1. Ovaries 1-10, inferior (adnate to the concave receptacle) and usually connate. Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 2
Ovaries (or ovary) superior, free from the receptacle, but sometimes tightly enclosed by it. 10
2. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lobed or dissected. Petals yellow. Stamens 10.
Carpels 1-10, one-ovuled. Fruiting receptacle dry. [Subfamily
NEURADOIDEAE.] 3
Stem woody. Petals white or red. Carpels 1-5. Fruiting receptacle succulent. [Subfamily POMOIDEAE.] 4
3. Flowers small, with a persisting epicalyx. Carpels 10. Leaves lobed.—Species
2. North Africa to Nubia, German South West Africa. Neurada L.
Flowers large. Epicalyx none.—Species 6. South Africa. Grielum L.
4. Carpels 2-5, distinct from each other on their inside, 2-ovuled. Fruit small. Endocarp bony. Leaves undivided.—Species 3. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. Cotoneaster Medik.
Carpels 2-5, united as to the ovaries, or carpel 1. 5
5. Carpels 3-5, incompletely divided in two cells each; hence cells twice as many as the style-branches and containing a single ovule each.
Fruit small. Endocarp membranous. Petals narrow. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as an ornamental plant. Amelanchier Medik.
Carpels not divided, containing 2 or more ovules each. 6
6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels 5.
Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous. Leaves undivided.—Species 1 (C. vulgaris Pers., quince). Cultivated in
North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine.
(Under Pyrus L.) Cydonia Tourn.
Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). 7
7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of them sterile and covering the fertile one. 8
Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp.
Carpels 2-5. 9
8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens
10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.—Species
1. Madeira. Chamaemeles Lindl.
Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually lobed or divided and deciduous.—Species 5. North-west Africa.
They yield timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments and are also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including
Crataegus L.) Mespilus L.
9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit reaching to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a membranous endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves undivided, persistent.—Species 1 (E. japonica Lindl., loquat). Cultivated in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible fruits.
(Under Photinia Lindl.) Eriobotrya Lindl.
Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.—Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (P. communis
L., pear, and P. Malus L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits, from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Pyrus L., including Malus Tourn. and
Sorbus L.). Pirus Tourn.
10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with a single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily ROSOIDEAE.] 11
Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit
a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 25
11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube- or urn-shaped, tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit. 12
Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup- or saucer-shaped), not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous. 21
12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6, large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit. Shrubs.
Leaves pinnate.—Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants, and in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.] Rosa Tourn.
Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe SANGUISORBEAE.] 13
13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels 2-4. 14
Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or of the calyx only. 15
14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals broad.
Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in racemes.—Species
1. South Africa. Leucosidea Eckl. & Zeyh.
Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments. Petals narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (Brayera Kunth) Hagenia Gmel.
15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several rows of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal.
Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. North and
South Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used in medicine. Agrimonia L.
Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx. 16
16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5.
Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed or digitate.—Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including Aphanes
L.) Alchimilla L.
Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate. 17
17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle of the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes or heads. 18
Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers very small. Shrubs or trees. 20
18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 3. South
Africa. Used medicinally. Acaena Vahl
Receptacle without bristles. 19
19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.—Species 10.
North Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species yield tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs.
(Under Poterium L.) Sanguisorba L.
Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured, smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.—Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally. (Sarcopoterium Spach). Poterium L.
20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy.—Species 2. Canary Islands and
Madeira. Bencomia Webb
Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle cartilaginous, rarely somewhat fleshy.—Species 40. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Cliffortia L.
21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules 2.
Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (Ulmaria Tourn., under
Spiraea L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE]. Filipendula L.
Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE]. 22
22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style subterminal.
Epicalyx none.—Species 30. Many of them yield edible fruits, from which also drinks are prepared; some are used as ornamental plants, for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe RUBINAE.] Rubus L.
Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always present. 23
23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves pinnatisect.—Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.] Geum L.
Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.] 24
24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent receptacle.
Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.—Species 5. Cultivated in various regions; one species also growing wild in the Azores,
Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits (strawberries), dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments. Fragaria L.
Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry (sometimes spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species
10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials, or serve for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as ornamental plants. Potentilla L.
25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers regular.
[Subfamily PRUNOIDEAE.] 26
Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE.] 27
26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. Central and South-east
Africa. Pygeum Gaertn.
Petals petaloid.—Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa, the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits
(plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks and confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Including Amygdalus L., Armeniaca Juss., Cerasus Juss., and
Persica Tourn.) Prunus L.
27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at or near the base of the bell- or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe
CHRYSOBALANINAE.] 28
Flowers distinctly irregular. Fertile stamens 3-20, all on one side of the flower. Carpel inserted at or near the upper margin of the more or less tubular receptacle. [Subtribe HIRTELLINAE.] 29
28. Receptacle swelling on one side; carpel slightly excentrical. Stamens
10-15. Fruit with a 3-angled stone. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. Grangeria Comm.

ROSACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 65.

J. Fleischmann del.

Parinarium congoënse Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Flower from above. D Unripe fruit.

CONNARACEAE.