1. Involucre large, calyx-like, 3-10-lobed or many-parted. Sepals 3. Disc cupular. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. 2
Involucre not calyx-like, either 2-parted or shortly cup-shaped or indistinct or wanting; in the two former cases ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Stamens 12 or more. 4
2. Involucre consisting of numerous densely crowded bracts, fleshy. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.—Species 5.
Madagascar. Used medicinally. (Sarcolaena Thouars). Sarcochlaena Thouars
Involucre cup-shaped, lobed, dry. 3
3. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Involucre 6-toothed. Fruit
a one-seeded nut.—Species 7. Madagascar. (Leptolaena Thouars).
(Plate 90.) Leptochlaena Thouars
Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule.—Species 4. Madagascar. Xerochlamys Bak.
4. Involucre cup-shaped, enlarged in fruit. Sepals 5, the two outer somewhat smaller than the others. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending.
Fruit a nut.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Sclerolaena Bak., Xylolaena
Baill.) Xylochlaena Baill.
Involucre of two bracts or rudimentary or wanting. Sepals 5, the two outer much smaller than the others, or 3. Disc ring- or cup-shaped.
Filaments not united in bundles. 5
5. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Involucre enclosing two flowers, usually consisting of two laciniate bracts enlarged in fruit.
Sepals 3. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule splitting to the base.—Species
5. Madagascar. (Schizolaena Thouars). Schizochlaena Thouars
Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Involucre rudimentary or wanting. 6
6. Ovules axile, descending. Outer stamens inserted on the inside of the disc. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top only.—Species 4. Madagascar.
(Rhodolaena Thouars). Rhodochlaena Thouars
Ovules basal, ascending. Sepals 5. Outer stamens inserted at the edge of the ring-shaped disc. Stigma 3-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Eremolaena Baill.) Eremochlaena Baill.
SUBORDER MALVINEAE
[FAMILY 141.] TILIACEAE
Leaves toothed or lobed, more rarely entire or deeply divided. Stipules present. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals entire or notched at the apex, rarely (Grewia) wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 10 or more, rarely 5-9, free or united in 4-10 bundles. Anthers 2-celled, the cells sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely (Christiania) deeply divided.—Genera 18, species 260. (Plate 91.)
1. Sepals combined into an entire, crenate, or 2-6-lobed calyx. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Anthers roundish, opening by usually confluent, longitudinal slits. Style 4-5-parted or wanting. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate. Flowers panicled. [Tribe BROWNLOWIEAE.] 2
Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening by separate slits or by pores.
Style simple. 4
2. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, petal-like, lobed.
Calyx 2-3-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit 4-winged.—Species
2. East Africa and Madagascar. Carpodiptera Gris.
Ovary 4-6-celled. Styles 4-6, free or united at the base. 3
3. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 5-6-parted. Stigmas horizontal, laciniate.
Fruit with one-seeded cells.—Species 2. Tropics. Christiania DC.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-6-cleft. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.
Stigmas twisted, almost entire.—Species 1. Madagascar. Speirostyla Bak.
4. Petals with a gland at the base, rarely (Grewia) petals wanting. Receptacle nearly always prolonged into a more or less stalk-like androphore.
Anthers roundish. [Tribe GREWIEAE.] 5
Petals without a gland at the base. Receptacle not stalk-like, rarely
(Corchorus) somewhat prolonged. Anthers linear or oblong, rarely
(Sparmannia) oval. 11
5. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Leaves elliptical. Inflorescence raceme-like.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Pentadiplandra Baill.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens numerous, rarely (Triumfetta) 5-10, but then ovary-cells with 2 ovules in each. 6
6. Fruit a spiny nut or schizocarp. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Flowers in cymes, yellow. Stigma lobed. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species
50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fibres, vegetables, or medicaments. Triumfetta L.
Fruit an unarmed nut or drupe. Shrubs or trees. 7
7. Fruit few-seeded, usually fleshy. Ovary 2-5-celled, with usually 2 ovules in each cell. Filaments free.—Species 140. Tropical and
South Africa and the Sahara. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits from which drinks are prepared, and medicaments. (Plate 91.) Grewia L.
Fruit many-seeded, fibrous. Ovary 4-10-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Petals 4-5, small. Trees. 8
8. Flowers 2-3 together surrounded by an involucre of 3-4 bracts. Filaments free. Ovary 6-8-celled. 9
Flowers without a distinct involucre. Filaments united at the base.
Stipules cleft. 10
9. Involucral bracts 3, enclosing 3 flowers. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit with 8 furrows. Stipules awl-shaped.—Species 1. West Africa. The seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. Duboscia Bocq.
Involucral bracts 4, enclosing 2 flowers. Petals 4. Ovary 6-7-celled.
Fruit with 6-7 ribs. Stipules large, oblique.—Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons). Diplanthemum K. Schum.
10. Ovary and fruit 4-5-celled. Fruit oblong. Seeds winged.—Species 1.
West Africa. Desplatzia Bocq.
Ovary and fruit 8-10-celled. Fruit ovoid or globose.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa. Used medicinally. (Grewiopsis De Wild. & Dur.) Grewiella O. Ktze.
11. (4.) Anthers linear, surmounted by a two-tipped or scale-like appendage.
Stamens numerous. Ovary 6-10-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe APEIBEAE.] 12
Anthers without an appendage at the top, rarely surmounted by a short
point. Ovary 2-5-celled, rarely 6-celled. [Tribe TILIEAE.] 13
12. Petals 4, white, shorter than the calyx. Filaments united in 4 bundles.
Anthers with a two-tipped appendage. Ovary 6-celled. Fruit globular, spiny.—Species 2. West Africa. (Including Acrosepalum Pierre). Ancistrocarpus Oliv.
Petals 4-5, yellow, equalling the calyx. Filaments almost free. Anthers with a scale-like appendage. Ovary 8-10-celled. Fruit spindle-shaped, many-celled.—Species 5. Tropics. Some are used for dyeing and in medicine. Glyphaea Hook. fil.
13. Staminodes 5 or more. Shrubs or trees. 14
Staminodes none. 17
14. Staminodes 5, within the stamens. Anthers ending in a short point.
Petals 5, white. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma
5-parted. Leaves undivided, oblong or oval.—Species 3. Central
Africa. Cistanthera K. Schum.
Staminodes numerous, outside the stamens. Ovary 4-6-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. 15
15. Fertile stamens 7-10. Anthers linear. Petals 4-5, violet. Fruit oblong, prickly, not winged.—Species 3. West Africa to the Great
Lakes. They yield fibre. Honckenya Willd.
Fertile stamens numerous. Petals 4, white or yellow. 16
16. Petals white. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit globose, prickly.—Species 6.
South and East Africa and Madagascar. S. africana L. is used as an ornamental, medicinal, and textile plant. Sparmannia L. f.
Petals yellow. Ovary 5-6-celled. Fruit oblong, with bristly ciliate wings.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields fibre. Cephalonema K. Schum.
17. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves 6-7-parted. Sepals united at the base, bearing a small horn at the top. Petals 5, notched at the top or minutely toothed, shorter than the sepals. Stamens very numerous. Ovary 5-6-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.—Species 1. East Africa. Ceratosepalum Oliv.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves undivided. Sepals free. Petals yellow. Ovary 2-5-celled, with more than 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit more or less elongate, not prickly.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt; one species also cultivated in other parts of North Africa. Some of them yield fibre (jute), vegetables, and medicaments. Corchorus L.
[FAMILY 142.] MALVACEAE
Leaves simple, stipulate. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 5, adhering to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous; filaments united into a tube; anthers 1-celled; pollen-grains large, prickly. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-or more-celled, or many distinct ovaries. Ovules inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 21, species 300. (Plate 92.)
TILIACEAE
FLOW. PL. AFR.