The flowering plants of Africa / An analytical key to the genera of African phanerograms

by Franz Thonner

RUBIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 144.

J. Fleischmann del.

Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut off). C Anther. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit.

7. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx-segments enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Style long, glabrous, two-cleft at the apex.—Species 6. Central Africa. Psilanthus Hook. fil.
Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Calyx-segments not enlarged in the fruit. 8
8. Flowers in terminal panicles. Corolla hairy at the throat. Anthers exserted. Style downy above. Shrubs. 9
Flowers in axillary fascicles or panicles. 10
9. Calyx shortly lobed. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, 6-7-cleft. Style-apex
2-cleft.—Species 1. East Africa. Lamprothamnus Hiern
Calyx deeply divided. Corolla yellow, salver-shaped, 4-cleft. Style-apex entire.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Exechostylus K. Schum.
10. Style hairy. 11
Style glabrous. 12
11. Calyx 4-toothed or truncate. Style-apex 2-cleft. Albumen of the seeds ruminated. Bracteoles 4, one pair united into a cup.—Species 10.
Tropics. Polysphaeria Hook. fil.
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Style-apex entire. Albumen of the seeds uniform. Bracteoles free.—Species 13. Tropics. Cremaspora Benth.
12. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Trees.
Flowers subtended by 2-3 pairs of bracteoles.—Species 1. Island of St. Thomas. Belonophora Hook. fil.
Style long, with 2 short stigmas or with a single stigma. 13
13. Style-apex 2-lobed. Corolla glabrous at the throat, but sometimes hairy below. 14
Style-apex entire, spindle-shaped, 10-ribbed. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers more or less exserted. 15
14. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped.
Anthers included. Flowers surrounded by 4 pairs of bracteoles.—Species
1. West Africa (Togoland). Kerstingia K. Schum.
Flowers 5-merous. Sepals united above the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers exserted.—Species 4. West Africa. Aulacocalyx Hook. fil.
15. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Stipules very narrow.
Species 2. East Africa. Heinsenia K. Schum.
Corolla bell-wheel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Stipules broad.—Species
3. East and South-east Africa. Rhabdostigma Hook. fil.
16. (4.) Flowers in heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit separating into two leathery nutlets. Seeds with a thick aril and copious
albumen.—Species 3. West Africa, Madagascar, Natal. Cephalanthus L.
Flowers in forked cymes. Ovules with a thickened funicle. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen or without albumen. [Tribe
GUETTARDEAE.] 17
17. Calyx deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-9-celled.
Fruit globose; cells of the stone curved.—Species 1. East
Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. Guettarda Blume
Calyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers somewhat exserted.
Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit oblong.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Guettarda Blume). Antirrhoea Comm.
18. (3.) Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral heads. Ovary 1-2-celled.
Fruit dry, of 1-2 nutlets. Herbs. Stipules united. [Tribe KNOXIEAE.] 19
Flowers in lateral cymes, fascicles, or panicles. Ovary 2-many-celled.
Fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Shrubs or trees, rarely (Pachystigma) herbs, but then ovary 3-5-celled. 22
19. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 1-2. Corolla bluish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Anthers included. Leaves whorled. Flowers connate in pairs, without bracteoles. Stipules undivided.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). Calanda K. Schum.
Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules lacerated or bristle-like. 20
20. Calyx with awl-shaped, not enlarged segments. Corolla violet, salver-shaped, with 4 lobes bearded at the apex. Anthers exserted. Disc tubular. Stigma 2-lobed. Mericarps dehiscing lengthwise.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Paragophyton K. Schum.
Calyx with some of the segments enlarged and leaf-like. Corolla with long hairs at the throat. Mericarps dehiscing transversely or indehiscent. 21
21. Mericarps separating from a central column, dehiscing transversely.
Calyx-segments 4, one of them enlarged. Corolla-lobes 4. Anthers included. Stigma 2-lobed. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. West
Africa (Togo). Baumannia K. Schum.
Mericarp without a central column, indehiscent.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Holocarpa Bak.) Pentanisia Harv.
22. Ovary-cells and fruit-stones 20-30. Flowers polygamous-dioecious,
4-merous. Corolla white or yellowish, glabrous within. Anthers included or nearly so. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs.—Species
1. Madagascar and Seychelles. Timonius Rumph.
Ovary-cells 2-10. Fruit-stones 1-10. Seeds with copious albumen.
[Tribe VANGUERIEAE.] 23
23. Stem herbaceous. Leaves whorled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Stigma lobed.—Species
20. Central and South-east Africa. (Fadogia Schweinf.) Pachystigma Hochst.
Stem woody. Leaves opposite. 24
24. Inflorescences fascicle-like or reduced to a single flower, surrounded by an involucre of two bracts united at the base. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. Corolla hairy at the throat. 25
Inflorescences without an involucre. 26
25. Style deeply 4-5-cleft. Flowers in 6-12-flowered fascicles or heads.
Trees.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. Scyphochlamys Balf. fil.
Style simple, with a capitate stigma.—Species 10. Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. They yield timber. Pyrostria Comm.
26. Corolla curved, tubular. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Anthers sessile.
Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed.—Species 6. Central Africa to
Delagoa Bay. Ancylanthus Desf.
Corolla straight. Stigma entire or 2-lobed. 27
27. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers small. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. 28
Ovary 3-6-celled. 29
28. Stigma peltate, 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Corolla white, hairy at the throat.
Shrubs. Leaves stiff-leathery. Stipules united at the base. Flowers in clusters.—Species 10. Central Africa and Seychelles. Some species yield dye-stuffs. Craterispermum Benth.
Stigma capitate, entire.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa.
Some of them have edible fruits and are used in medicine. (Canthium
Lam.) Plectronia L.
29. Flowers large, in many-flowered panicles, polygamous. Calyx deeply divided, exceeding the corolla. Anthers exserted. Ovules with a broadened funicle. Stigma hemispherical or mushroom-shaped.—Species
10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. Cuviera DC.
Flowers small. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, or truncate.—Species 70.
Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine. Vangueria Juss.
30. (2.) Ovules inserted on the partitions of the ovary, but sometimes near their base. 31
Ovules inserted at the base of the ovary-cells. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stipules unlike the leaves. 54
31. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Fruit succulent. Shrubs or trees.
Stipules small. Flowers solitary or in cymes. [Tribe IXOREAE.] 32
Corolla with valvate aestivation. 38
32. Ovules attached to placentas arising near the base of the partition of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma spindle-shaped. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Flowers 5-merous, in head-like cymes. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Climbing shrubs.—Species 20. Tropics. Rutidea DC.
Ovules attached to placentas arising near the middle of the partition. 33
33. Corolla with a curved tube, 5-7-lobed. Calyx-teeth indistinct. Anthers
included. Ovary 2-celled. Style with two unequal stigmas. Flowers terminal, solitary or in groups of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Trees.—Species
1. Madagascar. Pleurocoffea Baill.
Corolla with a straight tube. 34
34. Flowers with an epicalyx. Style 2-6-cleft. 35
Flowers without an epicalyx, hermaphrodite. Style 2-cleft or simple.
Ovary 2-celled. 36
35. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 4-merous polygamous. Epicalyx 2-partite.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Fruit globose.—Species 5. Mascarene
Islands. They yield timber, and are used in medicine. Myonima Comm.
Flowers in axillary fascicles, 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Ovary 2-celled.—Species
50. Tropics; one species also cultivated in Madeira.
Several species (especially C. arabica L. and C. liberica L.) yield coffee, oil, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and timber; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Solenixora Baill.) Coffea L.
36. Calyx entire. Corolla-tube short, glabrous at the mouth. Stamens 5.
Style-branches 2, linear, ending in a cone. Shrubs. Stipules united.
Flowers in axillary, few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Buseria Dur.) Leiochilus Hook. fil.
Calyx toothed. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Flowers in usually terminal and many-flowered cymose corymbs. 37
37. Bracts at the base of the lowest branches of the inflorescence connate into a sheath. Style-apex entire or shortly 2-toothed.—Species 120.
Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 144.) Pavetta L.
Bracts at the base of the branches of the inflorescence not connate into
a sheath. Style-apex 2-cleft. Leaves leathery. Stipules not united.—Species
60. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. Ixora L.
38. (31.) Stem woody. Stipules small, undivided, combined into a sheath.
Flowers in heads, connate by their ovaries. Calyx truncate or with small teeth. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules inserted in the inner angle near the base. Style 2-cleft. Fruit formed of connate drupes.—Species
6. Tropics. They yield timber, dyes, mucilage, condiments, and medicaments. [Tribe MORINDEAE.] Morinda L.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely (Gaillonia) throughout, but then flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes. Stipules more or less lacerated or leaf-like. Ovary 2-3-celled. 39
39. Stipules similar to the leaves; hence leaves apparently whorled. Style
2-cleft or 2-parted, with head- or club-shaped stigmas. Fruit indehiscent; seed adnate to the pericarp. [Tribe GALIEAE.] 40
Stipules unlike the leaves, toothed, slashed or crowned by bristles, united at the base. Ovules inserted near the middle of the partitions of the ovary. [Tribe SPERMACOCEAE.] 46
40. Corolla funnel-shaped. 41
Corolla wheel- or bell-shaped. Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting. 43
41. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4-6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac. Stamens
4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate.—Species 1. North Africa.
Yields a dye-stuff. Sherardia Dill.
Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth. 42
42. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage. Stamens
4-5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the ovary.—Species
7. North Africa. Used medicinally. Crucianella L.
Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached near the middle of the partition.—Species 5. North-west Africa.
They (especially A. odorata L., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. Asperula L.
43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Stamens 3-4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile cell.—Species
2. North Africa. Callipeltis Stev.
Flowers without an involucral bract. 44
44. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit. Flowers axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the male flowers,
4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry, one-seeded.—Species
2. North Africa and northern East Africa. Vaillantia L.
Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit. 45
45. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4.—Species 10. Some of them yield dyes and medicaments. “Madder.” Rubia L.
Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3.—Species 60. Some of them yield dyes, condiments, or medicaments. (Including Aspera Moench) Galium Tourn.
46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3 nutlets.
Calyx-limb 5-6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species 1. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in medicine. (Richardia Bartl.) Richardsonia L.
Ovary 2-celled. 47
47. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary or three together in the axils of the leaves. 48
Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps. 49
48. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat.—Species 2. South Africa and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs. Hydrophylax L. f.
Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7-8. Corolla salver-shaped,
5-lobed. Style 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar. Gomphocalyx Bak.
49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps. 50
Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like. 51
50. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves linear or subulate, stiff. Flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes.—Species 6.
North Africa and northern Central Africa. Gaillonia A. Rich.
Pericarp thick or rather thick, not adnate to the seed. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
12. Tropical and South Africa. Diodia Gronov.
51. Fruit opening by a lid. Calyx-lobes 4.—Species 2. Central and South
Africa. Used medicinally. Mitracarpus Zucc.
Fruit opening lengthwise. 52
52. Fruit splitting upwards from the base, remaining entire at the apex. Calyx-lobes
4. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the limb of the corolla. Style-apex capitate, shortly 2-lobed.—Species 2. East
Africa. (Under Spermacoce Dill.) Hypodematium A. Rich.
Fruit splitting downwards from the apex, remaining entire at the base. 53
53. Fruit with only one valve opening, the other remaining attached to the partition. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Comoro Islands.
(Spermacoceoides O. Ktze.) Spermacoce Dill.
Fruit with both valves opening and splitting at the apex.—Species 45.
Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Tardavel
Adans., including Octodon Thonn., under Spermacoce Dill.) Borreria G. W. Mey.
54. (30.) Stamens inserted at the base or on the lower part of the corolla-tube; filaments long; anthers versatile. Flowers usually unisexual. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Leaves having a bad smell when rubbed. [Tribe
ANTHOSPERMEAE.] 55
Stamens inserted at the mouth or on the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 61
55. Style and stigma entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 5-merous, polygamous.
Fruit a nut or separating into two nutlets.—Species 3. South Africa. Carpacoce Sond.
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 56
56. Style shortly 2-cleft. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes
3-lobed. Anthers included. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A medicinal and ornamental plant. Serissa Comm.
Style deeply 2-parted. Anthers exserted. 57
57. Ovary and fruit with empty cavities between the two fertile cells; hence apparently 3-5-celled. Fruit separating into nutlets. Flowers axillary, dioecious.—Species 6. South Africa. (Ambraria Cruse). Nenax Gaertn.
Ovary and fruit 2-celled without conspicuous empty cavities. 58
58. Stem herbaceous, prostrate. Flowers axillary. Corolla-lobes erect. Fruit
a drupe.—Species 2. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Used as ornamental plants. Nertera Banks & Sol.
Stem woody, at least at the base. Fruit capsular or separating into mericarps. 59
59. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, rarely in terminal panicles; in this case undershrubs with entire stipules and dioecious, 4-merous flowers.—Species
35. Southern and tropical Africa. Anthospermum L.
Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes or panicles. Undershrubs with 3-6-parted stipules, or shrubs with undivided stipules and monoecious flowers. 60
60. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit warty. Stipules 3-6-parted. Undershrubs.—Species
2. South Africa. Galopina Thunb.
Calyx 5-toothed in the male flowers, 2-toothed in the female. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Fruit smooth. Stipules entire. Shrubs.—Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands. Phyllis L.
61. (54.) Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves fetid when rubbed. 62
Style cleft, toothed, or entire. Fruit a drupe, rarely a berry or a schizocarp. 64
62. Stem climbing, woody. Stipules entire. Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes. Anthers included. Style-branches twisted. Fruit with a fragile rind.—Species 10. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Including Lecontea A. Rich. and Siphomeris Boj.) [Tribe PAEDERIEAE.] Paederia L.
Stem erect or prostrate. Stipules toothed or slit, connate. Flowers in terminal fascicles or spikes, rarely axillary, 5-merous. Anthers exserted.
Fruit separating into two nutlets. 63
63. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lobes recurved.
Ovary and style hairy. Shrubs. Stipules toothed. Flowers in terminal, head-like fascicles.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under
Anthospermum L.) Crocyllis E. Mey.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth very unequal, some of them leaf-like.
Corolla-lobes spreading. Ovary and style glabrous. Stipules slit. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or heads.—Species 9.
Tropical and South Africa. Otiophora Zucc.
64. Fruit dry, separating into two mericarps. 65
Fruit succulent, berry- or drupe-like. 66
65. Filaments rather long. Mericarps without a carpophore. Flowers solitary.—Species
1. Seychelles. Neoschimpera Hemsl.
Filaments none. Mericarps suspended from a cleft carpophore. Flowers in cymes.—Species 1. Comoro Islands. Cremocarpus Boiv.
66. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Style 2-3-toothed. Shrubs, having a bad smell when rubbed. Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes. 67
Seeds with horny albumen. Plants without a strong smell, rarely exhaling
a bad smell when rubbed; in this case inflorescences axillary and style 4-12-cleft. [Tribe PSYCHOTRIEAE.] 68
67. Flowers in terminal fascicles, 4-merous. Corolla with a long tube and spreading lobes, glabrous at the throat. Anthers distinctly exserted.
Style-apex thread-shaped, 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe.—Species 3. North-west
Africa. Used medicinally. Putoria Pers.
Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes, 5-7-merous. Corolla with a rather short tube and erect lobes, hairy at the throat. Anthers scarcely exserted. Style-apex thickened, 2-3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Plocama Ait.
68. Ovary superior. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers included. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles or heads.—Species 25. Tropics. Some yield timber or are used in medicine. Gaertnera Lam.
Ovary inferior. 69
69. Flowers axillary, solitary or in usually few-flowered cymes or heads. Shrubs or small trees. 70
Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral, many-flowered inflorescences, hermaphrodite. 74
70. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 2. 71
Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 4-12. 73
71. Anthers exserted. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla hairy within above the base, glabrous at the throat. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Gaboon) Peripeplus Pierre
Anthers included. Calyx 4-partite or nearly entire. Flowers solitary or in glomerules. 72
72. Calyx with 4 segments alternating with small teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers with a short appendage at the apex. Flowers solitary,—Species
2. Madagascar. Hymenocnemis Hook. fil.
Calyx nearly entire. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit with a single stone. Flowers in clusters.—Species 3. Madagascar. Saldinia A. Rich.
73. Leaves at first decussate, subsequently spreading in one plane, with many thin transverse veins. Stamens inserted at the throat or on the limb of the corolla.—Species 15. Tropics. Lasianthus Jack.
Leaves always decussate, without conspicuous transverse veins. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species
7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. Psathura Comm.
74. Inflorescences capitate, surrounded by an involucre. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2-4. 75
Inflorescences without an involucre. 77
75. Corolla with a curved tube, 6-lobed, white. Calyx irregularly lobed.
Ovary-cells and style-branches 3. Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa. Megalopus K. Schum.
Corolla with a straight tube. 76
76. Seeds grooved on the ventral face.—Species 18. Central Africa. (Under
Uragoga L.) Cephaëlis Swartz
Seeds flat on the ventral face. Creeping herbs. Leaves long-stalked,
heart- or kidney-shaped.—Species 13. Tropics. Geophila Don.
77. Corolla-tube curved. Anthers included. Ovary-cells and style-branches
2. Seeds convex-concave. Shrubs or trees.—Species 20. Tropics.
(Under Psychotria L.) Chasalia Blume
Corolla-tube straight. 78
78. Fruit with a 5-7-celled stone. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5-7.
Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted.
Shrubs or trees. Stipules 3-pointed. Flowers in corymbs.—Species
2. East Africa and Madagascar. Triainolepis Hook. fil.
Fruit with 2-5 stones. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigma-lobes
2, rarely 3-5. 79
79. Seeds flat on the ventral face. Calyx elongate. Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers included. Herbs. Inflorescences capitate.—Species
12. Central Africa. Trichostachys Benth. & Hook.
Seeds grooved on the ventral face. 80
80 Seeds with a ruminate albumen. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs.—Species 50. Tropical and
South Africa. (Under Psychotria L.). Grumilea Gaertn.
Seeds with a uniform albumen.—Species 200. Tropical and South Africa.
(Myrstiphyllum P. Br., including Uragoga L. partly). Psychotria L.
81. (1.) Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees. 82
Corolla with valvate aestivation. 124
82. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled.
Style simple. Inflorescences head-like. [Tribe NAUCLEEAE.] 83
Corolla with contorted aestivation. 88
83. Ovaries of each head connate. Fruits fleshy, connate. 84
Ovaries separate. Fruits dry, separate, opening by two valves or breaking up into two mericarps. 85
84. Inflorescences surrounded by two at first united involucral bracts.—Species
10. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. Breonia A. Rich.
Inflorescences without involucral bracts.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits (negro-peaches), arrow-poison, and medicaments. Sarcocephalus Afzel.
85. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit separating into two nutlets. (See 16.) Cephalanthus L.
Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. 86
86. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Flowers bracteolate, in glomerules collected in heads. Stem erect.—Species 1. Madagascar. Paracephaëlis Baill.
Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Flowers ebracteolate, in heads. 87
87. Fruit separating into two 2-valved mericarps.—Species 2. Madagascar.
They yield timber, dye-stuffs, edible fruits, and medicaments. Nauclea L.
Fruit opening by two valves. Stem climbing by hooks.—Species 2.
Tropics. (Ourouparia Aubl.) Uncaria Schreb.
88. (82.) Fruit opening by 4 valves, leathery. Corolla salver-shaped; tube glabrous within. Style much exserted, 2-lobed at the top. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber and are used in medicine. Crossopteryx Fenzl
Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed, usually berry-like. [Tribe
GARDENIEAE.] 89
89. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2- or more-celled. Anthers included or slightly exserted. 90
Ovary completely 2-5-celled. 93
90. Ovary 1-celled throughout its whole length, but the placentas sometimes much projecting and approximate in the centre. Style simple and entire or two-toothed at the apex. Flowers 5-11-merous. 91
Ovary 2-celled in its lower or upper half. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 4-5-merous, axillary. 92
91. Stipules glume-like, imbricate. Stem climbing. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with awl-shaped segments. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous within. Style very long. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit globose.—Species 3. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Macrosphyra Hook. fil.
Stipules not glume-like.—Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Genipa L. partly.) Gardenia Ellis
92. Calyx 4-parted, with an epicalyx. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Seed-coat leathery. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 4. Mascarene Islands. Fernelia Comm.
Calyx 5-toothed, without an epicalyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Seed-coat fibrous. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa. Pouchetia A. Rich.
93. (89.) Ovary 2-3-celled. 94
Ovary 4-5-celled. 122
94. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. 95
Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. 102
95. Ovules attached to thick, fleshy placentas, and more or less sunk in them. 96
Ovules attached to thin placentas, not sunk in them. 99
96. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex, far exserted. Flowers in terminal corymbs.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Chomelia
L., Webera Schreb., including Coptosperma Hook, fil.) Tarenna Gaertn.
Style more or less deeply cleft. Anthers exserted. 97
97. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Corolla salver-shaped. Placentas ascending from the base of the ovary-cells.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields an essential oil used in perfumery and medicine. Santalina Baill.
Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. Corolla funnel-shaped. 98
98. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, without an epicalyx. Calyx deeply
lobed.—Species 3. East and South Africa. Empogona Hook. fil.
Flowers fascicled, with an epicalyx of 2-6 bracteoles united at the base.—Species
60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Bunburya Meissn.,
Diplocrater Benth. & Hook., Diplospora DC., and Kraussia Harv.) Tricalysia A. Rich.
99. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped. 100
Style cleft at the apex or further. Anthers exserted. Inflorescences lateral. 101
100. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Anthers included. Seeds solitary.—Species
1. East Africa. Enterospermum Hiern
Flowers in axillary fascicles. Anthers exserted.—Species 1. East
Africa. Zygoon Hiern
101. Flowers solitary or fascicled on dwarf shoots, appearing before the leaves.
Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped. Seeds without an aril; albumen uniform.—Species 3. Central Africa. Feretia Del.
Flowers in cymes, appearing with the leaves. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds with an aril; albumen ruminate.—Species 1.
East Africa. Galiniera Del.
102. (94.) Style entire or shortly lobed or toothed at the apex. 103
Style more or less deeply cleft. 113
103. Calyx-segments large and broad, with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Corolla hairy within. Anthers included. Flowers hermaphrodite.
104
Calyx-segments small or narrow, with open aestivation. 105
104. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy within the base, glabrous at the throat.—Species 5. Central Africa.
(Sherbournia Don) Amaralia Welw.
Flowers in terminal cymes. Corolla salver-shaped.—Species 25. Central and South-east Africa. Leptactinia Hook. fil.
105. Flowers unisexual. 106
Flowers hermaphrodite. 108
106. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx entire or minutely toothed. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar. Byrsophyllum Hook. fil.
Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, or in axillary panicles. Calyx lobed or divided. Shrubs. 107
107. Flowers in panicles. Calyx shortly lobed. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; connective with a leaf-like appendage. Stem climbing.—Species 2. West Africa. Atractogyne Pierre
Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx deeply divided. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla, without an appendage. Stem erect; branches thickened and hollow at the nodes.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). Epitaberna K. Schum.
108. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. 109
Inflorescences lateral. 111
109. Style much projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose corymbs. (See 96.) Tarenna Gaertn.
Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 110
110. Corolla-tube as long as or slightly longer than the limb. Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Anthers included. Style hairy. Flowers in clusters, yellowish-red.—Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. Burchellia R. Br.
Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb.—Species 85. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poison, a substitute for soap, dyes, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Genipa L. partly, Mitriostigma Hochst., and Stylocoryne Cav.) Randia Houst.
111. Seed-coat membranous or leathery. (See 110.) Randia Houst.
Seed-coat fibrous. 112
112. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the limb. Stamens inserted in the tube, included. Fruit with a leathery rind. Flowers in fascicles.—Species
2. Madagascar. (Including Tamatavia Hook. fil.) Chapeliera A. Rich
Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb. Stamens inserted at the throat, exserted. Fruit a berry. Flowers in corymbs.—Species 35.
Central and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants. Oxyanthus DC.
113. (102.) Inflorescences lateral. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. 114
Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 119
114. Placentas thick. 115
Placentas thin. 117
115. Flowers without an epicalyx. Calyx with awl-shaped segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Madagascar. Flagenium Baill.
Flowers with an epicalyx. 116
116. Inflorescences borne upon a broadened, leaf-like stalk. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included.—Species 3. Madagascar. Canephora Juss.
Inflorescences sessile or borne upon a not broadened stalk. Anthers exserted. (See 98.) Tricalysia A. Rich.
117. Flowers large, with an epicalyx of partly leaf-like bracts. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers far exserted.—Species 1. West
Africa. Probletostemon K. Schum.
Flowers small, without an epicalyx. 118
118. Style-branches hairy. Seeds 1-2. Shrubs. Stipules long.—Species
4. Madagascar. Hypobathrum Blume
Style-branches glabrous. Seeds 3 or more. Trees. Stipules short.—Species
1. Madagascar. Paragenipa Baill.
119. (113.) Calyx shortly toothed. Anthers included or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted. Stipules united at the base.—Species 25. Tropics. Bertiera Aubl.
Calyx deeply divided, with leaf-like segments. 120
120. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, with several-chambered halves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth.—Species
2. West Africa. Dictyandra Welw.
Anthers included within the corolla-tube or nearly so, with 2-chambered halves. Corolla salver-shaped. 121
121. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth. (See 104.) Leptactinia Hook. fil.
Fruit dry or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted.—Species 7. Central Africa. Heinsia DC.
122. (93.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers exserted. Style simple. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species
1. Central Africa. Yields fish-poison. (Under Randia
Houst.) Morelia A. Rich.
Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 123
123. Flowers in lateral inflorescences. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit clothed with long hairs. Seeds with a fleshy aril.—Species 1. Southern
West Africa (Angola). Chalazocarpus Hiern
Flowers in terminal clusters. Disc rather flat. Calyx irregularly toothed.
Corolla yellow, 8-lobed. Style 4-cleft at the top. Leaves very large.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (Tetrastigma
K. Schum.) Schumanniophyton Harms
124. (81.) Fruit a berry or a nut with a leathery skin. Seeds numerous, small; testa netted or dotted. [Tribe MUSSAENDEAE.] 125
Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp, rarely (Oldenlandia) an achene or nut with a membranous or crustaceous skin. Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Pentacarpaea)
5-celled. Flowers small. 133
125. Corolla-tube short. Style entire or toothed at the apex. Shrubs or trees.
Inflorescences without an involucre. 126
Corolla-tube long. Style more or less deeply cleft. 128
126. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Twining shrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Justenia Hiern
Flowers in axillary inflorescences. Calyx 4-7-toothed. 127
127. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 2. West Africa. Pauridiantha Hook. fil.
Corolla wheel- or funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-7-celled.
Flowers in panicles or heads.—Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield dyes. Urophyllum Wall.
128. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed; one of the segments in several flowers of each inflorescence leaf-like, enlarged and
brightly coloured. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Ovary
2-celled. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 30. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Spallanzania DC.) Mussaenda L.
Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 129
129. Inflorescences head-like and surrounded by a large, more or less bell-shaped involucre of united bracts. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. 130
Inflorescences with an involucre of free bracts or without an involucre. 131
130. Calyx deeply divided; segments at first awl-shaped, subsequently some or all broadened and leaf-like. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5.
Fruit globose. Erect herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Temnopteryx Hook. fil.
Calyx cleft about halfway down; segments ovate. Fruit ovate or oblong.
Shrubs.—Species 4. Central Africa. Stipularia Beauv.
131. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx deeply divided; segments enlarged, leaf-like. Ovary 5-celled. Decumbent herbs.—Species
1. West Africa. Pentaloncha Hook. fil.
Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube or somewhat below it.
Shrubs. 132
132. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deeply divided. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Flowers in clusters springing from the base of the stem. Erect, glabrous plants.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). Ecpoma K. Schum.
Corolla tube- or salver-shaped. Hairy, usually twining plants.—Species
35. Tropics. Sabicea Aubl.
133. (124.) Seeds winged, numerous. Fruit a capsule. Trees or shrubs.
Stipules entire or toothed. 134
Seeds wingless. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. [Tribe OLDENLANDIEAE.] 143
134. Flowers in heads, 5-merous. 135
Flowers in panicles. [Tribe CINCHONEAE.] 137
135. Calyx 5-cleft with leaf-like segments imbricate in the bud. Corolla tubular. Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube. Placentas ascending.
Style 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar. Payera Baill.
Calyx with small and narrow segments, open in the bud, or entire. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Placentas pendulous or adnate to the partition of the ovary. Style simple, far exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 136
136. Calyx entire or shortly toothed. Stigma hood-shaped.—Species 4.
Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Mamboga
Blanco, Stephegyne Korth., under Nauclea L.) Mitragyne Korth.
Calyx cleft about to the middle. Stigma head- or club-shaped.—Species
4. Central and South Africa. Yielding timber. Adina Salisb.
137. Placentas shortly adnate to the partition of the ovary and more or less
distinctly stalked. 138
Placentas adnate to the partition of the ovary throughout their whole length or almost so. 141
138. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous. Corolla-lobes unappendaged.
Fruit globose. Shrubs.—Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield dyes or medicaments; several are poisonous. Danais Comm.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes usually with a thread- or club-shaped appendage on the back. Fruit oblong or linear. Trees. 139
139. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit loculicidal. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used medicinally. Pseudocinchona A. Chev.
Anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes appendaged. Flowers usually 5-merous. 140
140. Fruit loculicidal. Corolla usually funnel-shaped.—Species 3. West
Africa. Corynanthe Welw.
Fruit septicidal. Corolla urn- or bell-shaped. Leaves whorled.—Species
3. West Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Corynanthe Welw.) Pausinystalia Pierre
141. Fruit loculicidal. Calyx-segments subulate, deciduous. Corolla-lobes erect. Style shortly lobed. Trees. Leaves herbaceous. Stipules glandular-toothed. Bracts partly petal-like.—Species 8. Tropics. Hymenodictyon Wall.
Fruit septicidal. 142
142. Fruit splitting downwards from the apex. Calyx-segments lanceolate, leaf-like, deciduous. Corolla violet.—Species 4. Madagascar. Schismatoclada Bak.
Fruit splitting upwards from the base. Calyx-segments persistent. Corolla pink or yellowish. Stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its mouth. Placentas thick.—Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield medicaments
(especially quinine). Cinchona L.
143. (133.) Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Stamens 5, inserted a little above the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube.
Calyx-segments unequal. Flowers in panicles. Herbs.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). Pentacarpaea Hiern
Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 1-2. 144
144. Placentas club-shaped, ascending from the base of the ovary-cells, few-ovuled.
Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal cymes, 4-merous. 145
Placentas attached to the partition of the ovary. 147
145. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, one or several of them considerably enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit bursting irregularly. Stipules lacerated.—Species
15. Tropics. (Under Carphalea Juss.) Dirichletia Klotzsch
Calyx-segments equal. 146
146. Calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the segments.
Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Madagascar. Carphalea Juss.
Calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with small teeth. Corolla tubular. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Placopoda Balf.
147. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much enlarged. 148
Calyx-segments equal or nearly so. 151
148. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Style 2-lobed. Fruit loculicidal, with a persistent and a deciduous valve. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.—Species
10. Central Africa. Virecta Afzel.
Corolla hairy at the throat. Style 2-cleft. 149
149. Flowers in spikes. Fruit with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence.
Undershrubs.—Species 12. Tropics. Otomeria Benth.
Flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. 150
150. Corolla red or violet. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules divided into awl-shaped or bristle-like segments.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Neurocarpaea R. Br.) Pentas Benth.
Corolla yellow or white. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Shrubs or trees. (See 128.) Mussaenda L.
151. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers converging above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top. Corolla rotate. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Fruit opening with a lid or irregularly. Herbs. Stipules undivided. Flowers in spike- or umbel-like cymes.—Species 2. Central Africa. Argostema Wall.
Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth.
Anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise. 152
152. Flowers in racemes, 5-merous. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla white, funnel-shaped; tube rather short. Anthers included. Placentas spindle-shaped. Style 2-cleft. Creeping herbs.—Species 1. East
Africa. Dolichometra K. Schum.
Flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often collected in false racemes or panicles. 153
153. Flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, included. Placentas filiform. Style-branches spatulate. Fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Climbing herbs. Stipules lanceolate.—Species
1. Central Africa. Hekistocarpa Hook. fil.
Flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary. 154