compressed.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber, gum, dyes, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits and seeds from which a spirituous drink is prepared. Sclerocarya Hochst.
25. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Fruit 1-2-seeded. Leaflets numerous.—Species
2. West Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits (blood-plums). Haematostaphis Hook. fil.
Flowers 4-5-merous. 26
26. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit usually 1-seeded. 27
Flowers 5-merous. Fruit 2-5-seeded. Leaflets 5 or more. Sepals united at the base only. 28
27. Sepals united high up. Petals oblong. Disc 4-partite. Style simple, club-shaped. Flowers in panicled fascicles. Leaflets numerous, alternate.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Nothospondias Engl.
Sepals united at the base only. Petals obovate. Disc 8-crenate. Styles
3-4. Stone of the fruit with 1-2 fertile cells bearing a lid at the top and with 2-3 sterile cells. Seeds 1 or 2; in the latter case leaflets 3.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber, bark used for making cloth, gum, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Calesiam Adans., Odina Roxb., including Lanneoma Del.) (Plate 81.) Lannea Rich.
28. Male flowers with a narrow disc and 3 styles. Stone of the fruit with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 1. South Africa. Harpephyllum Bernh.
Male flowers with a broad disc and 5 styles. Ovary 5-celled. Stone of the fruit with 3-5 fertile cells. Panicles spike-like.—Species 5. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin, and edible fruits.
(Under Spondias L.) Poupartia Comm.
SUBORDER CELASTRINEAE
[FAMILY 128.] AQUIFOLIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular, dioecious. Calyx 4-7-cleft. Petals 4-7, united at the base, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, 4-8-celled. Style short or absent; stigma lobed. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, pendulous, inverted, covered by a cupular expansion of the funicle. Fruit a drupe with 4-8 one-seeded stones. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albumen (ILICINEAE.)
Genus 1, species 5. They yield timber, bird-lime, tea, and medicaments.
The holly (I. Aquifolium L.), with poisonous fruits, is also planted as a garden- or hedge-plant. Ilex L.
[FAMILY 129.] CELASTRACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5, imbricate or open in bud. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Disc present. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, but sometimes sunk in the disc and adnate to it, 2-5-celled, rarely (Pleurostylia) 1-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each cell, inverted. Style 1 or 0. Seeds usually albuminous. Embryo axile, with leaf-like cotyledons.—Genera 15, species 160. (Plate 82.)
1. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with an aril. [Subfamily CELASTROIDEAE.] 2
Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds without an aril. 7
2. Leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering and fruiting branches. Unarmed shrubs. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 3
Leaves alternate. 4
3. Petals spreading. Disc thick. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Ovary-cells and stigmas 4-5. Seeds enveloped by a red aril. Leaves elliptical.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Yields timber and medicaments and serves as an ornamental plant; the fruits are poisonous. “Spindle-tree.” Evonymus L.
Petals erect. Disc thin. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Seeds with a white, wing-like aril. Leaves lanceolate.—Species
1 (C. edulis Forsk.). Central and South Africa. The wood and the leaves are used, the latter for chewing and for preparing a tea and medicaments. (Methyscophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh.) Catha Forsk.
4. Flowers in axillary racemes or umbels, or more frequently solitary or in clusters and inserted upon the leaves, 5-merous. Ovary-cells and stigmas 5, very rarely 3-4. Seeds with a laciniate aril. Unarmed shrubs or trees.—Species 7. Madagascar. (Under Celastrus L.). Polycardia Juss.
Flowers in axillary fascicles or cymes. Ovary 2-3-celled, very rarely
4-5-celled. 5
5. Ovules 3-6 in each cell of the ovary. Disc thick, almost hemispherical, ribbed, red. Seeds enveloped by the aril. Spiny shrubs.—Species 2.
South Africa. (Under Celastrus L.) Putterlickia Endl.
Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc not hemispherical. 6
6. Fruit with usually wing-like appendages. Seeds with a gaping aril. Ovary usually ribbed. Stigmas 2-3. Disc 5-lobed or 5-parted. Flowers
5-merous. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves entire.—Species 9.
South Africa. Pterocelastrus Meissn.
Fruit without appendages. Ovary not ribbed. Disc faintly lobed, not ribbed.—Species 80. Some of them yield timber, rubber, or medicaments.
(Including Scytophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh., under Celastrus L.) Gymnosporia Wight & Arn.
7. (1.) Fruit broadly winged, with a leathery rind. Flowers 4-merous.
Stamens inserted within the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary
2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Stigma 1, small. Shrubs.
Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescences terminal and axillary.—Species
1. Madagascar. [Subfamily TRIPTERYGIOIDEAE.] Ptelidium Thouars
Fruit not winged. Stamens inserted on the edge or outer face of the disc.
Anthers usually opening inwards. [Subfamily CASSINIOIDEAE.] 8
8. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2-8, erect. Style lateral. Stigma peltate.
Flowers 5-merous. Fruit with a thin endocarp and a thin-fleshy mesocarp. Seeds with copious albumen. Leaves opposite.—Species
5. East and South Africa and Malagasy Islands. (Including Cathastrum
Turcz.) Pleurostylia Wight & Arn.
Ovary 2-4-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Style terminal, rarely lateral in the fruit. 9
9. Ovules pendulous. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit a drupe. Glabrous shrubs.
Upper leaves opposite, broad.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Yields timber. (Under Cassine L.) Maurocenia L.
Ovules erect. 10
10. Stigma entire. Anthers turned inwards. Petal-like staminodes usually present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves opposite, unequal, the lower lanceolate, the upper oval. Trees.—Species 1. Isle of Réunion. Herya Cordem.
Stigma 2-4-lobed, very rarely entire, but then anthers turned outwards.
Petal-like staminodes none. 11
11. Flowers in short racemes, unisexual, 4-merous. Stamens inserted at the margin of the thin disc; filaments strap-shaped. Fruit almost dry.
Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Elaeodendron Jacq.) Lauridia Eckl. & Zeyh.
Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes; usually hermaphrodite. 12
12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit almost dry.—Species 20.
Tropical and South Africa. (Under Cassine L. or Elaeodendron Jacq.) Mystroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh.
Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. 13
13. Pericarp neither fleshy nor hardened. Seeds exalbuminous. Anthers opening outwards. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly toothed.—Species 3. South Africa and Madagascar. (Under Schrebera
Thunb.) Hartogia Thunb.
Pericarp more or less fleshy or hardened. Seeds albuminous. Anthers usually opening inwards. 14
14. Pericarp fleshy. Leaves opposite.—Species 10. South Africa. Cassine L.
Pericarp dry.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Cassine L.)
(Plate 82.) Elaeodendron Jacq.
[FAMILY 130.] HIPPOCRATEACEAE