Winged (alatus). With a much projecting, thin and flat appendage.

Whorl (verticillus). A group of similar organs arranged in a circle round an axis.

Whorled (verticillatus). Arranged in whorls of 3 or more parts.

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES

Adans.Adanson
Afz.Afzelius
Ait.Aiton
All.Allioni
Anders.Anderson
Andrz.Andrzeiowski
Ant.Antoine
Arn.Arnott
Aubl.Aublet
Baill.Baillon
Bak.Baker
Balf.Balfour
Barckh.Barckhausen
Bartl.Bartling
Battand.Battandier
Baumg.Baumgarten
Beauv.Palisot de Beauvois
Becc.Beccari
Benn.Bennett
Benth.Bentham
Berg.Berger
Bernh.Bernhardi
Berth.Berthelot
Bertol.Bertoloni
Bisch.Bischoff
Bocq.Bocquillon
Boeck.Boeckeler
Boiss.Boissier
Boiv.Boivin
Boj.Bojer
Bonpl.Bonpland
Br.Brown, Browne
Briq.Briquet
Brongn.Brongniart
Brot.Brotero
Bur.Bureau
Burch.Burchell
Burm.Burmann
Cambess.Cambessèdes
Cass.Cassini
Cav.Cavanilles
Celak.Celakovsky
Cerv.Cervantes
Cham.Chamisso
Chev.Chevalier
Chiov.Chiovenda
Cogn.Cogniaux
Colebr.Colebrook
Comm.Commerson
Cord.Cordemoy
Coss.Cosson
Cost.Costantin
Coult.Coulter
Cuss.Cusson
Cyr.Cyrillo
Dalech.Dalechamps
Dalz.Dalzell
Decne.Decaisne
DC.De Candolle
Del.Delile
Dennst.Dennstedt
De Not.De Notaris
Desf.Desfontaines
Desv.Desvaux
De Wild.De Wildeman
Didr.Didrichsen
Dill.Dillen
Dumort.Dumortier
Dun.Dunal
Dur.Durand
Durazz.Durazzini
Duv.Duval
Eckl.Ecklon
Ehrenb.Ehrenberg
Ehrh.Ehrhart
Endl.Endlicher
Engelm.Engelmann
Engl.Engler
f. (or fil.)filius (son)
Fisch.Fischer
Forsk.Forskal
Forst.Forster
Foug.Fougeraux
Franch.Franchet
Frapp.Frappier
Fres.Fresenius
Gaertn.Gaertner
Gall.Gallaud
Gaud.Gaudin
Gaudich.Gaudichaud
Gled.Gleditsch
Gmel.Gmelin
Godr.Godron
Grah.Graham
Gren.Grenier
Griff.Griffith
Griseb.Grisebach
Gronov.Gronovius
Guill.Guillemin
Hack.Hackel
Hamilt.Hamilton
Harv.Harvey
Haw.Haworth
H. B. & K.Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth
Heist.Heister
Heldr.Heldreich
Hemsl.Hemsley
Herb.Herbert
Hildebr.Hildebrand
Hochst.Hochstetter
Hoffm.Hoffmann
Hoffmsg.Hoffmannsegg
Hook.Hooker
Horan.Horaninow
Houst.Houstoun
Humb.Humboldt
Jacks.Jackson
Jacq.Jacquin
Jaub.Jaubert
Jum.Jumelle
Juss.Jussieu
Kam.Kamienski
Kit.Kitaibel
Koel.Koeler
Koen.Koenig
Koern.Koernicke
Korth.Korthals
Kraenzl.Kraenzlin
Ktze.Kuntze
Labill.Labillardière
Lag.Lagasca
Lam.Lamarck
Ledeb.Ledebour
Lehm.Lehmann
Leschen.Leschenault
Less.Lessing
L’Hér.L’Héritier
Licht.Lichtenstein
Lindb.Lindberg
Lindl.Lindley
L.Linné
Loefl.Loefling
Lopr.Lopriore
Loud.Loudon
Lour.Loureiro
Marcgr.Marcgraf
M. Bieb.Marschall von Bieberstein
Marsh.Marshal
Mart.Martius
Mast.Masters
Med.Medikus
Meissn.Meissner
Mey.Meyer
Mich.Micheli
Michx.Michaux
Mill.Miller
Miq.Miquel
Moehr.Moehring
Moq.Moquin-Tandon
Moris.Morison
Muell.Mueller
Muell. Arg.Mueller Argovensis
Naud.Naudin
Neck.Necker
Nied.Niedenzu
Nor.Noronha
Nutt.Nuttall
Oerst.Oersted
Oliv.Oliver
Op.Opiz
P. Beauv.Palisot de Beauvois
Pall.Pallas
Parl.Parlatore
Pauq.Pauquy
Pav.Pavon
Perr.Perrotet
Pers.Persoon
Peyr.Peyritsch
Pfitz.Pfitzer
Pilg.Pilger
Planch.Planchon
Plum.Plumier
Poepp.Poeppig
Pourr.Pourret
Radlk.Radlkofer
Raf.Rafinesque
Ram.Ramond
Reichb.Reichenbach
Rich.Richard
Ridl.Ridley
Roehl.Roehling
Roem.Roemer
Rohrb.Rohrbach
Rottb.Rottboell
Roxb.Roxburgh
Ruhl.Ruhland
Rumph.Rumphius
Rupr.Ruprecht
Salisb.Salisbury
Schimp.Schimper
Schlecht.Schlechter
Schlechtd.Schlechtendal
Schleid.Schleiden
Schrad.Schrader
Schreb.Schreber
Schult.Schultes
Schum.Schumann
Schweinf.Schweinfurt
Scop.Scopoli
Seem.Seemann
Soland.Solander
Sond.Sonder
Sonn.Sonnerat
Sparm.Sparmann
Spenn.Spenner
Spreng.Sprengel
Steinh.Steinheil
Steud.Steudel
Stev.Steven
St. Hil.St. Hilaire
Taub.Taubert
Targ. Tozz.Targioni-Tozzetti
Tausch.Tauscher
Ten.Tenore
Thonn.Thonning
Thou.Du Petit-Thouars
Thunb.Thunberg
Thwait.Thwaites
Torr.Torrey
Tourn.Tournefort
Trin.Trinius
Tul.Tulasne
Turcz.Turczaninow
Urb.Urban
Vaill.Vaillant
Vand.Vandelli
Van Tiegh.Van Tieghem
Vell.Velley
Vent.Ventenat
Vill.Villars
Vis.Visiani
Vog.Vogel
Volk.Volkens
Wahlenb.Wahlenberg
Waldst.Waldstein
Wall.Wallich
Walt.Walter
Warb.Warburg
Warm.Warming
Wedd.Weddell
Welw.Welwitsch
Wendl.Wendland
Wettst.Wettstein
Wikst.Wikstroem
Willd.Willdenow
Willk.Willkomm
Winckl.Winckler
Wuert.Wuertemberg
Zeyh.Zeyher
Zucc.Zuccarini

LIST OF POPULAR NAMES
OF AFRICAN PLANTS AND THEIR PRODUCTS

African ammoniacum—Ferula.
African mahogany—Khaya.
African sandal-wood—Osyris.
African teak—Oldfieldia.
African tulip-tree—Spathodea.
Akee—Blighia.
Alder—Alnus.
Alkanet—Anchusa.
Allseed—Radiola.
Allspice—Pimenta.
Almond—Prunus.
Ambatch—Aeschynomene.
Anise—Pimpinella.
Apple—Pirus.
Apricot—Prunus.
Arnatto—Bixa.
Arrow-root—Maranta, Tacca.
Artichoke—Cynara.
Ash—Fraxinus.
Avens—Geum.
Avocado-pear—Persea.
Balata—Mimusops.
Balm—Melissa.
Balsam—Impatiens.
Bamboo—Bambusa (and allies), Raphia.
Banana—Musa.
Baobab—Adansonia.
Barley—Hordeum.
Basil—Ocimum.
Bead-tree—Melia.
Bean—Phaseolus, Vicia.
Beef-wood—Casuarina, Mimusops.
Bent-grass—Agrostis.
Betel-palm—Areca.
Bindweed—Convolvulus.
Bird’s-foot—Ornithopus.
Bitter cress—Cardamine.
Black mustard—Brassica.
Bladderwort—Utricularia.
Blood-plum—Haematostaphis.
Borage—Borrago.
Bottle-gourd—Lagenaria.
Box—Buxus.
Bowstring-hemp—Sansevieria.
Bramble—Rubus.
Breadfruit—Artocarpus.
Broomrape—Orobanche.
Buckthorn—Rhamnus.
Buckwheat—Fagopyrum.
Bugle—Ajuga.
Bugloss—Echium.
Burdock—Arctium.
Bur-reed—Sparganium.
Cabbage—Brassica.
Calabar-bean—Physostigma.
Calla—Zantedeschia.
Calumba-root—Iatrorrhiza.
Camellia—Thea.
Camomile—Anthemis, Matricaria.
Camphor—Blumea, Cinnamomum.
Cam-wood—Baphia.
Canary-seed—Phalaris.
Candlenut—Aleurites.
Candytuft—Iberis.
Cane—Calamus (and allies).
Caper—Capparis.
Caraway—Carum.
Cardamom—Elettaria.
Carob—Ceratonia.
Carrot—Daucus.
Cashew—Anacardium.
Cassava—Manihot.
Castor-oil—Ricinus.
Cayenne-pepper—Capsicum.
Ceara-rubber—Manihot.
Cedar—Cedrus.
Celandine—Chelidonium.
Celery—Apium.
Cherry—Prunus.
Chervil—Anthriscus.
Chestnut—Castanea.
Chick-pea—Cicer.
Chicory—Cichorium.
Chillies—Capsicum.
Chinese grasscloth-plant—Boehmeria
Clover—Trifolium.
Cloves—Jambosa.
Cock’s foot—Dactylis.
Cocoa-plum—Chrysobalanus.
Coconut—Cocos.
Colt’s foot—Tussilago.
Columbine—Aquilegia.
Comfrey—Symphytum.
Copal—Copaifera, Cynometra, Trachylobium.
Coracan—Eleusine.
Cork—Quercus.
Corn-cockle—Agrostemma.
Corn-salad—Valerianella.
Cotton—Gossypium.
Cotton-grass—Eriophorum.
Coutch-grass—Agropyrum.
Crab’s eye—Abrus.
Cranes’s bill—Geranium.
Crawberry—Empetrum.
Cucumber—Cucumis.
Cudweed—Gnaphalium.
Custard-apple—Anona.
Cypress—Cupressus.
Daisy—Bellis.
Dandelion—Taraxacum.
Darnel—Lolium.
Date-palm—Phoenix.
Date-plum—Diospyros.
Dattock—Detarium.
Day-lily—Hemerocallis
Dead-nettle—Lamium.
Dika—Irvingia.
Dill—Anethum.
Dinde—Colocasia.
Dock—Rumex.
Dodder—Cuscuta.
Dog’s tail—Cynosurus.
Dog’s tooth—Cynodon.
Double coconut—Lodoicea.
Dragons blood—Dracaena.
Duchn—Pennisetum.
Duckweed—Lemna.
Dum-palm—Hyphaene.
Dwale—Atropa.
Dwarf-palm—Chamaerops.
Ebony—Dalbergia, Diospyros, Euclea.
Egg-plant—Solanum.
Elder—Sambucus.
Elemi—Canarium.
Elm—Ulmus.
Esparto-grass—Ampelodesmos, Lygeum, Stipa.
Evening-primrose—Oenothera.
Everlasting—Helichrysum.
Eyebright—Euphrasia.
False bamboo—Raphia.
Feathergrass—Stipa.
Fennel—Foeniculum.
Fescue—Festuca.
Fig—Ficus.
Fir—Abies.
Flame-tree—Poinciana.
Flax—Linum.
Flowering rush—Butomus.
Fool’s parsley—Aethusa.
Forget-me-not—Myosotis, Omphalodes.
Foxglove—Digitalis.
Foxtail—Alopecurus.
Frankincense—Boswellia.
Frogbit—Hydrocharis.
Fumitory—Fumaria.
Fundi—Paspalum.
Furze—Ulex.
Gambodge—Garcinia.
Garden-cress—Lepidium.
Garlic—Allium.
Germander—Teucrium.
Ginger—Zingiber.
Globe-thistle—Echinops.
Goldenrod—Solidago.
Gooseberry—Ribes.
Goosefoot—Chenopodium.
Grains of Paradise—Aframomum.
Grape-vine—Vitis.
Grasscloth-plant—Boehmeria.
Grasses—Gramineae.
Grasswrack—Zostera.
Gromwell—Lithospermum.
Groundnut—Arachis.
Guava—Psidium.
Guelder-rose—Viburnum.
Guinea-corn—Andropogon.
Guinea-pepper—Xylopia.
Gum-lac—Aleurites, Anona, Croton, Ficus, Zizyphus.
Guttapercha—Palaquium, Payena.
Hare’s tail—Lagurus.
Hawkweed—Hieracium.
Hawthorn—Mespilus.
Hazel—Corylus.
Heartseed—Cardiospermum.
Heath—Erica.
Hemlock—Conium.
Hemp—Cannabis.
Henbane—Hyoscyamus.
Henna—Lawsonia.
Holly—Ilex.
Holygrass—Hierochloe.
Honeysuckle—Lonicera.
Hop—Humulus.
Horehound—Marrubium.
Horseradish-tree—Moringa.
Hound’s tongue—Cynoglossum.
Houseleek—Sempervivum.
Indian corn—Zea.
Indian cress—Tropaeolum.
Indian plum—Flacourtia.
Indian shot—Canna.
Indigo—Indigofera.
Ireh—Funtumia.
Iron-wood—Acacia, Argania, Casuarina, Sideroxylon, Stadmannia.
Ivy—Hedera.
Jerusalem-artichoke—Helianthus.
Jessamine—Jasminum.
Job’s tears—Coix.
Jujube—Zizyphus.
Jute—Corchorus.
Kino—Eucalyptus, Pterocarpus.
Ladanum—Cistus.
Lady’s mantle—Alchimilla.
Lagos-rubber—Funtumia.
Larkspur—Delphinium.
Lattice-leaf—Aponogeton.
Laurustinus—Viburnum.
Lavender—Lavandula.
Leek—Allium.
Lemongrass—Andropogon.
Lentil—Lens.
Lettuce—Lactuca.
Ling—Calluna.
Liquorice—Glycyrrhiza.
Logwood—Haematoxylon.
Longan—Euphoria.
Loquat—Eriobotrya.
Lousewort—Pedicularis.
Lucern—Medicago.
Lymegrass—Elymus.
Mace—Myristica.
Madder—Rubia.
Mahogany—Khaya.
Maize—Zea.
Mallow—Malva.
Mandioc—Manihot.
Mandrake—Mandragora.
Mango—Mangifera.
Mangrove—Rhizophora.
Manila-hemp—Musa.
Manna—Alhagi, Astragalus, Cassia.
Maple—Acer.
Maram—Ammophila.
Marigold—Calendula.
Marjoram—Majorana.
Mastic—Pistacia.
Matgrass—Nardus.
Medlar—Mespilus.
Melon—Cucumis.
Mignonette—Reseda.
Milkwort—Polygala.
Millet—Panicum.
Mint—Mentha.
Mistletoe—Viscum.
Mousetail—Myosurus.
Mulberry—Morus.
Mullein—Verbascum.
Mustard—Brassica, Sinapis.
Myrrh—Commiphora.
Nettle—Urtica.
Nettle-tree—Celtis.
New Zealand flax—Phormium.
New Zealand spinach—Tetragonia.
Nitgrass—Gastridium.
Nitrebush—Nitraria.
Nutmeg—Myristica.
Oak—Quercus.
Oat—Avena.
Oil-palm—Elaeis.
Oleander—Nerium.
Oleaster—Elaeagnus.
Olive—Olea.
Onion—Allium.
Opium—Papaver.
Orange—Citrus.
Orris-root—Iris.
Ovala—Pentaclethra.
Palmiet—Prionium.
Palmyra-palm—Borassus.
Panama-rubber—Castilloa.
Pansy—Viola.
Papaw-tree—Carica.
Paper-mulberry—Broussonetia.
Para-rubber—Hevea.
Parsley—Petroselinum.
Parsnip—Pastinaca.
Passion-flower—Passiflora.
Pea—Pisum.
Peach—Prunus.
Pear—Pirus.
Pearlwort—Sagina.
Pellitory—Parietaria.
Pennycress—Thlaspi.
Pepper—Capsicum, Piper.
Periwinkle—Vinca.
Persian lilac—Melia.
Persian manna—Alhagi.
Piassava—Borassus, Dictyosperma, Raphia.
Pigeon-pea—Cajanus.
Pimpernel—Anagallis.
Pine-apple—Ananas.
Pink—Dianthus.
Pistachio-nut—Pistacia.
Pitcher-plant—Nepenthes.
Plane—Platanus.
Plantain—Musa, Plantago.
Plum—Prunus.
Poke—Phytolacca.
Pomegranate—Punica.
Pondweed—Potamogeton.
Poplar—Populus.
Poppy—Papaver.
Potato—Ipomoea, Solanum.
Prickly pear—Opuntia.
Primrose—Primula.
Privet—Ligustrum.
Pumpkin—Cucurbita.
Purslane—Portulaca.
Quaking-grass—Briza.
Quince—Cydonia.
Quinine—Cinchona.
Quitch-grass—Agropyrum.
Radish—Rhaphanus.
Rambutan—Nephelium.
Ramie—Boehmeria.
Ramtil-oil—Guizotia.
Rapeseed—Brassica.
Rattan-palm—Calamus.
Ray-grass—Lolium.
Reed—Arundo, Phragmites.
Reedmace—Typha.
Rice—Oryza.
Rock-cress—Arabis.
Rock-rose—Cistus, Helianthemum.
Rose of Jericho—Anastatica, Odontospermum.
Rose-wood—Calophyllum, Pterocarpus, Thespesia.
Rosemary—Rosmarinus.
Rubber—Various Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae, Ficus, Manihot.
Rue—Ruta.
Rush—Juncus.
Rye—Secale.
Safflower—Carthamus.
Saffron—Crocus.
Safu—Pachylobus.
Sage—Salvia.
Sago—Cycas.
Sainfoin—Onobrychis.
Salep—Orchis (and allies).
Salsify—Tragopogon.
Saltwort—Salsola.
Samphire—Crithmum.
Sandal-wood—Pterocarpus, Osyris.
Sandarac—Callitris.
Sandbox-tree—Hura.
Sandwort—Arenaria.
Sapodilla-plum—Achras.
Sassy-tree—Erythrophloeum.
Savory—Satureia.
Sawwort—Serratula.
Screw-pine—Pandanus.
Scull-cap—Scutellaria.
Sedges—Cyperaceae.
Senegal-ebony—Dalbergia.
Senna-leaves—Cassia.
Shea-butter—Butyrospermum.
Shellac—Anona, Croton, Ficus, Zizyphus.
Shepherd’s purse—Capsella.
Silver-fir—Abies.
Silver-tree—Leucadendron.
Snake-gourd—Trichosanthes.
Snapdragon—Antirrhinum.
Sneeze-wood—Pteroxylon.
Soapberry—Sapindus.
Soapwort—Saponaria.
Sorghum—Andropogon.
Soursop—Anona.
Sow-thistle—Sonchus.
Soy-bean—Glycine.
Spanish broom—Spartium.
Speedwell—Veronica.
Spinach—Spinacia, Tetragonia.
Spindle-tree—Evonymus.
Spurge—Euphorbia.
Spurry—Spergula.
Squill—Scilla.
Squirting cucumber—Ecballium.
Stitchwort—Stellaria.
Stock—Matthiola.
Stork’s bill—Erodium.
Strawberry—Fragaria.
Strawberry-tree—Arbutus.
Sugar-cane—Saccharum.
Sumac—Rhus.
Sundew—Drosera.
Sunflower—Helianthus.
Sweet basil—Ocimum.
Sweet flag—Acorus.
Sweet potato—Ipomoea.
Tallow-tree—Pentadesma.
Tapioca—Manihot.
Taro—Colocasia.
Tea—Thea.
Teak—Oldfieldia, Tectona.
Teasel—Dipsacus.
Tef—Eragrostis.
Teosinte—Euchlaena.
Thorn-apple—Datura.
Thrift—Armeria.
Thimothy-grass—Phleum.
Toad-flax—Linaria.
Tobacco—Nicotiana.
Tomato—Solanum.
Tragacanth—Astragalus.
Traveller’s tree—Ravenala.
Tulip-tree—Spathodea.
Turmeric—Curcuma.
Turnip—Brassica.
Turnsole—Chrozophora.
Turpentine—Abies, Pinus, Pistacia.
Vegetable silk—Various Asclepiadaceae, Strophantus.
Venus’ looking-glass—Specularia.
Verek—Acacia.
Vernal grass—Anthoxanthum.
Vervain—Verbena.
Vetch—Vicia.
Vetiver-root—Andropogon.
Violet—Viola.
Wallflower—Cheiranthus.
Walnut—Juglans.
Water-chestnut—Trapa.
Water-cress—Nasturtium.
Water-lily—Nymphaea.
Water-melon—Citrullus.
Water-plantain—Alisma.
Water-tree—Tetracera.
Wheat—Triticum.
White mustard—Sinapis.
Willow—Salix.
Willow-herb—Epilobium.
Winter-cherry—Physalis.
Winter-cress—Barbarea.
Woad—Isatis.
Woodruff—Asperula.
Woodrush—Luzula.
Wormwood—Artemisia.
Yams—Dioscorea.
Yew—Taxus.
Ylang-Ylang—Cananga.
Zachun-oil—Balanites.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
(especially from the years 1911 and 1912).