[FAMILY 204.] BORRAGINACEAE
Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, undivided, without stipules, usually hairy. Inflorescences usually raceme-or spike-like, cymose, one-sided, and rolled back when young. Flowers 4-7-merous, mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube or the throat of the corolla. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, usually lobed, 4-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell; micropyle superior. Style 1, undivided or 2-4-cleft, rarely (Coldenia) 2 free styles. Fruit a drupe or a schizocarp formed of 2-4 dry and indehiscent nutlets, rarely (Wellstedia) a capsule. Seeds erect or horizontal; testa membranous; albumen scanty or wanting.—Genera 37, species 370. (ASPERIFOLIACEAE.) (Plate 132.)
1. Style inserted at the apex of the ovary. Fruit usually succulent drupe-like and entire. 2
Style inserted between the lobes of the deeply 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted ovary. Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Flowers 5-merous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Subfamily BORRAGINOIDEAE.] 9
2. Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4. Ovary entire. Fruit a drupe with a 1-4-celled stone. Trees or shrubs.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Plate 132.) [Subfamily CORDIOIDEAE.] Cordia L.
Style undivided or 2-cleft, rarely 2 free styles; stigmas 1-2. Fruit a drupe with 2-4 stones or a schizocarp separating into several nutlets, rarely a capsule. 3
3. Style with a stigmatose ring below the entire or 2-cleft apex. [Subfamily
HELIOTROPIOIDEAE.] 4
Style without a stigmatose ring below the apex. Ovary entire. 5
4. Fruit more or less fleshy, drupe-like, with 2-4 stones. Seeds with a more or less copious albumen. Shrubs or trees.—Species 7. Tropical and
South Africa. Used medicinally. Tournefortia L.
Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with a scanty albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.—Species 60. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Messerschmiedia
DC.) Heliotropium L.
5. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Flowers 4-merous.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Wellstedia Balf. fil.
Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Fruit a drupe. [Subfamily
EHRETIOIDEAE.] 6
6. Style simple with an entire or lobed stigma. Shrubs. 7
Style 2-cleft or 2 free or almost free styles. 8
7. Anthers globose. Leaves orbicular. Inflorescence dense, spike like.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland). Poskea Vatke
Anthers oblong. Leaves oblong. Inflorescence loose, corymb-like.—Species
1. West Africa. Rhabdia Mart.
8. Style 1, two-cleft. Shrubs or trees.—Species 30. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments. Ehretia L.
Styles 2, free or nearly so. Anthers included. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. Coldenia L.
9. (1.) Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Nutlets 2, adnate to the columnar receptacle by the ventral face.—Species 1. North-west Africa. [Tribe
HARPAGONELLEAE.] Rochelia Reichb.
Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. 10
10. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an oblique limb and more or less unequal lobes. Stamens usually unequal in length. [Tribe ECHIEAE.] 11
Flowers regular. 14
11. Calyx-segments 5, distinctly unequal, or 4. Stamens concealed in the tube of the corolla. Low shrubs or undershrubs. 12
Calyx-segments 5, equal or subequal. Stamens protruding beyond the corolla. Nutlets seated upon a flat receptacle. 13
12. Calyx-segments 5, one of which is very small, or 4. Corolla 2-lipped.
Nutlets laterally attached to the conical receptacle. Stems and leaves clothed with white bristles.—Species 1. North Africa to Nubia. Echiochilon Desf.
Calyx-segments 5, one or two of them smaller than the others. Corolla almost regular. Nutlets seated upon the flat receptacle.—Species 3.
Central Africa. (Under Lobostemon Lehm.) Leurocline S. Moore
13. Style entire with an entire or shortly lobed stigma. Filaments usually with a hairy scale at the base. Corolla almost regular.—Species 50.
South Africa. Lobostemon Lehm.
Style 2-cleft at the apex. Filaments without a scale at the base.—Species
45. North Africa and northern Central Africa, one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bugloss.” Echium L.
14. (10.) Nutlets inserted on a flat or very slightly convex receptacle (gynobase). 15
Nutlets inserted on an elevated, more or less conical or columnar receptacle
(gynobase). 26
15. Surface of attachment of the nutlets flat or slightly convex, rarely somewhat concave and then small. [Tribe LITHOSPERMEAE.] 16
Surface of attachment of the nutlets concave and large, usually with a prominent ring-like margin. [Tribe ANCHUSEAE.] 22
16. Ovary 2-lobed. Nutlets 2, two-celled. Glabrous or papillose plants.
Corolla yellow. Anthers acuminate.—Species 3. North-west Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Cerinthe L.
Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, one-celled. 17
17. Corolla with contorted aestivation, blue red or white. Inflorescence with bracts at the base or without bracts.—Species 15. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Forget-me-not.” Myosotis L.
Corolla with quincuncially imbricate aestivation. 18
18. Anthers ending in a long point. Stigma entire. 19
Anthers blunt or shortly pointed. 20
19. Anthers oblong, with a very long point. Filaments with a pouch-shaped appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes long.—Species 1. Island of
Socotra. Cystistemon Balf. fil.
Anthers linear-sagittate. Filaments without an appendage at the back.
Corolla-lobes very short. Corolla yellow, white, or red.—Species 4.
North Africa. Used as ornamental, medicinal, and dye-plants. (Including
Podonosma Guerke) Onosma L.
20. Corolla-tube with a glandular ring at the base. Corolla yellow or violet.
Style 2-4-cleft.—Species 5. North Africa and northern Central
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or dye-plants. Arnebia Forsk.
Corolla-tube without a glandular ring. 21
21. Corolla with long and dense hairs, but without scales at the throat. Filaments as long as the anthers. Stigma 1, almost entire. Low shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). Sericostoma Stocks
Corolla with hollow scales, folds, or thin hairs at the throat. Stigmas 2, more or less distinct.—Species 15. South, North, and East Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine. “Gromwell.” Lithospermum L.
22. (15.) Calyx shortly lobed or cleft half-way down, enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, with scales on the inside. Style simple with a
2-parted stigma, or 2-cleft.—Species 5. North Africa. Nonnea Medik.
Calyx deeply divided. Stigma usually entire. 23
23. Corolla rotate; tube short, bearing hollow scales on the inner face. Filaments appendaged on the back.—Species 2. North Africa. They are used as pot-herbs or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Borage.” Borrago L.
Corolla more or less tubular. Filaments unappendaged on the back. 24
24. Corolla without hollow scales at the throat, but sometimes with small scales in the lower part of the tube.—Species 2. North Africa. They yield a dye and medicaments. Alkanna Tausch.
Corolla with hollow scales at the throat. 25
25. Corolla with long narrow scales at the throat; lobes very short.—Species
2. Naturalized in North Africa. They serve as vegetables or as medicinal or dye-plants. “Comfrey.” Symphytum L.
Corolla with short scales at the throat.—Species 15. North Africa to
Abyssinia and South Africa. Some species serve as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Alkanet.” (Including Stomotechium
Lehm.) Anchusa L.
26. (14.) Tips of the nutlets considerably projecting above their surface of attachment. [Tribe ERITRICHIEAE.] 27
Tips of the nutlets scarcely or not projecting above their surface of attachment.
[Tribe CYNOGLOSSEAE.] 31
27. Surface of attachment of the nutlets at least half as large as their ventral surface. 28
Surface of attachment of the nutlets occupying less than half their ventral surface. Prostrate herbs. 29
28. Nutlets beset with hooked bristles, usually margined.—Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Echinospermum
Swartz) Lappula Moench
Nutlets without hooked bristles, not margined.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. (Megastoma Coss. et Durieu) Eritrichium Schrad.
29. Surface of attachment of the nutlets not margined; nutlets keeled on the back. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine. Asperugo L.
Surface of attachment of the nutlets surrounded by a prominent margin.
Calyx slightly enlarged in fruit. 30
30. Surface of attachment of the nutlets shallow-concave, with a slightly projecting margin.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Bothriospermum Bunge
Surface of attachment of the nutlets deep-concave, with a toothed margin.—Species
1. Egypt. Gastrocotyle Bunge
31. (26.) Nutlets attached to the receptacle towards their apex, saccate at the base. Calyx slightly enlarged in the fruit. 32
Nutlets attached to the receptacle by almost their whole inner surface. 34
32. Corolla-segments erect, blue or red. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Stigma capitate. Inflorescence compact.—Species 2.
North Africa. Solenanthus Ledeb.
Corolla-segments spreading; tube short. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. 33
33. Nutlets distinctly concave on the back, with an inflexed margin. Corolla white or blue, with a very short tube.—Species 1. Naturalized in
North Africa. An ornamental plant, also used in medicine. Omphalodes Moench
Nutlets nearly flat on the back. Stigma broadened.—Species 20. Some of them are poisonous or used medicinally. “Houndstongue.” Cynoglossum L.
34. Calyx much enlarged after flowering, enclosing the fruit. Corolla without distinct scales within. Anthers prolonged at the apex into a long, usually twisted appendage. Inflorescence bracteate. Lower leaves opposite.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt.
Some are used medicinally. (Borraginoides Boerh., Pollichia Medik.) Trichodesma R. Br.
Calyx not or slightly enlarged after flowering. Corolla with scales inside.
Anthers unappendaged. Leaves alternate. 35
35. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 scales or swellings at the base of the tube, white or yellowish. Anthers short, blunt, projecting beyond the corolla-tube.
Nutlets 1-3.—Species 1. South Africa. Tysonia Bolus
Corolla funnel-shaped, without scales or swellings at the base of the tube. 36
36. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, oblong or linear. Style long.
Corolla yellowish-red. Nutlets smooth, with an entire margin.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Mattia Schult.). Rindera Pall.
Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Style short. Corolla blue or violet.—Species 3. Egypt. Paracaryum Boiss.
SUBORDER VERBENINEAE
[FAMILY 205.] VERBENACEAE
Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple or compound with 1-7 leaflets, without stipules. Flowers nearly always more or less irregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals more or less united below. Petals 4-8, usually 5, united below, imbricate in bud, the foremost inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, alternating with the corolla-lobes, rarely 2 or (Tectona) 5-6. Filaments free. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, entire or slightly lobed, completely or incompletely 2-or 4-celled, rarely (Duranta) 8-celled, sometimes only 1 cell fertile. Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; micropyle turned downwards. Style terminal or nearly so, simple or 2-4-cleft. Seeds with straight embryo.—Genera 27, species 340. (Plate 133.)
1. Flowers in racemose (centripetal) spikes racemes or heads. Ovules basal, inverted. 2
Flowers in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Ovules attached laterally or at the apex, straight or half-inverted. 15
2. Seeds albuminous. Fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled; one cell sometimes rudimentary. Stamens 4. Leaves whorled, densely crowded, linear.
Low shrubs. [Subfamily STILBOIDEAE.]. 3
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually opposite. [Subfamily VERBENOIDEAE.] 7
3. Corolla two-lipped, 5-lobed. 4
Corolla regular or nearly so. 5
4. Calyx slightly two-lipped. Upper lip of the corolla flat. Anther-halves parallel, free. Leaves in whorls of three.—Species 1. South Africa. Xeroplana Briq.
Calyx regular. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Leaves in whorls of four.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Eurylobium Hochst.
5. Calyx two-lipped. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Stigma entire. Corolla 5-lobed.—Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Euthystachys A. DC.
Calyx regular or nearly so. Anther-halves parallel. 6
6. Corolla 4-lobed, with a wide tube. Calyx 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves.—Species 1. South Africa. Campylostachys Kunth
Corolla 5-lobed, with a narrow tube. Fruit indehiscent.—Species 5.
South Africa. Stilbe Berg
7. Flowers in racemes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit fleshy. Shrubs. [Tribe CITHAREXYLEAE.] 8
Flowers in spikes or heads. Stamens 4 with more or less parallel anther-halves, or 2. Ovary 2- or 4-celled. 9
8. Racemes few-flowered. Anther-halves divergent. Ovary 4-celled. Style-apex
2-cleft. Fruit with 2 stones.—Species 2. Islands of Madagascar and Socotra. Coelocarpus Balf. fil.
Racemes many-flowered. Anther-halves parallel. Ovary 8-celled. Style-apex
4-cleft. Fruit with 4 stones.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and hedge-plant with edible fruits. Duranta L.
9. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2. Fruit two-celled or separating into 2 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 2, very rarely 1. [Tribe LANTANEAE.] 10
Ovary 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled, or into 4 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 4, very rarely 2. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Herbs or undershrubs. 14
10. Perfect stamens 2. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Calyx 5-ribbed and 5-toothed. 11
Perfect stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel. 12
11. Ovary and fruit with an anticous and a posticous cell or stone. Corolla
2-lipped. Shrubs.—Species 1. Cape Verde Islands. Ubochea Baill.
Ovary and fruit with two lateral cells or stones.—Species 6, one of them only naturalized. Tropics. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Valerianodes Medik.) Stachytarpheta Vahl
12. Calyx long, tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit dry.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 20. South and Central Africa. Bouchea Cham.
Calyx short, 2-4-ribbed or without ribs. Corolla unequally 4-5-lobed. 13
13. Calyx 2-4-lobed, two-ribbed. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry.—Species
17. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants; one of them
(L. citriodora Kunth) yields also an aromatic oil and serves as a substitute for tea. (Including Zapania Scop.) Lippia L.
Calyx entire or toothed. Fruit fleshy.—Species 10, 7 natives of Central and South Africa, 3 naturalized there and on the Canary Islands. Some
of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Lantana L.
14. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled mericarps, enveloped by the enlarged and more or less inflated calyx.—Species 1. East and South
Africa. [Tribe PRIVEAE.] Priva Adans.
Fruit separating into 4 one-celled mericarps, surrounded by the not or scarcely enlarged calyx.—Species 4, two of them natives of North and
East Africa and naturalized in other regions, the others naturalized in various countries. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants and for preparing an aromatic oil. “Vervain.” [Tribe EUVERBENEAE.] Verbena L.
5. (1.) Ovules pendulous from the top of a free, central, 4-winged placenta, straight. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or yellow, nearly equally
4-cleft. Stamens 4. Anthers exserted. Fruit dehiscing by 2 valves, one-seeded. Shrubs or trees.—Species 2. Shores of tropical and
South-east Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, tanning material, and medicaments. [Subfamily AVICENNIOIDEAE.] Avicennia L.
Ovules parietal or axile, laterally attached, half-inverted. Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves or indehiscent, usually separating into mericarps. 16
16. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Ovary incompletely 4-celled. Style divided into 2 awl-shaped branches. Stamens 4. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Shrubs or trees. Leaves with 7 leaflets.—Species 1.
Madagascar. [Subfamily CARYOPTERIDOIDEAE.] Varangevillea Baill.
Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a schizocarp, indehiscent or separating into mericarps. 17
17. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2. Stamens 4.
Anther-halves parallel, with an appendage at the base. Calyx 10-ribbed,
5-toothed. Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. Flowers solitary or in false spikes. [Subfamily
CHLOANTHOIDEAE, tribe ACHARITEAE.] 18
Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit 2-4-celled or separating into 2-4 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily VITICOIDEAE.] 19
18. Calyx distinctly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 4-lobed; tube included.
Anthers included. Stigma entire. Fruit with a thin rind, 1-celled or unequally 2-celled. Flowers in false spikes, 1-3 in each bract.—Species
2. Madagascar. Acharitea Benth.
Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 5-lobed; tube exserted.
Anthers slightly exserted. Fruit with a somewhat fleshy rind, incompletely
2-celled. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in the axils of the leaves.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. Nesogenes A. DC.
19. Flowers regular. Stamens 4-6, equal. Fruit a drupe. Leaves undivided. 20
Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length. 21
20. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed, unchanged in fruit. Stamens inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with 3-4 stones.
Shrubs. Leaves toothed. Cymes axillary.—Species 1. Island of
Réunion. [Tribe CALLICARPEAE.] Callicarpa L.
Flowers 5-6-merous. Calyx cleft halfway down, inflated in fruit. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with a 4-celled stone. Tall trees. Leaves entire. Cymes arranged in a terminal panicle.—Species 1 (T. grandis L., teak). Cultivated in the tropics.
Yields valuable timber, tanning bark, oil, and medicaments. [Tribe
TECTONEAE.] Tectona L.f.
21. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves undivided. 22
Flowers in cymes or inflorescences composed of cymes. Style-apex or stigma 2-cleft. 23
22. Calyx 2-parted. Anthers included. Stigma entire.—Species 2. East
Africa. (Under Holmskioldia Retz) Cyclocheilon Oliv.
Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Stigma 2-parted. Pedicels partly transformed into spines.—Species 1. Central and South Africa. (Under
Clerodendron L.) Kalaharia Baill.
23. Fruit with 2 two-celled or 4 one-celled stones. Anthers exserted. Corolla
5-lobed. Leaves undivided or lobed. [Tribe CLERODENDREAE.] 24
Fruit with a single, 2-4-celled stone. [Tribe VITICEAE.] 25
24. Calyx rotate; tube very short, enclosing the fruit; limb spreading, entire or obscurely lobed, coloured, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a curved tube and an oblique limb.—Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Clerodendron L. or
Cyclonema Hochst.) Holmskioldia Retz
Calyx campanulate or tubular, not much enlarged in fruit.—Species 130.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Cyclonema Hochst. and Siphonantha
L.) (Plate 133.) Clerodendron L.
25. Corolla 4-lobed, small, white blue or greenish. Leaves undivided.—Species
20. Tropics. Some of them yield timber, condiments, or medicaments. Premna L.
Corolla 5-lobed. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 26
26. Seeds with a membranous border. Fruit incompletely septate. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Madagascar. Adelosa Baill.
Seeds without a membranous border. Fruit completely septate. Leaves usually compound with 3-7 leaflets.—Species 100. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, edible fruits, or medicaments. Vitex L.
[FAMILY 206.] LABIATAE
Stem usually 4-angled. Branches and leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers in cymose false-whorls, usually more or less irregular. Calyx with open aestivation. Corolla more or less distinctly two-lipped and 2-6-lobed, more rarely regularly 4-cleft, imbricate in bud, the foremost lobe inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, or 2, inserted on the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers opening inwards by slits. Disc present. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted, 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted, rarely lateral and half-inverted
