3. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves ovate. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous below. Fruit globose.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Gilletiella De Wild. & Dur.
Flowers in axillary clusters or in terminal racemes. Leaves oblong.—Species
2. Madagascar. Monachochlamys Bak.
4. Funicles short and thick, without a distinct outgrowth. Seeds and ovules
2 in each cell. Seeds globular, with a lateral hilum. Fruit beaked at the apex. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Corolla nearly regular, with contorted aestivation. Calyx enclosed by two large bracteoles.
Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Shrubs or climbing herbs. [Subfamily
THUNBERGIOIDEAE.] 5
Funicles with a large hook-shaped or a small tubercle-shaped outgrowth; in the latter case seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. 6
5. Anthers opening by pores. Stigma two-lobed. Calyx truncate. Corolla slightly two-lipped. Flowers in racemes. Climbing shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar and southern East Africa. (Under Thunbergia L. f.) Pseudocalyx Radlk.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.—Species 100. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Hexacentris Nees). Thunbergia L. f.
6. Funicles small, with a minute wart-like outgrowth. Seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. Seeds globose, with a lateral hilum, albuminous.
Fruit beaked, rarely only pointed at the apex. Calyx unequally 4-5-parted.
Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Disc indistinct. Herbs. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Flowers in spikes. [Subfamily NELSONIOIDEAE.] 7
Funicles with a distinct hook-shaped outgrowth, rarely (Synnema) thickened with an obscure outgrowth, but then corolla with contorted aestivation and leaves dotted with cystoliths. Seeds with a basal or subbasal hilum, exalbuminous, usually flat. Fruit usually prolonged into a stalk at the base, rarely beaked at the top. [Subfamily
ACANTHOIDEAE.] 9
7. Sepals 5, unequal, almost free. Stamens 4. Ovules in each cell numerous, in 3-4 rows. Fruit not distinctly beaked.—Species 1. Central
Africa. (Ebermaiera Nees, Zenkerina Engl.) Staurogyne Wall.
Sepals 5, two of them united nearly to the top. Stamens 2. Ovules in each cell 6-10, in two rows. Fruit beaked. 8
8. Flowers with bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence covered with imbricate bracts. Leaves radical or alternate. Stem erect, usually very short.—Species 1. Central Africa. (Tubiflora Gmel.) Elytraria Vahl
Flowers without bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence without bracts or wanting. Leaves opposite. Stem procumbent or ascending.—Species
1. Tropics. Nelsonia R. Br.
9. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds usually hairy. 10
Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds usually glabrous. 40
10. Corolla distinctly 1-or 2-lipped. 11
Corolla nearly regular. 17
11. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and thin. Fruit contracted into a stalk. Seeds 2 in each cell. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial
East Africa (Uganda). Eranthemum L.
Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then, as usually, seeds more than 2 in each cell of the fruit. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. [Tribe
HYGROPHILEAE.] 12
12. Corolla 1-lipped, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical. Calyx equally 5-toothed.
Stamens 4. Anthers not spurred. Ovules 4-8 in each cell of the ovary.
Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. Central Africa. Some of them yield fish-poison or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Eremomastax Lindau) Paulowilhelmia Hochst.
Corolla 2-lipped. 13
13. Fertile stamens 2; the anterior stamens sterile. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla red or violet; tube short, with a transverse fold. Ovules numerous.
Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or spikes.—Species
20. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. Brillantaisia Beauv.
Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then the posterior stamens sterile or wanting. 14
14. Funicles of the seeds with an indistinct, cushion-shaped outgrowth. Ovules numerous. Stamens 2-4. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes. Herbs.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Cardanthera
Ham.) Synnema Benth.
Funicles of the seeds with a distinct, hook-shaped outgrowth. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs, each decurrent upon a common fold. 15
15. Stem woody. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx equally 5-partite.
Anthers spurred, rarely only pointed at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each cell of the ovary.—Species 4. East Africa. Mellera S. Moore
Stem herbaceous. Anthers not spurred. 16
16. Flowers in axillary clusters, intermixed with spines. Calyx 4-partite.
Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell.—Species 2. Central Africa. Used for making salt. (Under Hygrophila R. Br.) Asteracantha Nees
Flowers solitary or in spineless clusters or panicles.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Nomaphila
Blume) Hygrophila R. Br.
17. (10) Fruit distinctly compressed from front to back, contracted into a short stalk, 2-4-seeded. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens 4,
united in pairs and decurrent at the base. [Tribe PETALIDIEAE.] 18
Fruit more or less terete or 4-angled. [Tribes RUELLIEAE and STROBILANTHEAE.] 22
18. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas 2. Calyx 5-cleft or 4-parted. Flowers in axillary clusters. Bracts oblong, about as long as the calyx; bracteoles smaller.—Species 8. Central Africa. Disperma C. B. Clarke
Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Bracts or bracteoles large. 19
19. Calyx-segments 4 owing to the complete or nearly complete union of the two anticous segments. Flowers solitary or in short lateral inflorescences.—Species
18. Tropics. (Under Petalidium Nees). Pseudobarleria T. Anders.
Calyx-segments 5, almost free. 20
20. Calyx-segments very unequal, the posticous much larger, bract-like.
Inflorescences spike-like, composed of cymes.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Aetheilema R. Br.,
Micranthus Wendl., Phaylopsis Willd.) Phaulopsis Willd.
Calyx-segments nearly equal. 21
21. Stigma entire, capitate. Anther-halves blunt. Flowers in terminal false umbels.—Species 1. Madagascar. Zygoruellia Baill.
Stigma unequally 2-lobed, filiform. Anther-halves pointed or tailed below.
Flowers solitary or in cymes.—Species 5. West and South Africa. Petalidium Nees
22. (17.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit contracted into a stalk, 2-4-seeded. 23
Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 30
23. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and narrow throughout its length. 24
Fertile stamens 4. 25
24. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla orange. Stigma capitate or oblong, more or less 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, contracted into a short stalk, usually 2-seeded. Flowers in heads, spikes, or panicles.
Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx.—Species 5. Central Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. Lankesteria Lindl.
Calyx divided to the middle or somewhat beyond. Corolla white. Stigma entire, oblong-linear. Fruit linear, contracted into a long stalk, usually
4-seeded. Flowers solitary or few together in the leaf-axils. Bracteoles much shorter than the calyx.—Species 4. South and East Africa.
(Under Calophanes Don). Chaetacanthus Nees
25. Filaments free from the base. 26
Filaments united in pairs at the base and decurrent in the form of two ridges. 27
26. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Disc very small.
Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles very small and narrow.—Species
2. Northern East Africa. Satanocrater Schweinf.
Calyx deeply divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large, membranous.—Species 15. Central Africa. (Including Stylarthropus
Baill.) Whitfieldia Hook.
27. Staminal ridges confluent, hence all stamens inserted upon a common fold. Anther-halves blunt. Fruit oblong ovoid or globose, 3-4-seeded.
Flowers solitary or in spikes.—Species 4. Madagascar. Strobilanthes Blume
Staminal ridges separate. Flowers solitary or in cymes. 28
28. Calyx 5-cleft. Anther-halves usually tailed. Fruit linear, 4-seeded.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. (Calophanes Don, including
Phillipsia Rolfe). Dyschoriste Nees
Calyx 5-parted. Anthers blunt. Fruit oblong or elliptical. 29
29. Fruit 2-seeded. Pollen-grains ovoid, with longitudinal ribs. Undershrubs.—Species
1. Southern East Africa. Strobilanthopsis S. Moore
Fruit 4-seeded. Pollen-grains globular, prickly.—Species 8. Tropics.
(Under Dischistocalyx T. Anders.) Acanthopale C. B. Clarke
30. (22.) Fertile stamens 2. 31
Fertile stamens 4. 32
31. Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Staminodes present. Corolla nearly
2-lipped; tube short, wide, funnel-shaped. Flowers several together in the leaf-axils. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. (Under Ruttya
Harv.) Forsythiopsis Bak.
Ovules 10 in each ovary-cell. Flowers solitary. Herbs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Ruelliola Baill.
32. Filaments free from the base. Anthers with a fertile and a rudimentary half. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla white. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell.
Flowers in spikes or heads.—Species 3. West Africa. (Physacanthus
Benth.) Haselhoffia Lindau
Filaments united in pairs at the base, decurrent in the form of two ridges.
Anthers with both halves fertile. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. 33
33. Staminal ridges confluent. Anthers not tailed. 34
Staminal ridges separate. 35
34. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Flowers in loose panicles.—Species 1.
Island of St. Thomas. (Under Paulowilhelmia Hochst.) Heteradelphia Lindau
Corolla tubular. Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences.—Species
5. Central Africa. Hemigraphis Nees
35. Anther-halves of the anterior stamens, at least one of them, tailed at the base. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short and wide tube. Flowers in panicles.—Species 15. Tropics. (Including
Epiclastopelma Lindau) Mimulopsis Schweinf.
Anther-halves without an appendage at the base, rarely (Ruelliopsis) all tailed, and then calyx-segments unequal and flowers solitary. 36
36. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc cup-shaped, toothed. Anthers exserted. Corolla red. Flowers solitary. Leaves crowded at the end of the branches. Glabrous shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Camarotea Elliot
Stigma entire or provided with a small tooth. 37
37. Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Calyx-segments usually very unequal. Bracteoles very small.—Species 9. Central Africa.
(Dischistocalyx T. Anders.) Distichocalyx T. Anders.
Flowers solitary or in neither spike- nor head-like cymes or panicles. 38
38. Leaves one-sided (with unequal halves) and usually very unequal in size, entire. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-segments subequal, very long. Corolla red or blue, with a long cylindrical tube.
Anthers included.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. Endosiphon T. Anders.
Leaves equal-sided or nearly so, about equal in size. 39
39. Pollen-grains with many longitudinal ribs. Anthers usually tailed. Calyx-segments unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.—Species 3. East and
South Africa. Ruelliopsis C. B. Clarke
Pollen-grains netted or pitted. Anthers not tailed.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Dipteracanthus Nees). Ruellia L.
40. (9.) Corolla with imbricate, not ascending aestivation, 2-lipped or nearly regular. Filaments free. Anthers, at least those of the anterior stamens, 2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, rarely (Crabbea) 3-4.
Fruit not distinctly contracted into a stalk. [Tribe BARLERIEAE.] 41
Corolla with imbricate, ascending aestivation. 48
41. Calyx 4-parted, one of the segments sometimes shortly toothed. Stamens
2, more rarely 4, exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma-lobes 2, subequal, sometimes nearly confluent. Flowers in cymes, spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Somalia Oliv.) Barleria L.
Calyx 2- or 5-parted. Stamens 4, included. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. 42
42. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. Corolla folded in the bud, nearly regular, with short triangular lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamens 1-celled.
Disc indistinct. Stigma entire. Inflorescence spike- or head-like.—Species
12. Tropics. (Including Leucobarleria Lindau). Neuracanthus Nees
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla not folded. Anthers 2-celled, rarely those of the posterior stamens 1-celled, but then corolla 2-lipped. Disc ring-shaped. 43
43. Flowers surrounded by 4 united bracts, solitary, with narrow bracteoles.
Corolla-lobes spreading, pink. Anthers 2-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Periblema DC.) Boutonia DC.
Flowers not surrounded by united bracts, solitary but without bracteoles, or in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Corolla two-lipped. 44
44. Bracteoles surrounding the flowers 4, large, exceeding the calyx. Flowers
in head-like cymes, very small, stalked, intermixed with bracts. Corolla white. Anthers with equal halves. Ovary hairy above. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigma unequally 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar. Warpuria Stapf
Bracteoles minute or absent. 45
45. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anthers all
2-celled. Stigma with two almost equal lobes.—Species 2. South
Africa. Glossochilus Nees
Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Stigma entire or very unequally 2-lobed, rarely almost equally 2-lobed, but then anthers partly 1-celled. 46
46. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anther-halves unappendaged, inserted nearly at the same level. Calyx-teeth pointed. Ovary and style glabrous. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Fruit narrow-oblong,
4-8-seeded. Inflorescence capitate.—Species 10. South and Central
Africa. Crabbea Harv.
Stamens not approximate in pairs. Anthers all with one half inserted lower than the other, or the posterior with one half only developed.
Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 47
47. Anterior calyx-segments united halfway up. Corolla violet. Anthers of the anterior stamens with unappendaged halves inserted at the same level; those of the posterior stamens with one half only developed.
Stigma with 2 minute, subequal lobes. Flowers in few-flowered spikes.—Species
1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Lindauea Rendle
Anterior calyx-segments nearly free. Anthers of all or only the anterior stamens with one half inserted lower than the other. Stigma entire.—Species
30. Central Africa. (Including Volkensiophyton Lindau). Lepidagathis Willd.
48. (40.) Corolla 1-lipped, 3-5-lobed; in place of the upper lip a slit.
Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes. [Tribe ACANTHEAE.] 49
Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. 55
49. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white or blue, rarely yellow; tube short. Leaves usually prickly. 50
Calyx 5-parted. Leaves undivided. 53
50. Corolla-tube of moderate length. Sepals free. Filaments very short.
Bracts small; bracteoles much larger. Leaves undivided.—Species 1.
Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). Crossandrella C. B. Clarke
Corolla-tube very short. Bracts large, imbricate, usually prickly; bracteoles small and narrow or wanting. 51
51. Anterior filaments with a process near the top. Ovary with two glandular pits at the apex. Stigma-lobes 2, equal. Corolla-tube nearly globular.
Fruit more or less contracted at the base. Seeds hairy.—Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables or
in medicine; others are noxious weeds. Blepharis Juss.
Anterior filaments without an apical process. Ovary without glandular pits at the top. Corolla-tube short-cylindrical. Fruit not or scarcely contracted at the base. 52
52. Stigma with 2 almost equal lobes. Disc oblique. Seeds 3-4, glabrous.
Spikes stalked.—Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Acanthus L.
Stigma with very unequal lobes or entire. Disc indistinct. Seeds bristly, usually 2. Spikes sessile. Bracts ending in 3-5 spines.—Species 7.
South Africa. Acanthopsis Harv.
53. Calyx-segments unequal, the posterior much broader than the anterior,
2-nerved, often toothed. Corolla red or yellow; tube very long.
Anthers included. Seeds hairy. Bracteoles usually as long as the calyx.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Crossandra Salisb.
Calyx-segments subequal, the posterior as broad as or a little broader than the anterior, one-nerved, rarely many-nerved and then sometimes toothed. Anthers more or less exserted. Seeds not hairy. Bracteoles shorter than the calyx. 54
54. Corolla-tube long. Anthers blunt. Disc thick. Fruit not contracted at the base.—Species 8. Tropics. (Including Butayea De Wild, and
Pleuroblepharis Baill., under Sclerochiton Harv.) Pseudoblepharis Baill.
Corolla-tube short. Anthers pointed. Disc small. Fruit slightly contracted at the base.—Species 4. Central and South Africa. Sclerochiton Harv.
55. (48.) Corolla nearly regular, often obscurely two-lipped. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 56
Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. 64
56. Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes usually present. Calyx 5-parted. [Tribe
PSEUDERANTHEMEAE.] 57
Fertile stamens 4. 59
57. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx-segments subulate. Corolla-tube cylindrical, not widened above. Seeds 1-2, nearly smooth. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Ruspolia Lindau
Anthers 2-celled. Seeds 4, rarely fewer. 58
58. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, much widened above. Seeds nearly smooth.
Flowers in racemes, white. Shrubs.—Species 1. Natal. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under Asystasia Blume). Mackaya Harv.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, scarcely widened above. Seeds wrinkled.—Species
12. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under
Eranthemum L.) Pseuderanthemum Radlk.
59. Anthers 1-celled, cohering. Fruit not contracted into a stalk. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar. Stenandriopsis S. Moore
Anthers 2-celled. Fruit contracted at the base into a long stalk. [Tribe
ASYSTASIEAE.] 60
60. Calyx 5-lobed, with broad segments. Sterile stamen present. Stigma-lobes unequal. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.—Species
4. West Africa. (Scytanthus T. Anders.) Thomandersia Baill.
Calyx 5-parted, with narrow segments. Sterile stamen absent. Stigma-lobes subequal. Seeds 4. Bracteoles present. 61
61. Anther-halves of the longer stamens elliptical, one inserted much lower than the other; those of the shorter stamens suborbicular and divergent.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Filetia Miq.
Anther-halves oblong, nearly parallel and inserted at about the same level. 62
62. Disc laterally 2-lobed. Bracts long. Flowers in spikes.—Species 2.
East Africa. (Under Asystasia Blume) Parasystasia Baill.
Disc not 2-lobed. Bracts short. 63
63. Pollen-grains prickly, not striped. Anther-halves shortly spurred at the base. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. East Africa. Asystasiella Lindau
Pollen-grain striped, not prickly.—Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. Asystasia Blume
64. (55.) Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Fertile stamens 2, staminodes none.
Anthers 2-celled. Herbs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. [Tribe ANDROGRAPHIDEAE.] Andrographis Nees
Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. [Tribes GRAPTOPHYLLEAE, ODONTONEMEAE,
ISOGLOSSEAE, and JUSTICIEAE.] 65
65. Fertile stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. 66
Fertile stamens 2. 70
66. Corolla-tube long, cylindrical. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 67
Corolla-tube rather short and wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 68
67. Stigma entire. Stamens inserted a little below the throat of the corolla.
Bracteoles small.—Species 1. Central Africa. (Styasasia S. Moore, under Asystasia Blume) Isochoriste Miq.
Stigma 2-lobed. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube.
Bracteoles large.—Species 2. Madagascar. Forcipella Baill.
68. Anther-halves blunt at the base. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Posterior stigma-lobe tubercle-shaped. Calyx-segments unequal.
Seeds oblong. Flowers crowded in the axils of the leaves.
Bracts and bracteoles narrow, clothed with red hairs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Synchoriste Baill.
Anther-halves pointed at the base. Bracts and bracteoles broad. 69
69. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, borne on a long stalk. Bracts incised.—Species
1. Madagascar. Podorungia Baill.
Inflorescences terminal, racemose, the lower flowers solitary in the leaf-axils.
Pedicels 4-winged. Seeds 2, roundish.—Species 1. Madagascar. Chlamydacanthus Lindau
70. (65.) Staminodes 2. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Bracts and bracteoles small. 71
Staminodes none, rarely (Duvernoya) solitary. 73
71. Anthers projecting far beyond the corolla-tube; halves at equal heights, pointed at the base. Calyx short. Corolla red; tube long, funnel-shaped.
Shrubs. Flowers panicled.—Species 1. Naturalized in
West Africa. An ornamental and medicinal plant. Graptophyllum Nees
Anthers slightly projecting, with one half only developed. 72
72. Anthers pointed. Corolla red; tube short and wide. Flowers in cymes or panicles.—Species 5. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Ruttya Harv.
Anthers blunt. Corolla yellow; tube long, ventricose. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Shrubs.—Species 4. Island of Socotra. Ballochia Balf. fil.
73. Anthers 1-celled, blunt. 74
Anthers 2-celled. 80
74. Stigma entire. 75
Stigma 2-lobed. 76
75. Flowers in cymes surrounded by united bracts and collected in heads or fascicles. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Woolly shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. Lasiocladus Boj.
Flowers in spikes or panicles, with free bracts. Corolla-tube very long and narrow.—Species 9. Tropics. Brachystephanus Nees
76. Corolla-tube very short, bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the lower part of it. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Oreacanthus Benth.
Corolla-tube not very short, cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in its upper part or at the throat. 77
77. Flowers in spikes. Bracteoles equalling the calyx. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Fruit contracted into a long stalk.—Species 2. Central Africa. Monothecium Hochst.
Flowers in cymes, heads, or panicles. Bracts usually united. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Fruit contracted into a short stalk or not contracted. 78
78. Calyx deeply two-lipped, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Fruit without a stalk. Flowers panicled.—Species 1. Madagascar. Amphiestes S. Moore
Calyx regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed or -parted. 79
79. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers in umbellately arranged cymes.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Periestes Baill.
Calyx 5-lobed to 5-parted.—Species 70. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used in medicine. Hypoëstes R. Br.
80. (73.) Anther-halves inserted at unequal heights. 81
Anther-halves inserted at the same level, unappendaged at the base. 101
81. Anther-halves, both or the lower one, prolonged at the base into a spur- or tail-like appendage. 82
Anther-halves blunt or pointed, sometimes bearing a short mucro, but neither spurred nor tailed. 92
82. Corolla-tube barrel-shaped, widened from the base; lips short. Calyx-segments very long and narrow. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Upper anther-half without a spur. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Shrubs. Flowers panicled, red.
Bracts and bracteoles small.—Species 2. Island of Socotra. Trichocalyx Balf. fil.
Corolla-tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-shaped. 83
83. Corolla-tube very long, much longer than the limb. Herbs or undershrubs.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.
Bracts narrow. 84
Corolla-tube short or rather short. 85
84. Corolla very large, red. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under
Siphonoglossa Oerst.) Aulojusticia Lindau
Corolla medium-sized. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube.
Leaves elliptical to orbicular.—Species 3. South and East
Africa. (Under Justicia L.) Siphonoglossa Oerst.
85. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Pollen-grains with several longitudinal rows of tubercles sometimes replaced by patches. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 160. Tropical and South Africa and Canary
Islands. Some of the species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Adhatoda Nees, Dianthera L., Gendarussa Nees,
Monechma Hochst., and Rhytiglossa Nees). (Plate 142.) Justicia L.
Disc ring-shaped. Pollen-grains usually without tubercles. 86
86. Calyx-segments 4. 87
Calyx-segments 5. 88
87. Flowers in spikes arranged in false umbels at the ends of the branches.
Fruit contracted into a short stalk. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Corymbostachys Lindau
Flowers in axillary spikes. Fruit contracted into a rather long stalk.
Herbs.—Species 5. Madagascar and West Africa. (Under Justicia L.) Anisostachya Nees
88. Flowers in panicles. 89
Flowers in spikes. 90
89. Stem woody, shrubby. Inflorescences scantily branched. Bracts very narrow. Corolla blue. Anther-halves both spurred. Fruit contracted into a short stalk.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).
(Under Justicia L.) Salviacanthus Lindau
Stem herbaceous. Inflorescences abundantly branched. Bracts broad.
Lower anther-half spurred, the upper not. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Justicia L.) Rhaphidospora Nees
90. Stem woody, shrubby. Calyx 5-cleft, scarious. Corolla large, red.—Species
4. East Africa and Madagascar. (Under Macrorungia C. B.
Clarke) Symplectochilus Lindau
Stem herbaceous. 91
91. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Calyx membranous. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity. Flowers small.
Bracts broad, in 4 ranks, whereof two enclose no flowers. Bracteoles large.—Species 9. Tropics. Rungia Nees
Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves.—Species 10. Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Justicia L.) Nicoteba Lindau
92. (81.) Corolla-tube bell- or funnel-shaped, wide throughout or much widened above. 93
Corolla-tube cylindrical, narrow and not or slightly widened above. 95
93. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Corolla-tube somewhat shorter than the limb. Pollen-grains ovoid, with several rows of patches. Disc lobed. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Flowers in spikes or panicles.—Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under
Adhatoda Nees or Justicia L.) Duvernoya E. Mey.
Anther-halves inserted at very unequal heights, more rarely at slightly unequal ones, but then corolla-tube as long as or longer than the limb.
Pollen-grains more or less globose, nearly smooth. Herbs or undershrubs. 94
94. Flowers in cymes. Corolla-tube long. Stamens inserted at its middle.
Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit oblong, without a distinct stalk. Seeds 2 fertile and 2 sterile.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Melittacanthus S. Moore
Flowers in racemes or panicles. Fruit contracted into a stalk.—Species
40. Tropical and South Africa. Isoglossa Oerst.
95. Corolla-tube short, much shorter than the lips. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Shrubs. 96
Corolla-tube long or rather long; upper lip entire or shortly toothed.
Disc cup-shaped. 98
96. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Anther-halves pointed. Disc cup-shaped.
Leaves broad, unequal-sided. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Populina Baill.
Upper lip of the corolla entire or shortly toothed. Disc ring-shaped.
Flowers in spikes or fascicles. 97
97. Bracts very small, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-segments nearly free,
3-nerved. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves. Species 5. Central
Africa. Anisotes Nees
Bracts large, as long as or longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 5. Tropical Africa to Transvaal. (Macrorungia
C. B. Clarke). Himantochilus T. Anders.
98. Bracts small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Fruit oblong, narrowed into a long stalk. Shrubs, usually climbing. Flowers in panicles.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Rhinacanthus Nees
Bracts large. Fruit narrowed into a short stalk. Herbs. 99
99. Bracts not opposite in pairs. Corolla small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Pollen-grains globose, with 6 pores and several longitudinal rows of raised dots. Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa. Chlamydocardia Lindau
Bracts opposite in pairs and usually united at the base, enclosing 1-2 flowers. Pollen-grains ovoid, smooth, with 3 pores and 3 bands. 100
100. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit oblong; partition not separating from the valves.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Peristrophe Nees
Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit ovate; partition separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.
(Diapedium Koenig). Dicliptera Juss.
101. (80.) Corolla-tube much widened above, long, curved; lower lip rolled in. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs. Flowers in long terminal spikes or racemes, reddish-yellow. Bracts and bracteoles very small.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Ancalanthus Balf. fil.) Angkalanthus Balf. fil.
Corolla-tube not or slightly widened above. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Bracts not very small. 102
102. Corolla-tube rather short, about equalling the limb. Seeds usually 2.
Inflorescence spike-like. Bracts large. Bracteoles small or wanting. 103
Corolla-tube long. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. 104
103. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles linear. Fruit subglobose, contracted into a short stalk.—Species 5. Central Africa.
(Under Ecbolium Kurz) Schwabea Endl.
Flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles bristle-like or wanting.
Shrubs.—Species 3. Central Africa. (Under Dicliptera Juss.) Megalochlamys Lindau
104. Bracts broad. Bracteoles long. Fruit flat. Seeds 2. Shrubs. Flowers
in spikes.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Ecbolium Kurz
Bracts narrow. Seeds 4. 105
105. Flowers in one-sided spikes. Bracts small. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Anisacanthus Nees
Flowers in panicles. Bracts long. Herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. Schaueria Nees

SUBORDER MYOPORINEAE

[FAMILY 217.] MYOPORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, without bracteoles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united at the base, imbricate or open in the bud. Petals 5, united below, white, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, in two pairs of slightly unequal length. Anthers 2-celled, the cells confluent at the top, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled. Ovules 1-6 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the partition, inverted, with a thick funicle. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; radicle of the embryo superior.—Genera 3, species 4. Southern and tropical Africa.

1. Corolla salver-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in each cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma oblong, oblique. Fruit with a 1-2-celled stone.—Species 2. South Africa. Oftia Adans.
Corolla bell-shaped. Ovules in each ovary-cell solitary or two side by side. 2
2. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla slightly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 4 stones.—Species 1. West Africa. Zombiana Baill.
Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla regular. Fruit with a 2-4-celled stone.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Myoporum Banks & Sol.

ORDER PLANTAGINALES

[FAMILY 218.] PLANTAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; in the latter case leaves opposite. Leaves sessile, entire toothed lobed or pinnately cleft, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes or heads, with broad bracts, without bracteoles, small, regular, 4-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Corolla scarious, of united petals, with imbricate aestivation, sometimes 2-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternating with its lobes. Filaments long, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers large, versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, sometimes one cell only fertile. Ovules axile, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, filiform. Fruit dry, opening by a lid or remaining closed. Seeds with a fleshy albumen; embryo straight or nearly so.—Genera 2, species 40. (Plate 143.)

Flowers monoecious, the male solitary, the female at their base, solitary or several together; the latter with a bag-shaped, 2-4-toothed corolla.
Ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.—Species 1. Azores. Litorella L.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 2- or more-flowered spikes or heads, all with a 4-lobed corolla. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscent,
2- or more-seeded.—Species 40. Some of them yield food for cattle and birds, vegetables, medicaments, soda, and a mucilage. “Plantain.”
(Plate 143.) Plantago L.

ORDER RUBIALES