1. Flowers distinctly irregular. Lowest petal larger than the rest and furnished with a spur or boss at the base. Anterior filaments bearing a spur, a boss, or a gland. Style thickened and usually curved above.
Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Tribe
VIOLEAE.] 2
Flowers nearly regular. Petals subequal, without spur or boss.
Style straight, with a terminal stigma. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe
RINOREEAE.] 3
2. Sepals produced at the base into two auricles. Filaments very short.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species
20. Some of them yield perfumes and medicaments and serve as ornamental plants (violets and pansies). Viola L.
Sepals not auricled. Lowest petal saccate or gibbous.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Calceolaria
Loefl., Ionidium Vent.) Hybanthus Jacq.
3. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood. Petals connivent.
Ovules 3. Seeds with an aril and with scanty albumen.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). Allexis Pierre
Flowers solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Seeds without an aril, with copious albumen.—Species 70. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Some yield timber. (Alsodeia Thouars). (Plate
103.) Rinorea Aubl.
[FAMILY 159.] FLACOURTIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers regular. Petals free, with imbricate or valvate, rarely (Dioncophyllum) with contorted aestivation, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Anthers 2-celled, very rarely 4-celled, opening by longitudinal slits, rarely (Kiggelaria) by apical pores. Ovary superior and sessile or nearly so, or half-inferior, rarely (Bembicia) inferior, one-celled or incompletely, rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with 2-8 parietal, rarely axile placentas bearing the ovules sometimes at the top only, rarely with a single placenta. Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, inverted. Seeds nearly always albuminous and with a straight embryo.—Genera 46, species 250. Tropical and South Africa. (Including SAMYDACEAE, under BIXINEAE.) (Plate 104.)
1. Perianth-leaves spirally arranged; sepals gradually passing into the petals. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers in spikes or racemes.
[Tribe ERYTHROSPERMEAE.] 2
Perianth-leaves whorled; sepals separated from the petals, or petals
absent. 7
2. Inner perianth-leaves with small, scale-like appendages at the base. 3
Inner perianth-leaves without appendages. 5
3. Outer perianth-leaves much smaller than the inner, free, leathery. Style very short.—Species 4. East and South-east Africa. Rawsonia Harv. & Send.
Outer perianth-leaves about as large as the inner. 4
4. Stamens 5.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Dasylepis Oliv.) Scottelia Oliv.
Stamens numerous.—Species 3. Central Africa. Dasylepis Oliv.
5. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous. Anthers broad-sagittate. Style simple, with a 2-4-lobed stigma. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite.—Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and East Africa. Erythrospermum Lam.
Stamens 20 or more, perigynous. Anthers oblong or linear. Style 3-4-cleft or -parted. 6
6. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 3, free. Fruit a few-seeded, loculicidal capsule. Low trees. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Pyramidocarpus Oliv.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Style 1, with 4 branches. Fruit a many-seeded, septicidal capsule. Tall trees. Flowers in racemes.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. (Cerolepis Pierre). Camptostylus Gilg
7. (1.) Petals present. Ovary 1-celled. 8
Petals absent. Sepals 3-6, very rarely 7-8. 35
8. Petals more than sepals, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Ovary superior. 9
Petals as many as sepals. 17
9. Stamens collected in bundles opposite to the petals and alternating with
8 glands inserted at the margin of the receptacle. Calyx 4-partite.
Petals 8. Ovules few, suspended from the upper part of the placentas.
Styles 3-4. Flowers in axillary spikes.—Species 1. West Africa. Dissomeria Benth.
Stamens not in bundles. Receptacle without glands. Ovules numerous, parietal. Style 1, simple cleft or 2-parted. [Tribe ONCOBEAE.] 10
10. Sepals wholly or partly united, when young, with valvate aestivation.
Style simple. 11
Sepals free or nearly so, with imbricate aestivation. 12
11. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in few-flowered racemes. Calyx hood-shaped. Petals 5. Filaments free, thread-shaped. Placentas
2-3. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. Madagascar. Prockiopsis Baill.
Flowers dioecious, in fascicles or abbreviated spikes or racemes. Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 6-7. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer longer and with broadened, incompletely united filaments. Placentas 3-5.—Species 5.
Central Africa. Buchnerodendron Guerke
12. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 9-12. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary and fruit winged. Style long, 2-cleft at the top, with small stigmas. Shrubs. Leaves serrate, stipulate. Flowers in the axils of undeveloped leaves, towards the ends of the branches.—Species
3. West Africa. Poggea Guerke
Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Petals 4-12. 13
13. Style very short, with 2-4 recurved stigmas. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Sepals 3. Petals 5-7. Fruit winged. Shrubs.
Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. East Africa. Grandidiera Jaub.
Style thread-shaped, simple or 3-7-cleft. Anthers attached by the base.
Fruit not winged. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes. 14
14. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stigma inconspicuous or slightly branched. Placentas 3. Seeds few. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Under Oncoba Forsk.) Lindackeria Presl
Flowers large. Placentas 4 or more. 15
15. Stigma (or style-apex) not thickened, slightly notched or divided into several branches. Fruit dehiscing incompletely; seeds numerous, minute. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.—Species 15.
Central Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Oncoba Forsk.) Caloncoba Gilg
Stigma thickened or divided into many branches. Leafstalk not jointed.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together. 16
16. Branches without spines. Fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing by 4-6 valves; seeds few, large.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Under Oncoba Forsk.) Xylotheca Hochst.
Branches spinous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, with many placentas and numerous seeds.—Species 2. Central Africa. Used medicinally; the fruits are edible and used for making ornaments. Oncoba Forsk.
17. (8.) Petals 5, each with a scale-like appendage at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 10-12. Anthers opening at the top. Ovary superior.
Styles 2-5. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes. Shrubs.—Species
6. South and East Africa. [Tribe PANGIEAE.] Kiggelaria L.
Petals without scales at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise. 18
18. Receptacle (flower-tube) bearing a cupular or filamentous corona at its margin. Petals 5. Ovary superior. Seeds with an aril. [Tribe
PAROPSIEAE.] 19
Receptacle without a corona, but sometimes with glands. 25
19. Anthers peltate, 4-celled. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Corona short-tubular, entire. Ovules 6, apical. Styles 3, long. Stigmas not thickened.
Low trees. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in elongated
axillary spikes or racemes.—Species 3. West Africa. Soyauxia Oliv.
Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovules parietal. Stigmas thickened. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or terminal panicles. 20
20. Ovules 2 on each placenta. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Filaments broadened and united below. Corona many-parted. Flowers in terminal panicles.
Bracts with two large glands at the base.—Species 1. West Africa
(Liberia). (Under Paropsia Nor.) Androsiphonia Stapf
Ovules 3 or more on each placenta. 21
21. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous. Corona double. Flowers sessile, in the axils of the leaves or by the side of them, enveloped by imbricate bracts. Fruit indehiscent. Branches with swellings inhabited by ants. Leaves stipulate.—Species 4. West Africa and region of the
Great Lakes. Barteria Hook.
Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Flowers stalked. 22
22. Corona double, the outer slit into narrow segments, the inner ring-shaped.
Stamens 8-10. Leaves toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species
6. Equatorial West Africa. Paropsiopsis Engl.
Corona simple. Stamens 5 or many. 23
23. Flowers in panicles. Corona divided into thread-like segments. Stamens
5. Filaments flat. Styles 5.—Species 1. Madagascar. Hounea Baill.
Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves. Filaments thin, thread-like. Fruit dehiscent. Leaves toothed. 24
24. Stamens 5. Flowers rather small. Leaves with glandular patches at the base of the blade.—Species 10. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. Paropsia Nor.
Stamens numerous. Flowers large. Leaves with glands at the base of the stalk.—Species 4. West Africa. (Under Paropsia Nor.) Smeathmannia Soland.
25. (18.) Inflorescences springing from the midrib of the leaves, cymose.
Ovary superior, many-ovuled. [Tribe PHYLLOBOTRYEAE.] 26
Inflorescences axillary or terminal. 28
26. Stamens 5. Anthers linear. Petals 5. Leaves toothed.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Moquerysia Hua
Stamens numerous. Anthers oval or triangular. Petals 3-5. 27
27. Style 1, shortly 2-cleft. Anthers oval or elliptical. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Leaves large, serrate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Phylloclinium Baill.
Styles 3, free or united below. Petals 3-4. Flowers in glomerules.
Leaves very large.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. Phyllobotryum Muell. Arg.
28. Stamens singly or in bundles opposite to the petals. Ovary half-inferior, more rarely superior. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe HOMALIEAE.] 29
Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary superior. Fruit a
berry. [Tribe SCOLOPIEAE.] 33
29. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9-15. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, with
1-2 ovules each. Styles 3. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in spikes or spike-like panicles.—Species 4. East and South Africa. Trimeria Harv.
Flowers hermaphrodite. 30
30. Style 1, simple, with a capitate stigma. Ovules 4. Stamens 5. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 1. South-east Africa. Gerrardina Oliv.
Styles 2-6, or style single and 2-6-cleft. 31
31. Ovary superior. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-6, free. Stamens 5-8, nearly hypogynous. Seeds woolly. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. Madagascar and East Africa. (Including
Bivinia Tul.) Calantica Tul.
Ovary half-inferior. Seeds not woolly. 32
32. Style 1, thick, 4-6-cleft at the apex. Ovules numerous. Stamens 12-18.
Petals scarcely larger than the sepals. Flowers in spike-like panicles.
Leaves exstipulate.—Species 2. West Africa. Byrsanthus Guill.
Styles 2-6, thread-shaped, free or united at the base, rarely beyond; in the latter case stamens 4-8 or petals considerably larger than the sepals.
Petals persistent.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Including Blackwellia Comm.) Homalium Jacq.
33. Sepals united below. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 5-7. Ovules numerous. Styles 5-7, united at the base. Leaves ending in two tendrils. Flowers in cymose panicles.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Dioncophyllum Baill.
Sepals free. Anthers attached by the back. Placentas 2-4. Style 1, simple. Leaves stipulate, without tendrils. 34
34. Ovary stalked, incompletely 3-celled at the base, 6-ovuled. Connective not prolonged. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals larger than the sepals. Flowers in compound racemes or panicles. Leaves penninerved.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Marquesia Gilg
Ovary sessile or nearly so, completely 1-celled. Connective usually prolonged.
Sepals valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Petals similar to the sepals. Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely in panicles. Leaves
3-5-nerved at the base.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield timber or serve as ornamental plants. (Phoberos
Lour.) Scolopia Schreb.
35. (7.) Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas. Styles 2-3.
Stamens numerous. Sepals 7-8, petaloid. Inflorescences head-like.—Species
1. Madagascar. [Tribe BEMBICIEAE.] Bembicia Oliv.
Ovary superior. 36
36. Receptacle with thread- or strap-shaped, sometimes partly united appendages.
Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentas. 37
Receptacle with separate glands or with a ring-shaped disc, but without
thread- or strap-shaped appendages, or without any appendages. 39
37. Stamens 15-20. Styles 4. Sepals 4, unequal. Flowers unisexual, solitary, axillary.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Trichostephanus Gilg
Stamens 5-12. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds hairy or arillate. Leaves stipulate, usually gland-dotted. [Tribe
CASEARIEAE.] 38
38. Flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous. Stamens 5-6. Seeds with
a minute aril.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Ophiobotrys Gilg
Flowers solitary and axillary or in axillary fascicles or heads, hermaphrodite.
Stamens 6-12.—Species 20. Tropics to Delagoa Bay.
Some species yield timber or are used in medicine. (Guidonia Plum.) Casearia Jacq.
39. Stamens collected in 5-8 bundles alternating with the sepals. Sepals glandular, valvate in bud. Placentas 3-6, parietal, with numerous ovules. Styles 3-6. Fruit a capsule. Seeds woolly. Leaves entire or crenate, stipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. (See 31.) Calantica Tul.
Stamens not in bundles. 40
40. Anthers 10-15, linear, large, subsessile. Calyx very small, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2, parietal, bearing 2 ovules each. Styles 2. Fruit
a nut. Seeds very large, arillate, exalbuminous. Embryo with a minute radicle and very unequal cotyledons. Shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, dioecious.—Species 2.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. Physena Thouars
Anthers short and broad, more or less oval. Seeds albuminous. 41
41. Ovary 2- or more-celled, with 2-4 subbasal ovules in each cell. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous, surrounding a thick disc. Fruit a prickly nut. Seeds ruminate within. Stipules connate. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite.—Species 5. Madagascar. (Ropalocarpus Boj.) Rhopalocarpus Boj.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely, very rarely completely 2- or more-celled, with parietal or axile ovules; if ovary 2- or more-celled, then styles 2-8, free or united at the base, and fruit a berry or a drupe.
Seeds not ruminate. [Tribe FLACOURTIEAE.] 42
42. Ovary incompletely, very rarely completely 2- or more-celled. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Receptacle bearing a disc or free glands. 43
Ovary completely 1-celled. Style usually 1. Stamens numerous. 44
43. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 10-25, alternating with glands. Placentas with 1-6 ovules each. Fruit a berry. Stipules minute, deciduous.—Species
17. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits.
(Dovyalis Arn. & Mey., including Aberia Hochst.) Doryalis Arn. & Mey.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens numerous, surrounded
by a ring-shaped disc. Placentas with several or many ovules each.
Fruit a drupe with several stones. Stipules wanting.—Species 7.
Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, edible fruits (Indian plums), and medicaments, and serve also as hedge-plants. (Plate 104.) Flacourtia Juss.
44. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in cymes. Receptacle expanded into a disc. Stamens with short filaments and introrse anthers. Style very short, simple or 2-6-cleft. Ovary with a single placenta and 2 ovules.
Fruit a drupe. Stipules minute.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.
Yields timber and condiments. Guya Frapp.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle unappendaged, rarely with a disc but then style distinctly developed. 45
45. Receptacle expanded into a glandular-toothed disc. Sepals 5-6, oblong, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2-4. Style filiform, 2-4-cleft at the apex. Stipules none.—Species 2. East Africa (Sansibar), Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and are used in medicine. Ludia Lam.
Receptacle without a disc and without glands. Sepals 4-5, roundish, or 3. Styles 3 or 0. 46
46. Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 3.
Styles 3, free, filiform; stigmas not thickened. Stipules linear. Flowers in racemose inflorescences.—Species 6. Madagascar. Tisonia Baill.
Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Placenta 1. Style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a berry.
Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, East and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, a substitute for tea, and medicaments. (Aphloia Benn.) Neumannia Rich.
[FAMILY 160.] TURNERACEAE
Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, furnished with a gland or a callosity, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Styles 3, often divided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds arillate, pitted, with a large embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 7, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 105.)
1. Sepals free or nearly so. 2
Sepals united below into a distinct tube. 3
2. Stigmas nearly entire. Sepals with ovate glands. Petals white. Fruit dehiscing throughout its whole length. Aril formed of long hairs.
Trees with simple hairs. Leaves stipulate, with two glands on the stalk. Flowers pendulous, solitary or in clusters of 3, bracteolate.—Species
1. Mascarene Islands. Mathurina Balf. fil.
Stigmas many-cleft. Fruit dehiscing from the top to the middle. Aril one-sided, crenate. Leaves without glands at the base, but sometimes with small glands at the margin. Flowers erect, solitary or in cymes.
Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Including Erblichia Seem., under Turnera L.) Piriqueta Aubl.
3. Calyx-tube with very numerous and very thin nerves. Stamens inserted at the base of the tube. Stigmas entire or obscurely notched. Areas of the seed-coat without holes. Glandular shrubs. Stipules minute.
Flowers solitary, erect, bracteolate.—Species 2. East Africa. Loewia Urban
Calyx-tube with 10-15 nerves. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then stigmas divided. 4
4. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, with hemispherical callosities or without any appendage on the inside. Areas of the seed-coat with one hole in each or without a hole. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. 5
Calyx-tube 15-nerved, furnished with linear ledges within. Areas of the seed-coat with two holes in each. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Hairy herbs. Leaves without stipules. 6
5. Sepals thin-membranous, colourless. Petals inserted at the base of the calyx-tube. Stigmas many-cleft. Ovules 9. Fruit pendulous. Aril entire. Herbs. Leaves without glands. Flowers solitary.—Species 2.
Madagascar. (Under Turnera L.) Hyalocalyx Rolfe
Sepals herbaceous, green. Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube.
Fruit erect. Aril crenate or lobed.—Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Turnera L.
6. Petals inserted below the mouth of the calyx-tube, provided with a scale at their base. Stamens arising from the base of the tube. Fruit linear.
Seeds in one row.—Species 8. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate
105.) Wormskioldia Schum. & Thonn.
Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, unappendaged. Stamens adnate to the tube at their base. Fruit oblong or oval. Seeds in several rows.—Species 3. East Africa. (Under Wormskioldia Schum.
& Thonn.) Streptopetalum Hochst.
[FAMILY 161.] PASSIFLORACEAE
Usually tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, free, imbricate in bud, more rarely wanting. Receptacle produced into a corona which is sometimes divided into separate scales, rarely without any appendage. Stamens 4-10, as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3, rarely 4-5 parietal placentas and numerous inverted ovules. Seeds arillate, with a pitted or furrowed testa and a fleshy albumen.—Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 106.)
