J. Fleischmann del.

Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed.

or curved; micropyle turned downwards. Style inserted between the lobes of the ovary, simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Cleonia) 4-cleft. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, rarely (Prasium) drupe-like. Seeds without albumen or with a very scanty albumen.—Genera 70, species 1200. (Plate 134.)

1. Nutlets with a large, lateral surface of attachment. Ovary slightly lobed, rarely to the middle; style more or less terminal. Stamens ascending.
Corolla 2-lipped, with a 3-lobed lower lip, or 1-lipped. [Subfamily
AJUGOIDEAE.] 2
Nutlets with a small, basal or subbasal surface of attachment. Ovary deeply lobed or divided; style springing from between the lobes. 5
2. Nutlets smooth. Ovary deeply lobed; style springing from between the lobes. Disc equal-sided. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx 2-lipped,
11-nerved. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped; tube glabrous within; lower lip with a strongly concave middle lobe. Shrubs. Leaves linear.—Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Yields an aromatic oil which is also used medicinally, and serves as an ornamental plant. “Rosemary.” [Tribe ROSMARINEAE.] Rosmarinus L.
Nutlets wrinkled. Ovary slightly lobed; style terminal. Stamens 4.
Anthers 2-celled; cells divergent or divaricate, sometimes confluent at the top. [Tribe AJUGEAE.] 3
3. Calyx 2-lipped, with entire lips, inflated in fruit. Corolla red or violet,
2-lipped, with a short erect upper lip. Nutlets oblong, furnished with
a large shield-shaped wing on the back. Leaves entire.—Species 20.
Central Africa to Transvaal. Some are used medicinally. Tinnea Peyr. & Kotschy
Calyx equally or somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Nutlets rounded on the back, wingless. 4
4. Corolla 1-lipped, all its lobes being placed below the stamens.—Species 35.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Germander.” Teucrium L.
Corolla 2-lipped, with a short upper lip.—Species 9. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bugle.” Ajuga L.
5. Nutlets drupe-like, with a fleshy mesocarp and a crustaceous endocarp.
Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla white or pink, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower 3-cleft; tube included, hairy within. Stamens 4, ascending.
Style-branches subequal. Shrubs. False whorls two-flowered.—Species
1. North Africa. [Subfamily PRASIOIDEAE.] Prasium L.
Nutlets dry, but the fruiting calyx sometimes succulent, berry-like. 6
6. Seeds more or less horizontal; radicle curved. Nutlets more or less depressed-globose. Calyx 2-lipped; lips entire, one of them bearing on its back a scale-like appendage and falling after flowering. Corolla
2-lipped; lower lip usually entire; tube exserted. Stamens 4, usually ascending, the anticous with 1-celled, the posticous with 2-celled anthers.
Disc prolonged into a stalk-like gynobase. Style-branches unequal.—Species
10. Tropical and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Skull-cap.” [Subfamily SCUTELLARIOIDEAE.] Scutellaria L.
Seeds erect; radicle straight. Calyx persistent in the fruit. Disc not prolonged into a stalk. 7
7. Disc divided into lobes placed opposite to the ovary-lobes. Calyx 13-15-nerved.
Corolla blue or violet; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, included, more or less bent downwards. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stigmas flattened. Nutlets with a dorsal-subbasal point of attachment.—Species 15. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some of them yield an essential oil used in the preparation of perfumes, varnishes, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for keeping off insects. “Lavender.” [Subfamily
LAVANDULOIDEAE.] Lavandula L.
Disc entire or divided into lobes alternating with the ovary-lobes. Nutlets with a basal or a ventral-subbasal point of attachment. 8
8. Stamens descending upon the lower lip or the lower part of the corolla, or lying upon it. Anther-halves spreading, confluent at the apex. Corolla distinctly, rarely obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip nearly always entire.
[Subfamily OCIMOIDEAE, tribe OCIMEAE.] 9
Stamens ascending or projecting straight forwards. Corolla 2-lipped with a
3-lobed lower lip, or subequally 4-cleft. [Subfamily STACHYOIDEAE] 34
9. Lower lip of the corolla entire, flat or slightly concave, somewhat exceeding the upper one; upper lip 3-4-lobed or -cleft. Stamens 4. [Subtribe
MOSCHOSMINAE.] 10
Lower lip of the corolla or its middle lobe strongly concave: saucer-, pouch-, or boat-shaped. 20
10. Corolla included in the calyx, globose, with short, connivent lobes. Anthers sessile. Style included, entire. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with decurrent margins, much enlarged in the fruit. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, spicately arranged.—Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). Hyperaspis Briq.
Corolla not included and globose. Anthers on distinctly developed filaments. 11
11. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, 4-lobed, very small. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. (Under
Ocimum L.) Endostemon N. E. Brown
Corolla distinctly two-lipped, rarely obscurely two-lipped but 5-lobed.
Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 12
12. Calyx two-lipped; margins of the upper lip decurrent along the tube.
Inflorescence spike- or raceme-like. 13
Calyx two-lipped, but the margins of the upper lip not decurrent, or subequally
5-toothed. 16
13. Style-apex entire or obscurely notched. Filaments free, unappendaged.
Corolla-tube projecting beyond the calyx. 14
Style-apex two-cleft or distinctly notched. 15
14. Upper lip of the calyx much enlarged and wrapped round the other teeth in the fruit. Corolla-tube slightly projecting. Disc almost equal-sided.
Shrubs.—Species 3. East Africa. Erythrochlamys Guerke
Upper lip of the calyx not more enlarged in the fruit than the rest. Disc one-sided.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Orthosiphon Benth.
15. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united halfway up, all unappendaged.—Species
9. Central and South Africa. (Under Ocimum L. or
Orthosiphon Benth.) Hemizygia Briq.
Filaments free or the lower ones shortly united at the base; the upper ones usually kneed, toothed, or crested near the base.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Several species (especially O. Basilicum L., sweet basil) are used as pot-herbs, as medicinal or ornamental plants, as a substitute for tea, and for preparing an essential oil. (Including Becium
Lindl.) Ocimum L.
16. Style-apex entire or nearly so. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united nearly to the top. Corolla-tube exserted. Fruiting calyx subequally
5-toothed. Shrubs. False whorls 2-6-flowered, spicately arranged. Flowers medium-sized.—Species 7. South Africa. Syncolostemon E. Mey.
Style-apex two-cleft. Filaments free. Herbs or undershrubs. False whorls 6-many-flowered and spicately arranged, or collected in heads.
Flowers small. 17
17. False whorls arranged in dense heads. Calyx ovate-campanulate at the time of flowering; fruiting calyx tubular, two-lipped, without transverse ribs at the base.—Species 50. Tropical and South-east Africa. Acrocephalus Benth.
False whorls arranged in spikes. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, more rarely tubular, but then with transverse ribs at the base. 18
18. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate with a shortly 3-toothed upper lip and an entire lower lip. False whorls 6-10-flowered.—Species 2. Central
Africa. Platostoma Beauv.
Fruiting calyx with a 2-4-toothed lower lip or subequally 5-toothed. 19
19. Fruiting calyx tubular, usually transversely ribbed at the base. False whorls many-flowered.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. Geniosporum Wall.
Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate.—Species 12. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Basilicum Moench, including Iboza N. E. Brown). Moschosma Reichb.
20. (9.) Lower lip of the corolla abruptly bent downwards, short, saccate,
narrowed at the base. Stamens 4. Herbs.—Species 6, two of them only naturalized. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally; the seeds of one species yield oil. (Maesosphaerum P. Br.) [Subtribe
HYPTIDINAE.] Hyptis Jacq.
Lower lip of the corolla not abruptly bent downwards, entire, exceeding the upper lip. Upper lip 3-4-lobed or entire. [Subtribe PLECTRANTHINAE.] 21
21. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla whitish or violet. Fruiting calyx berry-like.
Shrubs. False whorls 2-4-flowered.—Species 1. Tropical and
South-east Africa. The fruits are edible. Hoslundia Vahl
Fertile stamens 4. Fruiting calyx dry. 22
22. Filaments free. 23
Filaments united at the base into a closed tube or a sheath split behind. 27
23. Fruiting calyx bursting by a circular slit near the base.—Species 50.
Central and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Icomum Hua). Aeolanthus Mart.
Fruiting calyx not bursting by a circular slit near the base. 24
24. Fruiting calyx tubular-elongate and curved or coiled, expanded at the base, constricted at the middle, subequally 5-toothed. Disc one-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Under
Plectranthus L’Hér.) Burnatastrum Briq.
Fruiting calyx not tubular-elongate and curved. 25
25. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated, membranous, net-veined. Corolla pink; upper lip almost entire. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered, arranged in racemes. Shrubs.—Species 1. Central Africa. Alvesia Welw.
Fruiting calyx not inflated. 26
26. Fruiting calyx with 5 subequal, subulate, rigid, almost spinous teeth. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla blue or violet. False whorls arranged in spikes. Herbs.—Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa. Pycnostachys Hook.
Fruiting calyx with subequal but not rigid-subulate teeth, or two-lipped.
Disc one-sided.—Species 160. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants or for keeping off insects. (Including Germanea Lam. and Symphostemon
Welw.) (Plate 134.) Plectranthus L’Hér.
27. Staminal tube slit open behind. Herbs or undershrubs. 28
Staminal tube closed. 31
28. Calyx-lobes orbicular, much enlarged in the fruit, membranous, net-veined.
Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards; upper lip entire. Disc almost equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Stem ascending. Leaves fleshy.
False whorls 6-flowered, aggregated in panicled racemes.—Species 1.
East Africa. Capitanya Schweinf.
Calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, slightly enlarged in the fruit. Upper lip of the
corolla 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stem erect. False whorls in lax racemes. 29
29. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards. Disc one-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. False whorls of 6 or more flowers.—Species
5. Central Africa. (Under Plectranthus L’Hér.) Solenostemon Schum. & Thonn.
Calyx subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 30
30. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous at the base. Disc nearly equal-sided. Style-apex notched. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite or whorled.
False whorls in terminal racemes. (See 26.) Plectranthus L’Hér.
Corolla-tube straight, not gibbous at the base. Disc one-sided. Style-apex two-cleft. Leaves opposite. False whorls 1-2-flowered, in axillary racemes.—Species 2. Central Africa. Englerastrum Briq.
31. Calyx with an ovate, not much prolonged upper lip and narrower, acuminate lower teeth, little changed in fruit.—Species 110. Tropical and
South Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. Coleus Lour.
Calyx with a much prolonged upper lip. Herbs or undershrubs. 32
32. Filaments shortly united at the base. Fruiting calyx not bursting; lower teeth suborbicular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence dense, paniculate.—Species 1. West Africa. Anisochilus Wall.
Filaments united halfway up. Lower calyx-teeth acute. Leaves cordate at the base. 33
33. Inflorescence lax, panicle- or corymb-like. Leaves ovate. Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ventricose, bursting at the base.—Species 3.
West Africa. Neomuellera Briq.
Inflorescence dense, raceme-like. Leaves oblong-lyrate. Calyx-teeth narrow.—Species
1. West Africa. Leocus A. Chev.
34. (8.) Anther-halves linear, usually separated by an enlarged connective.
Stamens usually 2. 35
Anther-halves oblong, ovate, or globose. Stamens usually 4. 37
35. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Anthers with a very small connective and separate halves divergent below. Corolla obscurely
2-lipped; tube slightly exserted, hairy at the base within. Calyx
13-15-nerved, with 5 subequal acuminate teeth. Shrubs. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion.
(Mahya Cordem.) [Tribe HORMINEAE.] Sphacele Benth.
Fertile stamens 2, with a lengthened connective. Calyx 2-lipped. 36
36. Anthers with both halves fertile, parallel, and attached to a short connective.
Disc equal-sided. Corolla almost regular, 4-lobed. Shrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Yields condiments and medicaments. [Tribe MERIANDREAE.] Meriandra Benth.
Anthers with one half only fertile and attached to one branch of the long connective, the other half abortive or wanting. Disc more or less one-sided.
Corolla 2-lipped.—Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, and a substitute for tea, or serve as ornamental plants. “Sage.” [Tribe SALVIEAE.] Salvia L.
37. Anther-halves globose or ovate, spreading horizontally and usually confluent at the apex, flat after opening. Stamens 4. Calyx subequally
5-toothed. [Tribe POGOSTEMONEAE.] 38
Anther-halves oblong or ovate, not flat after opening. 40
38. Filaments unequal, the lower pair longer, glabrous. Anther-halves tardily confluent. Disc one-sided. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip somewhat concave and notched, the lower 3-lobed. Herbs or undershrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.—Species 3. East Africa. Elsholtzia Willd.
Filaments equal. Anther-halves confluent at an early stage. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla subequally 4-5-lobed. 39
39. Filaments bearded. Disc columnar, truncate. Calyx-teeth equal. Corolla-lobes
4. Herbs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa. Pogostemon Desf.
Filaments glabrous. Disc with 4 glands. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla-lobes
5. Shrubs or trees. False whorls 6-10-flowered, in paniculately arranged spikes.—Species 3. Madagascar. Tetradenia Benth.
40. Stamens 4, the upper (posticous) pair longer than the lower, all parallel and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 13-15~nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Herbs. [Tribe NEPETEAE.] 41
Stamens 4, the lower longer than the upper, or all equal, or only 2 present. 42
41. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla white, with a much projecting tube. Leaves 3-partite.—Species 1.
Madeira and Canary Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. Cedronella Moench
Anther-halves spreading.—Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Nepeta L.
42. Stamens and styles enclosed in the corolla-tube. Stamens 4, in two unequal pairs, the lower sometimes with rudimentary anthers. Anther-halves spreading. Style-apex entire or shortly and obtusely lobed.
Calyx 5-10-nerved, subequally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; tube not or slightly projecting beyond the calyx. [Tribe MARRUBIEAE.] 43
Stamens and styles of the hermaphrodite flowers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, very rarely enclosed in it, but then anther-halves more or less parallel or calyx distinctly two-lipped. Corolla-tube usually projecting beyond the calyx. 45
43. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Calyx 10-11-nerved. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anthers all fertile, those of the lower stamens larger; halves confluent. Disc equal-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
6. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Acrotome Benth.
Nutlets rounded at the apex. 44
44. Anthers all fertile, the halves early confluent at the apex. False whorls of flowers axillary. Herbs.—Species 9. North Africa and Cape Verde
Islands. Some are used medicinally. “Hore-hound.” Marrubium L.
Anthers of the upper stamens 2-celled, those of the lower nearly always abortive or rudimentary. Disc equal-sided. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla nearly flat. Leaves undivided.—Species 20. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Leucophae Webb et
Berth.) Sideritis L.
45. Corolla distinctly two-lipped with a convex, more or less helmet-shaped upper lip. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. [Tribe STACHYEAE.] 46
Corolla two-lipped with a rather flat upper lip, or more or less regular.
Leaves undivided. [Tribe SATUREIEAE.] 59
46. Calyx compressed from front to back, 10-nerved, distinctly 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, bent towards the upper and closing the mouth of the calyx after flowering. Corolla blue, violet, red, or white; tube exserted, widened above; upper lip entire, lower 3-lobed. Filaments with an appendage at the apex. Anther-halves separate, divergent.
Herbs. False whorls 6-flowered, in dense racemes, with imbricate bracts. [Subtribe BRUNELLINAE.] 47
Calyx more or less equally 5-10-toothed, rarely two-lipped, but the lower lip not closing the mouth of the calyx. [Subtribe
LAMIINAE.] 48
47. Corolla-tube narrow below, widened at the throat, glabrous within; limb blue or violet; midlobe of the lower lip two-cleft. Disc one-sided.
Style-apex 4-cleft. Nutlets very slimy when wet. Bracts narrow, awned.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Cleonia L.
Corolla-tube wide, narrow at the throat, with a ring of hairs or scales within; midlobe of the lower lip concave, toothed. Disc equal-sided. Style-apex
2-cleft. Nutlets not or slightly slimy when wet. Bracts broad.—Species
2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. (Prunella L.) Brunella L.
48. Style-branches very unequal, the posterior much shorter than the anterior.
Anther-halves spreading, finally confluent at the apex. Corolla white, yellow, or red; upper lip very hairy. Herbs or undershrubs. 49
Style-branches equal or nearly equal, rarely distinctly unequal, but then the upper lip of the corolla almost glabrous. 51
49. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower one. Calyx with
8-10 unequal, usually stiff teeth. Disc equal-sided. Leaves toothed.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Leonotis Pers.
Upper lip of the corolla as long as or shorter than the lower one. 50
50. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed; tube with a ring of hairs inside. Corolla red or yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Disc equal-sided.
False whorls 6- or more-flowered, axillary.—Species 4. North Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Phlomis L.
Upper lip of the corolla not laterally compressed; tube included. Corolla white or red.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
Several species are used medicinally; others are noxious weeds. (Including
Lasiocorys Benth.) Leucas R. Br.
51. Nutlets 3-angled, with a truncate apex. Leaves toothed or divided. 52
Nutlets more or less egg-shaped, with a rounded apex. 55
52. Style-branches very unequal. Calyx two-lipped with entire lips. Corolla red, with a much exserted tube. Small shrubs.—Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland). (Under Tinnaea Peyr. et Kotschy). Renschia Vatke
Style-branches almost equal. Calyx 2-lipped with spiny-toothed lips, or subequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla hairy. Herbs. 53
53. Calyx-limb broadened, two-lipped, with 5-10 spiny teeth. Corolla white; tube included, furnished with a ring of hairs inside, slightly widened above. Anther-halves spreading. Disc equal-sided.—Species
1. North Africa (Tunisia). Moluccella L.
Calyx-limb not broadened, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla white or red. 54
54. Calyx-teeth spinous. Corolla-tube slightly widened above. Disc equal-sided.—Species
2. One a native of North Africa, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. Leonurus L.
Calyx-teeth unarmed. Corolla-tube ventricose above. Anther-halves finally spreading.—Species 8. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used medicinally. “Deadnettle.” Lamium L.
55. Nutlets densely clothed with scales at the apex. Corolla-tube glabrous within; upper lip short, slightly concave, notched or two-lobed, glabrous or downy. Anther-halves usually confluent at an early stage. Disc equal-sided. Herbs. Leaves toothed.—Species 15. Tropics. Achyrospermum Wall.
Nutlets not scaly. Anther-halves not or tardily confluent. 56
56. Anthers of the posterior stamens with one half, of the anterior with both halves developed; halves placed transversely. Disc equal-sided.
Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip short, slightly concave, entire, glabrous or very scantily hairy. Calyx equally 5-toothed.
Herbs.—Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. Anisomeles R. Br.
Anthers all with both halves developed. Upper lip of the corolla more or less hairy. 57
57. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed, lower much larger, entire or 4-toothed. Corolla-tube with a ring of
hairs inside; upper entire, densely hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 8. Central Africa and Egypt. Otostegia Benth.
Calyx equally or subequally toothed, very rarely two-lipped with a 3-toothed upper and a 2-cleft lower lip. 58
58. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, subequally toothed. Corolla white or red; tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip notched, densely hairy.
Anther-halves finally spreading. Leaves toothed.—Species 7. North,
East, and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. Ballota L.
Calyx tube- or bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved.—Species 80. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, others are poisonous for cattle. (Including Betonica L.) Stachys L.
59. (45.) Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, more or less arched. Corolla two-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs. [Subtribe
MELISSINAE.] 60
Stamens projecting straight forwards, divergent. 63
60. Stamens 2. Anthers with 2 confluent halves, or with a fertile and a rudimentary half, or one half only developed. Style-apex unequally two-cleft.
Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Corolla-tube shortly exserted, glabrous within. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 3. North Africa. Ziziphora L.
Stamens 4. 61
61. Corolla-tube ascending-reflexed at the middle, glabrous within. Corolla white or yellowish. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Style-apex cleft into two subequal, awl-shaped branches. Leaves toothed. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. “Balm.” Melissa L.
Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 62
62. Calyx inflated in the fruit, 15-20-nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla red; tube included, glabrous within. Style-apex cleft into two equal, awl-shaped branches. Undershrubs. Leaves entire. False whorls
4-6-flowered.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under
Satureia L.) Saccocalyx Coss.
Calyx not inflated, 10-15-nerved. Corolla-tube exserted.—Species 45.
Some of them are used as pot-herbs (savory), as a substitute for tea, or as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including Calamintha Moench,
Clinopodium L., and Micromeria Benth.) Satureia L.
63. Calyx 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla blue, rarely reddish or white,
2-lipped, with an included tube. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending at the base, divergent and projecting straight forwards towards the apex. Shrubs. Leaves entire, narrow. False whorls
6- or more-flowered.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Used as an ornamental plant and for preparing perfumes and medicaments.
[Subtribe HYSSOPINAE.] Hyssopus L.
Calyx 10-13-nerved. Stamens divergent and projecting straight forwards
from the base. 64
64. Corolla two-lipped; upper lip notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Stamens
4, in two pairs of more or less unequal length. [Subtribe THYMINAE.] 65
Corolla equally or subequally 4-cleft; tube included. Stamens 4, about equal in length, with parallel halves, rarely only 2. Herbs. [Subtribe
MENTHINAE.] 69
65. Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves entire. 66
Calyx equally 5-toothed. 68
66. Upper lip of the calyx entire or obscurely 3-toothed; lower lip slightly 2-toothed, almost entire, or rudimentary. Anther-halves spreading. Herbs.
Bracts suborbicular.—Species 1 (M. hortensis Moench). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa. Used as a pot-herb, for the preparation of an essential oil and a kind of snuff, and in medicine.
“Marjoram.” (Under Origanum L.) Majorana Moench
Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. 67
67. Calyx-tube much compressed from above, 13-nerved. Corolla pink; tube exserted; upper lip 2-cleft. Anthers with a small connective and spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, in heads.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Thymus L.) Coridothymus Reichb. fil.
Calyx-tube more or less cylindric, not or slightly compressed. Anthers with
a thick connective. Style-apex equally or subequally 2-cleft.—Species
20. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil, or serve as ornamental plants.
“Thyme.” Thymus L.
68. Corolla-tube more or less projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers exserted, with spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Herbs.—Species
5. North Africa. They yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil. Origanum L.
Corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers with parallel halves.
Shrubs.—Species 9. Madeira and Canary Islands. Bystropogon L’Hér.
69. Stamens 2. Anther-halves finally spreading. Calyx equally 5-toothed, glabrous within. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves toothed.
False whorls many-flowered, axillary. Bracteoles small.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. Lycopus L.
Stamens 4. Nutlets round at the apex. 70
70. Calyx equally 4-toothed, hairy within; teeth with an awn-like process on the back. Stem decumbent. Leaves linear. False whorls axillary, many-flowered. Bracteoles large, as long as the flowers.—Species 1.
North-West Africa. Used medicinally. Preslia Opiz
Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed; teeth without an awn-like process on the back. Bracteoles small.—Species 9. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, and South Africa, also naturalized in Madagascar, its neighbouring islands, and St. Helena. Some species (especially M. piperita L., peppermint) yield condiments, medicaments, insectifuges, and an essential oil used as an aromatic or for medicinal purposes; several serve as ornamental plants. “Mint.” Mentha L.

SUBORDER SOLANINEAE

[FAMILY 207.] SOLANACEAE

Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (Solanum) dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct. Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely (Capsicum) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 16, species 220. (Including ATROPACEAE.) (Plate 135.)

1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla violet or yellow, tube- or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped, alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers panicled.—Species
2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.] Schwenkia L.
Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4. 2
2. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers solitary, large. 3
Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by cultivation. 4
3. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. (Pentagonia
Heist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.] Nicandra Adams
Ovary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.—Species
5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.”
(Including Brugmansia Pers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.] Datura L.
4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick. Corolla with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in cymes or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.] 5
Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.] 6
5. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in each ovary-cell.
Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs.—Species 2. Naturalized in several islands.
Ornamental and medicinal plants. [Subtribe CESTRINAE.] Cestrum L.
Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each ovary-cell.
Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose, raceme- or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.
They yield tobacco (especially from N. tabacum L. and rustica L.), lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subtribe NICOTIANINAE.] Nicotiana L.
6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or yellow with red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 8. North and Central Africa.
They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.”
[Subtribe HYOSCYAMINAE.] Hyoscyamus L.
Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla tubular, campanulate, or rotate. 7
7. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft.
Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [Subtribe MANDRAGORINAE.] Mandragora Juss.
Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well developed. Leaves alternate. 8
8. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the tube.
Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or in clusters.
Leaves undivided. [Subtribe LYCIINAE.] 9
Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [Subtribe SOLANINAE.] 12
9. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as long as or shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves lobed.
Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used medicinally. Triguera Cav.
Corolla regular. Fruit succulent. 10
10. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.—Species 25.
Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants or in medicine. Lycium L.
Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose. 11
11. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud.
Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs.
Flowers in clusters.—Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate
135.) Discopodium Hochst.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1 (A. Belladonna L., dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and medicaments. Atropa L.