years’ truce. Saladin died before its expiration.
[17]Guy de Lusignan succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem in 1186, on the death of Baldwin V. After his capture by Saladin he was released on renouncing his claims to the throne; but he disregarded his agreement, and in 1192 transferred his claim to Richard I of England, in exchange for Cyprus.