Corolla salver-, bell-, or wheel-shaped, usually white. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, 3-5-nerved—Species
110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poisons, and medicaments; some have poisonous, others edible fruits and seeds, which are also used for preparing alcohol. (Including
Brehmia Harv. and Ignatia L. f.) [Tribe STRYCHNEAE.] Strychnos L.

[FAMILY 199.] GENTIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided, sometimes reduced to scales; stipules absent or replaced by a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Flowers regular, rarely (Canscora) somewhat irregular. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, 3-8, sometimes one only fertile. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentas, or 2-celled with axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple with 1-2 stigmas rarely (Erythraea) 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (Chironia) a berry. Seeds minute, albuminous.—Genera 23, species 250. (Plate 128.)

1. Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation, 5-partite, white or yellow.
Pollen-grains compressed from one side. Ovary 1-celled, with little intruding placentas. Stigma 2-partite. Leaves alternate or all radical, broad-cordate. [Subfamily MENYANTHOIDEAE.] 2
Corolla with contorted or imbricate aestivation. Pollen-grains not compressed from one side. Leaves opposite or whorled or nearly so. [Subfamily
GENTIANOIDEAE.] 3
2. Stem erect. Leaves slightly cordate at the base, ovate, radical. Flowers panicled. Fruit opening by 4 valves at the top.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. Villarsia Vent.
Stem floating or creeping. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Flowers fascicled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed.—Species
9. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible roots or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. Limnanthemum Gmel.
3. Stem and leaves reddish. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers solitary, terminal. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow or blue. Anthers included. Pollen-grains with a single pore. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma entire. Ovules straight. Seeds with a very scanty albumen.—Species
2. West Africa. (Under Voyria Aubl.) [Tribe LEIPHAIMEAE.] Leiphaimos Cham. & Schlechtd.
Stem and leaves green. Leaves well developed, rarely very small, but then flowers in cymes. Pollen-grains with 3 pores. Ovules inverted.
Seeds with copious albumen. 4
4. Pollen-grains connected in groups of four, tubercled on the surface. Calyx
4-toothed, with a winged tube. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Filaments
inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube, winged at the base.
Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 2-partite.—Species 1. West Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe HELIEAE.] Schultesia Mart.
Pollen-grains separate. [Tribe GENTIANEAE.] 5
5. Ovary completely 2-celled. Pollen-grains very small. 6
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Pollen-grains rather large. 9
6. Anthers opening by terminal pores which are sometimes produced into slits, without glands, exserted. Filaments inserted at the throat of the corolla or somewhat lower. Corolla violet, pink, or white, with a short and wide tube. Calyx winged.—Species 12. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants. Exacum L.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits, nearly always with 1-4 small glands at the base or the apex. Corolla yellow, with a more or less elongated tube. 7
7. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes.—Species 80. South Africa and tropics. Some are used medicinally. Sebaea R. Br.
Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the corolla-tube.
Flowers 5-merous. 8
8. Filaments inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Calyx not winged.
Small plants with small flowers.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Sebaea R. Br.) Lagenias E. Mey.
Filaments inserted in the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube,
Calyx winged. Flowers rather large. Species 30. Tropical and
South Africa. (Parasia Rafin., including Exochaenium Griseb., under
Sebaea R. Br.) Belmontia E. Mey.
9. Ovary divided into incomplete cells by the intrusion of the placentas.
Stigma more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Stamens 5. 10
Ovary completely one-celled with little intruding placentas. 12
10. Anthers more or less twisted after flowering. Pollen-grains smooth.—Species
6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Used as medicinal or ornamental plants. Erythraea L. C. Rich.
Anthers erect or bent back after flowering. Pollen-grains tubercled or netted. Calyx with small scales on the inside. 11
11. Corolla yellow; tube short, glabrous within. Anthers exserted. Pollen-grains tubercled. Leaves stem-clasping. Flowers in many-flowered panicles with large bracts.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Ixanthus Griseb.
Corolla white or red; tube long, with 5 small scales on the inside. Anthers included. Pollen-grains netted. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.—Species 9. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or are used in medicine. Tachiadenus Griseb.
12 Corolla with 1-2 glandular nectaries at the base of each segment; tube very short. Stamens 4-5. Pollen-grains tubercled.—Species 35.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Sweertia L.
Corolla without nectaries, but sometimes with scales at the insertion of the stamens. Pollen-grains smooth or dotted. 13
13. Corolla with distinctly unequal segments and imbricate, more rarely contorted aestivation, white or red. Stamens 4, inserted at different heights on the corolla-tube, usually one only perfect. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-lobed.—Species 3. Tropics. Used medicinally. Canscora Lam.
Corolla with equal or subequal segments and contorted aestivation. 14
14. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3; all inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla yellow, with a short tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem 4-angled or winged. Leaves very small, decurrent along the stem. Flowers in dense cymes.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under Canscora Lam.) Schinziella Gilg
Fertile stamens 3-8, rarely more. 15
15. Flowers 6-8-merous, rarely polymerous. Corolla yellow, with a short tube. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-parted with deeply notched branches. Flowers in lax cymes.—Species 2. North-west Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Chlora L.
Flowers 3-5-merous. Stigma entire or 2-parted with entire branches. 16
16. Flowers 3-merous. Sepals very unequal. Corolla with a long tube, usually blue. Stamens inserted at the throat; filaments with a swelling at the base. Stigma 2-parted. Flowers crowded in heads.—Species 3.
Southern Central Africa. Pycnosphaera Gilg
Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals not very unequal. 17
17. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers ovate, rarely oblong. Pollen-grains smooth.
Herbs. 18
Flowers 5-merous. Anthers oblong or linear. 21
18. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx 8-12-ribbed.
Corolla with a narrow tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Dwarf herbs.
Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, sometimes forming racemes or corymbs.—Species 8. Central Africa. Neurotheca Salisb.
Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers ovate. Flowers small. 19
19. Flowers in dense fascicles. Calyx divided to the middle or below the middle. Corolla with 4 scales at the throat.—Species 10. Central and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Faroa Welw.
Flowers in lax cymes. Corolla without scales at the throat. Dwarf herbs. 20
20. Stem much branched. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla with a long tube and broad lobes. Stigma 2-parted.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Cicendia Adans.
Stem not or scantily branched. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla with a rather long tube and narrow segments. Stigma entire or notched.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Microcala Link & Hoffmsg.
21. Filaments with a double scale at the base, inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers included, not twisted. Pollen-grains smooth.
Corolla-tube long. Stigma entire. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles.
Herbs.—Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.
(Hippion Spreng.) Enicostemma Blume
Filaments without a scale at the base. Anthers usually exserted and twisted after flowering. Flowers in usually lax cymes or solitary. 22
22. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pollen-grains medium-sized, smooth. Herbs.
(See 10.) Erythraea L. C. Rich.
Stigma entire. Pollen-grains very large, dotted. Corolla-tube rather short. 23
23. Calyx with blunt, not keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla present. Corolla red. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Hairy shrubs. Flowers large, in terminal cymes.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. Orphium E. Mey.
Calyx with pointed, usually keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla absent.—Species 40. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Malagasy Islands. Some species serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Plocandra E. Mey.) (Plate 128.) Chironia L.

[FAMILY 200.] APOCYNACEAE

Usually woody plants. Juice milky. Leaves entire, usually penninerved with closely arranged, parallel primary side-nerves, generally opposite. Flowers with bracteoles, usually panicled, regular or nearly so, 5-, very rarely 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud, usually deeply divided. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted in the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Filaments free, short. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits, sometimes adhering to the stigma. Pollen granular. Ovary superior, more rarely half-inferior, 1-2-celled, or 2, rarely (Pleiocarpa) 3-5 separate ovaries. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, rarely solitary, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or divided at the base, thickened at the apex, bearing the stigmas on the under-surface of the thickened part (stigmatic or stylar head), and sometimes two-lobed above it. Seeds usually albuminous and provided with a wing or a tuft of hairs.—Genera 61, species 450. (Plate 129.)

1. Stamens closely connected with the stigmatic head. Anthers prolonged at the base into empty tails. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the right. Fruit dry, dehiscent. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily
ECHITIDOIDEAE.] 2
Stamens free or loosely cohering with the stigmatic head. Anthers without tails, full of pollen to the base, more rarely prolonged into tails, but then fruit fleshy and most frequently indehiscent. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the left. Seeds usually without a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily
PLUMIEROIDEAE.] 22
2. Anthers projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla-tube. [Tribe PARSONSIEAE.] 3
Anthers, entirely or for the greatest part, concealed within the corolla-tube.
[Tribe ECHITIDEAE.] 7
3. Calyx without glands; segments blunt. Corolla with a very short tube without scales; segments overlapping to the right. Filaments twisted around the style. Disc cupular, irregularly crenate. Twining shrubs.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Dewevrella De Wild.
Calyx with glands on the inside. Disc 5-lobed or wanting. 4
4. Disc 5-lobed. Calyx with 5-10 glands. Corolla white, with 5-10 confluent scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right.
Seeds glabrous. Trees or erect shrubs, glabrous.—Species 1. Northern
West Africa. Malouetia A. DC.
Disc absent. Seeds hairy. 5
5. Calyx with pointed segments and 10—20 glands. Corolla glabrous at the throat; segments unequal-sided, overlapping to the right. Seeds with
a terminal and a smaller basal tuft of hairs. Twining shrubs.—Species
3. West Africa. Isonema R. Br.
Calyx with blunt segments and 5-10 glands. Corolla nearly always with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Erect shrubs or trees. 6
6. Flowers small. Seeds covered all over with long hairs densest at the base.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Wrightia R. Br.) Pleioceras Baill.
Flowers rather large. Seeds provided at the base with a deciduous tuft of hairs.—Species 3. South-east Africa and Madagascar. Wrightia R. Br.
7. Leaves alternate. Stem succulent. Flowers subsessile. Calyx without glands, with subulate or lanceolate segments. Corolla usually funnel-shaped; segments overlapping to the right. Ovary superior. 8
Leaves opposite or whorled. Stem woody. 9
8. Leaves with 2 or more spines at their base or in their axils. Disc 5-lobed or replaced by 2-5 glands. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the apex.—Species
15. Madagascar, South Africa, and Angola. Pachypodium Lindl.
Leaves and stem without spines. Corolla red. Disc none. Seeds with
a tuft of hairs at either end. Flowers large, in few-flowered cymes.—Species
13. Central and South Africa. Some species yield an arrow-poison.
(Idaneum O. Ktze.) Adenium Roem. & Schult.
9. Corolla with separate or confluent scales at the throat. 10
Corolla naked at the throat, but sometimes with scales or swellings lower down in the tube. 13
10. Scales at the throat of the corolla united into a tubular, 15-crenate corona.
Corolla salver-shaped, the segments overlapping to the left. Calyx without glands. Ovary superior. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs. Erect
shrubs. Flowers small.—Species 1. East Africa. Stephanostema K. Schum.
Scales at the throat of the corolla free or slightly united at the base. Corolla-segments nearly always overlapping to the right. Ovary almost superior or half-inferior. 11
11. Corolla salver-shaped with 5 entire scales at the throat. Calyx without glands, rarely with 5 small glands within. Filaments inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Disc cup-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-parted.
Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, without axillary glands. Flowers small.—Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa. Oncinotis Benth.
Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 divided scales at the throat. Calyx with usually numerous glands within. Disc none. 12
12. Corolla with laciniate scales at the throat, and with broad, not tailed segments, white or red. Anthers with a tailed connective. Mericarps at first cohering, subsequently divergent. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves whorled, narrow, densely veined. Flowers large.—Species 1 (N. Oleander L.). North Africa.
A poisonous plant yielding wood and medicaments and used as an ornamental plant. Nerium L.
Corolla with bipartite scales at the throat, and with usually tailed segments.
Mericarps divaricate, ultimately spreading horizontally. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs and a long apical awn. Leaves usually opposite, with axillary glands.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield vegetable silk, poisons, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Roupellia Baill. and Zygonerion Baill.) Strophanthus P. DC.
13. Corolla bell-, pitcher-, or funnel-shaped, usually small and with scales in the tube. Calyx-segments with 3-5 glands or without glands at the base. Twining shrubs. 14
Corolla salver-shaped and more or less constricted at the mouth, usually large and without scales in the tube. 18
14. Calyx and corolla very large; corolla white, with a glabrous tube, the segments short and overlapping to the right. Filaments thickened above. Anthers acuminate. Disc cupular, lobed. Stigmatic head conical. Leaves with distant nerves and axillary glands. Flowers in terminal cymes.—Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar. Beaumontia Wall.
Calyx and corolla small or medium-sized; in the latter case corolla-segments long. Leaves with distant nerves but without glands, or with closely set nerves and with axillary glands. 15
15. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left; tube very short, with 10 longitudinal ridges. Anthers very shortly tailed. Disc none. Ovules 4 in each carpel. Leaves closely nerved, with small, axillary glands.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. Pycnobotrya Benth.
Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc cupular. Ovules numerous
in each carpel. Leaves remotely nerved, without axillary glands. 16
16. Anthers with blunt, reflexed tails at the base and a small, feathery mucro at the apex. Corolla white or yellow; tube with 5 longitudinal ridges inside, without scales or swellings. Stigmatic head spindle-shaped, with
2 narrow lobes. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.—Species 5. West
Africa and equatorial Lake-region. One species yields rubber. Motandra A. DC.
Anthers with pointed, almost straight tails at the base and without an apical mucro. Corolla-tube usually with scales or swellings above the insertion of the stamens. 17
17. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, inconspicuous. Corolla-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube, broad. Stigmatic head conical, crowned by a
2-cleft point.—Species 5. Central Africa. Zygodia Benth.
Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles or corymbs, more rarely in few-flowered cymes. Corolla-lobes as long as or longer than the tube, usually narrow. Stigmatic head campanulate. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.—Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. One species yields rubber. (Including Codonura K. Schum., Guerkea K. Schum., and
Perinerion Baill.) Baissea A. DC.
18. Calyx with 5 glands inside the base. Disc none. Twining shrubs. Stipules usually present. 19
Calyx with numerous glands inside the base. Erect shrubs or trees.
Stipules absent. 20
19. Ovary 1, entire, more or less completely 2-celled—Species 1. West
Africa. (Under Alafia Thouars). Holalafia Stapf
Ovaries 2, free.—Species 15. Tropics. (Including Ectinocladus Benth.) Alafia Thouars
20. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Calyx with unequal segments.
Disc absent. Ovary 1, two-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar. Ochronerium Baill.
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Disc present. Ovaries 2, free. 21
21. Flowers in many-flowered, axillary cymes. Corolla fleshy, white or yellowish; segments not folded in the bud. Stigmatic head ovoid.
Mericarps oblong or spindle-shaped. Seeds with a feathery, basal awn.—Species
3. Central Africa. One of them (F. elastica Stapf, Ireh-tree) yields rubber (Lagos-rubber). (Under Kickxia Blume) Funtumia Stapf
Flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles. Corolla not fleshy, usually red; segments folded lengthwise in the bud. Stigmatic head oblong.
Mericarps linear. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.—Species 30.
Madagascar and East Africa. Some of the species yield timber and rubber. Mascarenhasia A. DC.
22. (1.) Carpels united throughout their whole length. [Tribe ARDUINEAE.] 23
Carpels only partly united; ovaries wholly free or in their upper part only,
styles usually free at the base. [Tribe PLUMIEREAE.] 33
23. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. [Subtribe LANDOLPHIINAE.] 24
Ovary completely 2-celled. [Subtribe MELODININAE.] 29
24. Corolla funnel-shaped, large, yellow; tube cylindric below, much widened above. Disc ring-shaped. Calyx without glands. Stamens inserted somewhat below the mouth of the corolla-tube. Fruit a woody, spinous,
2-valved capsule. Seeds winged, with fleshy albumen. Erect shrubs.—Species
1. Naturalized in the tropics. An ornamental and medicinal plant. Allamanda L.
Corolla salver-shaped; tube more or less cylindric. Disc none. Fruit
a berry. 25
25. Anthers tailed at the base. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube.
Calyx small, with 5 small glands within. Ovary incompletely
2-celled. Style short. Seeds with fleshy, ruminate albumen. Erect shrubs or trees.—Species 5. West Africa. Used medicinally. (Iboga
Schum.) Tabernanthe Baill.
Anthers not tailed. Calyx small and without glands inside, or large and with numerous glands within. Seeds with horny albumen. Twining shrubs, more rarely erect shrubs or undershrubs. 26
26. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the corolla-tube. Style long, usually hairy. Calyx without glands.—Species 35. Central Africa. Some species yield rubber and edible fruits. (Including Sclerodictyon Pierre) Carpodinus R. Br.
Stamens inserted near the base or the middle of the corolla-tube. Style short or rather short, usually glabrous. 27
27. Calyx large, with numerous filiform glands within, spreading or bent back in the fruit. Corolla fleshy. Placentas much projecting. Pericarp woody. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). (Under Landolphia Beauv.) Vahadenia Stapf
Calyx small, without glands on the inside. 28
28. Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal cymes. Ovules 12-16; placentas much projecting. Glabrous plants.—Species 25. Central
Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Including Aphanostylis Pierre and Cylindropsis Pierre). (Plate 129.) Clitandra Benth.
Flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs sometimes overtopped by barren shoots and then apparently lateral.—Species 45. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield rubber, dyes, and edible fruits, from which drinks are prepared. (Pacourea Aubl., including Ancylobothrys
Pierre and Vahea Lam.) Landolphia Beauv.
29. (23.) Carpels cohering along the ventral suture only. Ovules numerous, in several rows. Stigmatic head glabrous. Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Fruit usually of 2 spreading berries.
Trees. Leaves opposite, with numerous axillary glands. Flowers in terminal false umbels.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana
L.) Picralima Pierre
Carpels wholly connate. Fruit entire. 30
30. Ovules numerous in each cell, in several rows. Disc none. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Calyx without glands.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds ciliate. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled.—Species
1. Madagascar. Craspidosperma Boj.
Ovules 1-10 in each cell, in one or two rows. 31
31. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Anthers linear.
Calyx-tube with many glands inside. Disc ring-shaped. Stigmatic head cylindrical. Unarmed, climbing shrubs.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). Cyclocotyla Stapf
Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head crowned by a hairy point. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, with a few axillary glands or without glands. 32
32. Stem unarmed, erect, woody. Bark bitter, poisonous. Inflorescences axillary. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell.—Species 4. Tropical and
South Africa. They yield arrow-poison and are used as ornamental plants. (Toxicophloea Harv.) Acocanthera Don
Stem spinous. Bark not bitter nor poisonous. Inflorescences terminal or pseudo-axillary.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments, or serve as hedge plants. (Arduina Mill., Carandas Adans.) Carissa L.
33. (22.) Ovules 2-6 in each carpel. 34
Ovules 8 or more in each carpel. 42
34. Placentas much projecting. Fruit drupaceous. Trees or shrubs. [Subtribe
CERBERINAE.] 35
Placentas little projecting. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Leaves opposite or whorled. [Subtribe RAUWOLFIINAE.] 38
35. Corolla without scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right.
Calyx-segments blunt, imbricate in bud. Anthers pointed. Leaves opposite or whorled.—Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields timber, dyes, and medicaments. Ochrosia Juss.
Corolla with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Calyx-segments pointed. Leaves alternate. 36
36. Calyx with many glands. Corolla yellow. Disc present. Ovules 2 in a carpel.—Species 1 (Th. neriifolia Juss.). Cultivated in the tropics.
The seeds yield oil. Thevetia L.
Calyx without glands. Corolla white or reddish. Disc absent. Ovules 4 in a carpel. 37
37. Calyx-segments broadened at the base, imbricate in bud, persistent.
Corolla-tube slightly widened at the throat. Anthers blunt. Pericarp
not fibrous.—Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber and poison. Tanghinia Thouars
Calyx-segments narrowed at the base, open in bud, deciduous. Corolla-tube constricted at the throat. Anthers pointed. Pericarp fibrous.—Species
1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields oil, poison, and medicaments. Cerbera L.
38. Ovules 4-6 in a carpel, in two rows. Disc and glands of the calyx obscure or wanting. Seeds with ruminate albumen. Leaves remotely-nerved, usually whorled.—Species 4. Madagascar. (Gynopogon Forst.) Alyxia R. Br.
Ovules 2-4 in a carpel, in one row. Seeds with uniform albumen or without albumen. Leaves usually closely-nerved. 39
39. Disc distinctly developed, cup-shaped. Calyx without glands at the base.
Stigmatic head short-cylindrical with a membranous margin at the base.
Fruit drupaceous. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Leaves with numerous axillary glands, usually whorled.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. Rauwolfia L.
Disc obscure or wanting. Anthers pointed. Leaves with hardly perceptible axillary glands or without glands. 40
40. Calyx with glands at the base. Stigmatic head elliptical, ending in a 2-cleft point. Fruit berry- or nut-like. Seeds with a cartilaginous albumen.
Trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. Central Africa. Hunteria Roxb.
Calyx without basal glands. 41
41. Stigmatic head depressed-capitate, ending in a 2-cleft point. Carpels 2.
Mericarps leathery or woody, dehiscent. Seeds winged, exalbuminous; embryo with kidney-shaped cotyledons and a short radicle. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 5. Central Africa.
One species yields a kind of rubber or resin used as a varnish. Diplorrhynchus Welw.
Stigmatic head oblong-ellipsoid, without a distinct point. Carpels 2-5.
Mericarps berry-like. Seeds not winged, with cartilaginous albumen; embryo with oblong cotyledons and a long radicle. Flowers in axillary, rarely pseudo-terminal fascicles or panicles.—Species 13. Central
Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber, another a poison. Pleiocarpa Benth.
42. (33.) Calyx with glands at the base. Fruit succulent, usually indehiscent.
[Subtribe TABERNAEMONTANINAE.] 43
Calyx without basal glands, rarely (Holarrhena) the inner sepals with glands, the outer without. Fruit dry, usually dehiscent. [Subtribe ALSTONIINAE.] 52
43. Stigmatic head with a usually ring-shaped appendage at the base. Anthers more or less sagittate. 44
Stigmatic head without a basal appendage. Anthers shortly 2-lobed at the base. Sepals free or nearly so. Corolla-lobes overlapping to
the left. 48
44. Sepals united high up, obtuse, usually deciduous. Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers deeply sagittate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Inflorescences terminal.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Orchipeda Blume, Piptolaena Harv., under
Tabernaemontana L.) Voacanga Thouars
Sepals free or nearly so. 45
45. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Disc adnate to the ovary for the greatest part. Ovules about 9 in a cell, in two rows.
Mericarps striped, dehiscent. Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers small.—Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. Schizozygia Baill.
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Disc free or wanting. Leaves stipulate. 46
46. Corolla-tube slightly widened above the insertion of the stamens. Anthers obtusely 2-lobed at the base. Disc ring-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers large, white.—Species 6. West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) Callichilia Stapf
Corolla-tube gradually narrowed above the insertion of the stamens.
Anthers distinctly sagittate. Disc wanting. 47
47. Corolla-tube slender or widened at the base; stamens inserted near its base.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves without axillary glands.—Species 8. West
Africa to the Great Lakes. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) Gabunia K. Schum.
Corolla-tube widened and bearing the stamens at the middle. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves usually with numerous axillary glands.—Species 35.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, rubber, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants; some are poisonous. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) Conopharyngia Don
48. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped; tips of the lobes not bent inwards in the bud. Disc ring-shaped, adnate to the ovary. 49
Corolla salver-shaped; tips of the lobes bent inwards in the bud. Disc none. 50
49. Narrow part of the corolla-tube short. Bracts small, not forming an involucre. Undershrubs with a creeping root-stock.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Calocrater K. Schum.
Narrow part of the corolla-tube long. Bracts large, forming an involucre.
Erect or twining shrubs.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Crioceras Pierre
50. Stigmatic head globose, entire, without an apical point. Mericarps 3-winged, not or tardily dehiscent. Erect shrubs. Axillary glands and stipules present. Flowers small, in terminal few-flowered cymes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) Pterotaberna Stapf
Stigmatic head oblong, crowned by a 2-cleft point. 51
51. Anthers linear, on short but distinct filaments. Axillary glands and stipules present.—Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plants. (Under Tabernaemontana
L.) Ervatamia Stapf
Anthers oblong or ovate, sessile. Axillary glands and stipules absent.—Species
2. West Africa. (Under Carpodinus R. Br. or Picralima
Pierre) Polyadoa Stapf
52. (42.) Disc reduced to two glands alternating with the carpels. Ovules in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. 53
Disc ring-shaped or wanting. Shrubs or trees. 54
53. Stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube; filament inflexed; connective broadened, hairy. Stigmatic head with 5 tufts of hairs.
Corolla blue.—Species 2, one a native of North-west Africa, the other naturalized there and in the Islands of St. Helena and Ascension. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. “Periwinkle.” Vinca L.
Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube; filament very short, oblong; connective glabrous, not broadened. Stigmatic head glabrous. Corolla white or pink.—Species 3; two natives of Madagascar, the other one naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants. (Under Vinca L.) Lochnera Reichb.
54. Disc distinct, wavy, adnate to the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers with long, curved tails. Erect shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. East
Africa. Carvalhoa K. Schum.
Disc obscure or absent. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers with short tails or without tails. 55
55. Ovary half-inferior. Style very short. Calyx-lobes broad. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds winged. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, without axillary glands. Erect shrubs or trees.—Species
3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics.
They yield timber, perfumes, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve also as ornamental plants. (Plumeria Willd.) Plumeria L.
Ovary superior. Leaves opposite or whorled. 56
56. Corolla with a short ventricose tube and with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules in two rows. Mericarps keeled or winged, long cohering. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 5. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or yield rubber and medicaments. Plectaneia Thouars
Corolla with a long, cylindric tube slightly widened at the insertion of the stamens, without scales, but sometimes with hairs or with a continuous ring at the throat. Ovules usually in three or more rows. 57
57. Corolla with a tubercled ring at the throat. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head conical, with a membranous

APOCYNACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.