The flowering plants of Africa / An analytical key to the genera of African phanerograms

by Franz Thonner

SUBORDER BURMANNIINEAE

[FAMILY 43.] BURMANNIACEAE

Herbs. Leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary or in cymose, usually spike-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, petaloid, united below. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments, or 6. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Fruit dry, dehiscing by slits or irregularly. Seeds albuminous; testa loose.—Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Anthers erect, opening transversely, 3. Style long, with 3 stigmas. [Tribe
BURMANNIEAE.] 2
Anthers recurved, opening lengthwise. Style short. [Tribe THISMIEAE.] 3
2. Ovary 1-celled.—Species 3. Central Africa. Gymnosiphon Blume
Ovary 3-celled.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Burmannia L.
3. Corolla regular. Stamens 3; connective without an appendage. Stigma
3-parted.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Oxygyne Schlecht.
Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; connective with an appendage. Stigma
6-toothed.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Thismia
Griff.) Afrothismia (Engl.) Schlecht.

SUBORDER GYNANDRAE

[FAMILY 44.] ORCHIDACEAE

Leaves with longitudinal nerves. Inflorescence of the racemose type. Flowers irregular. Perianth more or less corolla-like or distinguished into calyx and corolla, one of the petals or segments (the lip) distinctly differing from the others. Receptacle usually continued beyond the ovary and forming the column upon which the stigma and the anther are inserted. Fertile stamen 1, belonging to the outer whorl. Staminodes sometimes present. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with numerous parietal ovules. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, one of them rudimentary or transformed into the rostellum, to which the pollen-masses adhere. Seeds very small, exalbuminous; embryo imperfectly developed.—Genera 96, species 1600. (Plate 26.)

1. Pollen-masses with basal, stalk-like appendages, which adhere to the sticky, gland-like appendages of the rostellum. Root thickened into tubers. [Tribe OPHRYDEAE.] 2
Pollen-masses with apical appendages or without appendages. 37
2. Anther reflected, forming an angle with the column. Lip with 2 spurs or without a spur, but sometimes saccate or bearing appendages on the back. 3
Anther erect, having the same direction as the column, rarely slightly reflected, but then lip with one spur. 14
3. Lip partly adnate to the column, usually bearing on its upper face a large appendage. Petals broad, converging and usually cohering with the middle sepal into a hood. [Subtribe CORYCIINAE.] 4
Lip free from the column, inserted at its base, rarely shortly adnate to it, but then petals not distinctly converging into a hood. [Subtribe SATYRIINAE.] 7
4. Lateral sepals united nearly to the apex.—Species 10. South Africa. Corycium Swartz
Lateral sepals free. 5
5. Lateral sepals spurred or saccate.—Species 30. Southern and tropical
Africa. Disperis Swartz
Lateral sepals flat. 6
6. Column short. Lip broad at the base. Connective dilated.—Species
15. South Africa. (Including Ommatodium Lindl.) Pterygodium Swartz
Column long. Lip clawed. Connective not dilated.—Species 8. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Ceratandra Eckl.
7. Lip posticous (uppermost), produced behind into a pair of descending spurs or sacs.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including Aviceps Lindl. and Satyridium Lindl.) Satyrium Swartz
Lip usually anticous, not spurred, but sometimes with a sac-like cavity. 8
8. Odd sepal spurred or gibbous. 9
Odd sepal neither spurred nor gibbous. 13
9. Lip more or less saccate at the base. 10
Lip flat. 11
10. Lip very small, adnate to the column. Stem rather rigid. Leaves in the middle of the stem.—Species 9. South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Brownleea Harv.
Lip rather large, free from the column. Stem very flexible. Leaves at the base of the stem.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony).
(Under Disa Berg). Schizodium Lindl.
11. Rostellum with 2 distinct glands, to which the pollen-masses are attached; side-lobes exceeding the middle-lobe.—Species 110. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Penthea Lindl.) Disa Berg
Rostellum with one gland; sides-lobes, if present, not exceeding the middle-lobe. 12
12. Stigma 2-parted. Rostellum with 3 narrow, subequal lobes.—Species
10. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Under Disa Berg). Herschelia Lindl.
Stigma entire. Rostellum more or less hood-shaped, large.—Species
15. South Africa. (Under Disa Berg). Monadenia Lindl.
13. Petals much narrower than the odd sepal, kneed. Lip kidney-shaped.
Stigma not extended in two branches.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Disa Berg). Forficaria Lindl.
Petals and sepals subequal. Stigma with 2 erect, linear branches.—Species
2. South Africa (Cape Colony). Pachites Lindl.
14. (2.) Stigma extended into two, usually elongated processes. [Subtribe
HABENARIINAE.] 15
Stigma not extended into processes, rather flat. Column very short. 21
15. Stigmatic processes short, adnate to the lip. Rostellum small, not prolonged into anther-channels. Column very short.—Species 10. Tropics.
(Under Habenaria L. or Platanthera Rich.) Peristylus Blume
Stigmatic processes free 16
16. Column long, curved. Rostellum not prolonged into anther-channels.
Perianth subglobose.— Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Acrostylia Frapp.
Column short 17
17. Rostellum or stigmatic processes 2-cleft. Base of the anther not enclosed by a channel, but prolonged into solid processes.—Species 7. Central
Africa. (Under Habenaria Willd.) Roeperocharis Reichb.
Rostellum and stigmatic processes entire, the former prolonged at the base into two lateral anther-channels. 18
18. Anther reflected. Stigma broad. 19
Anther erect. Stigma more or less slender. 20
19. Middle-lobe of the rostellum exceeding the side-lobes. Lip linear, entire, with a long spur. Petals broad.—Species 1. Southern West Africa.
(Under Habenaria Willd.) Barlaea Reichb. fil.
Middle-lobe of the rostellum equalling the side-lobes. Lip oblong or broader, usually lobed.—Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa.
(Cynosorchis Thouars, including Amphorchis Thouars, Hemiperis Frapp., and Camilleugenia Frapp.) Cynorchis Thouars
20. Stigmatic processes diverging at a right angle. Spur short.—Species 1.
North-west Africa. (Tinea Biv.) Neotinea Reichb. fil.
Stigmatic processes nearly parallel.—Species 210. (Including Bonatea
Willd., Platycoryne Reichb., and Podandria Rolfe). Habenaria Willd.
21. (14.) Glands of the rostellum enclosed in 1-2 pouches proceeding from the rostellum and persisting when the glands are removed. [Subtribe
SERAPIADINAE.] 22
Glands of the rostellum enclosed by the processes of the anther or naked, rarely covered by a thin pellicle proceeding from the rostellum and carried away with the glands upon removal. [Subtribe GYMNADENIINAE.] 27
22. Glands enclosed in 2 separate pouches. Lip not spurred, usually convex, gibbous and hairy.—Species 10. North Africa. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. Ophrys L.
Glands enclosed in a common pouch. 23
23. Glands 2, free. Lip spurred.—Species 20. North Africa. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. Orchis L.
Glands united into one. 24
24. Connective distinctly elongated. Rostellum laterally compressed. Lip not spurred; middle-lobe entire.—Species 4. North-west Africa.
They yield medicaments and mucilage. Serapias L.
Connective not or scarcely elongated. Rostellum conical at the apex.
Lip spurred, rarely without a spur, but then with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. 25
25. Lip with a long spur and two protuberances at the base, equally 3-lobed, flat in the bud.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). It yields medicaments and mucilage. (Under Orchis L.) Anacamptis Rich.
Lip with a short spur or without a spur, with unequal lobes, bent inwards or rolled up in the bud. 26
26. Middle-lobe of the lip very long, strap-shaped, spirally coiled in the bud.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under Aceras R. Br. or
Orchis L.) Himantoglossum Spreng.
Middle-lobe of the lip moderately long, 2-cleft, bent over the anther in the
bud.—Species 2. North Africa. (Including Barlia Parl.) Aceras R. Br.
27. (21.) Glands of the rostellum transversely connate. Rostellum narrow.
Stigmatic surface small. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses short.
Column short. Lip with a short spur.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. (Including Bucculina Lindl., Deroemeria Reichb. fil., Monotris
Lindl., Saccidium Lindl., Scopularia Lindl., and Tryphia Lindl.) Holothrix L. C. Rich.
Glands of the rostellum free. 28
28. Glands large, surrounded by a thin membrane, which proceeds from the rostellum and is removed together with the glands. Lip with a very short spur. Flowers very small.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. Herminium L.
Glands naked, rarely enclosed by processes of the anther, but then small. 29
29. Petals clawed; blade deeply concave, fringed. Lip fringed, not spurred.—Species
4. South Africa. (Including Hallackia Harv.) Huttonaea Harv.
Petals not clawed, flat or slightly concave. 30
30. Rostellum forming a narrow fold between the anther-cells. 31
Rostellum broad, triangular, placed below the anther-cells. 33
31. Column short. Stigmatic surfaces convex. Lip shortly or not spurred.
Flowers yellow or white.—Species 5. South Africa and southern East
Africa. (Schizochilus Sond.) Gymnadenia R. Br.
Column long. Stigmatic surfaces concave. 32
32. Petals partly adnate to the column. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals subequal.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under Brachycorythis Lindl.) Neobolusia Schlecht.
Petals inserted below the column.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
(Including Schwartzkopffia Kraenzl., under Platanthera Rich.) Brachycorythis Lindl.
33. Lip with a spur. 34
Lip without a spur. 36
34. Lip 3-lobed, the side-lobes inflexed, covering the mouth of the spur.—Species
3. Madagascar. Bicornella Lindl.
Lip 3-lobed, with erect or spreading side-lobes, or undivided. 35
35. Lip fringed. Anther-cells approximate and parallel.—Species 2. South
Africa. Bartholina R. Br.
Lip entire or crenate. Anther-cells divergent.—Species 20. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. (Including Gennaria Parl., under Habenaria Willd.) Platanthera L. C. Rich.
36. Lip 3-lobed. Column with 2 basal staminodes. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses very short.—Species 3. South Africa and southern East
Africa. Stenoglottis Lindl.
Lip undivided. Column without distinct staminodes.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Arnottia A. Rich.
37. (1.) Pollen-masses soft, granular. Anthers usually persistent and withering.
Inflorescence terminal. Leaves rolled up in the bud, with overlapping
edges. Usually terrestrial herbs. [Tribe NEOTTIEAE.] 38
Pollen-masses firm, waxy. Anthers usually deciduous. Inflorescence lateral, more rarely terminal, but then leaves folded lengthwise in the bud. 55
38. Anther erect and greatly exceeding the rostellum, or inclined and incumbent upon the rostellum. Pollen-masses granular or powdery. Rostellum not distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses, or not distinctly cohering with them. 39
Anther about equalling the rostellum, erect, rarely incumbent, but then pollen-masses divided into a number of large angular sections. Rostellum usually distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses. 47
39. Lip distinctly articulated into 2-3 portions placed one behind the other.
Anther erect. [Subtribe CEPHALANTHERINAE.] 40
Lip not distinctly articulated, embracing the column. Anther more or less incumbent. 42
40. Lip produced into a spur. Leaves replaced by scales. Plants of a violet colour.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Limodorum L. C. Rich.
Lip not distinctly spurred. Leaves perfectly developed. 41
41. Lip saccate at the base; the terminal portion oblong and enclosed by the connivent sepals.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Cephalanthera L. C. Rich.
Lip concave, but not saccate at the base; the terminal portion broad and projecting between the spreading sepals.—Species 4. North-west
Africa and northern East Africa. (Helleborine Hill). Epipactis L. C. Rich.
42. Sepals and petals united below. Leafless herbs. [Subtribe GASTRODIINAE.] 43
Sepals and petals free. 44
43. Sepals and petals united high up, very unequal. Lip ovate, with 2 gibbosities at the base. Column short. Anther incumbent. Root-stock branched. Flowers large, in few-flowered spikes.—Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons). Gastrodia R. Br.
Sepals and petals united at the base only, subequal. Lip spatulate, not gibbous. Column long. Anther suberect. Rootstock tuberous, spindle-shaped. Flowers very small, in many-flowered racemes.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Auxopus Schlecht.
44. Stem climbing. Seed-coat crusty or winged. [Subtribe VANILLINAE.] 45
Stem erect. Seed-coat membranous, not winged. [Subtribe POGONIINAE.] 46
45. Lip adnate to the column. Fruit fleshy. Seeds not winged. Usually leafy plants.—Species 15. Tropics. Two of the species (especially
V. planifolia Andr.) are cultivated for their fruits, which are used as condiments and for the preparation of perfumes. Some species are used as ornamental plants. Vanilla Swartz
Lip not adnate to the column. Fruit dry. Seeds winged. Leafless
plants.—Species 1. Comoro Islands. Galeola Lour.
46. Lip spurred or saccate. Column short. Leaves wanting.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Epipogon Gmel.) Galera Blume
Lip neither spurred nor saccate. Column long. Leaves stalked, usually separated from the flowering stem.—Species 10. Tropics to Transvaal.
(Including Apostellis Thouars, under Pogonia Juss.) Nervilia Gaud.
47. (38.) Pollen-masses divided into a moderate number of rather large, angular segments. Leaves not folded lengthwise. [Subtribe PHYSURINAE.] 48
Pollen-masses not divided into several large segments. 53
48. Pollen-masses connected with the glands of the rostellum by a strap-shaped stalk detached from the tissue of the rostellum. 49
Pollen-masses or their appendages adhering directly to the glands of the rostellum. 50
49. Column with 2 narrow, erect arms. Sepals usually united to the middle.
Lip with two protuberances at the base and with a two-lobed blade.—Species
4. West Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Cheirostylis Blume
Column without erect arms, but sometimes auricled. Sepals free.—Species
9. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Monochilus
Blume). Zeuxine Lindl.
50. Lip similar to the other petals, oblong, slightly concave. Stigmas free, erect, one on each side of the rather long rostellum.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. Gymnochilus Blume
Lip distinctly differing from the other petals. 51
51. Column long. Sepals connivent into a tube at the base. Lip with an oblong blade.—Species 6. Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Natal, West
Africa. Platylepis A. Rich.
Column short. 52
52. Stigma with a papillose protuberance on each side. Lip tubercled at the base, with a distinctly limited broad blade.—Species 3. Mascarenes,
Seychelles, Comoro Islands, and Cameroons. Hetaeria Blume
Stigma simple. Lip not tubercled, but sometimes hairy at the base; blade not distinctly separated, undivided, bent back at the tip.—Species 3.
Mascarene Islands and Madeira. Used as ornamental plants. Goodyera R. Br.
53. (47.) Leaves firm, folded lengthwise. Flowers in panicles. Lip narrow below, broadened above. Pollen-masses affixed to a slender stalk arising from the rostellum; gland peltate.—Species 2. Tropics. (Corymbis
Lindl.) [Subtribe TROPIDIINAE.] Corymborchis Thouars
Leaves soft, not folded, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in spikes. 54
54. Sepals and petals united into a long tube. Lip uppermost, with 2 lateral appendages. Column elongated, two-winged.—Species 1. West Africa.
[Subtribe CRANICHIDINAE.] Manniella Reichb. fil.
Sepals and petals free or almost so, suberect. Lip below. Inflorescence
one-sided.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). [Subtribe SPIRANTHINAE.] Spiranthes L. C. Rich.
55. (37.) Inflorescence terminal. Leaves folded lengthwise before expansion. 56
Inflorescence lateral. 65
56. Pollen-masses 8, without an appendage. Lip saccate at the base. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence head-like.—Species
1. Madagascar and Seychelles. [Tribe GLOMEREAE.] Agrostophyllum Blume
Pollen-masses 2-4. 57
57. Column extended below into a foot forming with the base of the perianth
a chin or spur. Pollen-masses attached to a short, sometimes scarcely perceptible stalk arising from the rostellum. Mostly epiphytic plants.
[Tribe POLYSTACHYEAE.] 58
Column not extended into a foot. Pollen-masses without appendages.
Sepals and petals usually bent backwards. [Tribe LIPARIDEAE.] 61
58. Lip spurred, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, grooved. Leaves not jointed, linear. Joints of the stem swollen.—Species 6. South Africa. (Under
Eulophia R. Br.) Acrolophia Pfitz.
Lip not spurred. Leaves usually jointed. 59
59. Lip undivided. Chin weakly developed. Column short and thick. Stem slender.—Species 1. German East Africa. Neobenthamia Rolfe
Lip 3-lobed. 60
60. Lateral sepals forming with the column a weakly developed chin.
Side-lobes of the lip embracing the column. Column slender. Stem slightly thickened.—Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Ansellia Lindl.
Lateral sepals forming with the column a strongly developed chin. Side-lobes of the lip small. Column short and broad. Stem usually thickened into pseudo bulbs.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Epiphora Lindl.) Polystachya Lindl.
61. Anther erect. Leaves not jointed. 62
Anther inclined to horizontal. 63
62. Anther adnate to the rostellum; cells widely diverging, opening laterally.
Column long.—Species 1. West Africa. Orestia Ridl.
Anther deciduous, opening inwards. Column short. Lip uppermost.—Species
4. West Africa and Comoro Islands. Microstylis Nutt.
63. Leaves not jointed. Lip more or less distinctly clawed. Column slender.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Liparis L. C. Rich.
Leaves jointed between sheath and blade. Lip not distinctly clawed. 64
64. Stem with pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade horizontally flattened.—Species 1.
Mascarene Islands. (Cestichis Thouars, under Liparis Rich.) Stichorchis Thouars
Stem without pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade placed vertically, fleshy. Lip uppermost, concave at the base.—Species 1. Tropics. Oberonia Lindl.
65. (55.) Leaves with convolute praefoliation (i.e. rolled lengthwise in the bud, one edge overlapping the other). Stem not swollen, or several joints
of the stem equally thickened. Mostly terrestrial herbs. 66
Leaves with conduplicate praefoliation (i.e. folded together along the midrib in the bud, their edges being applied to each other without overlapping).
Mostly epiphytic herbs. 73
66. Pollen-masses 2-4, without appendages, attached to the glands of the rostellum by a stalk produced from the latter. Leaves usually jointed.
[Tribe CYRTOPODIEAE.] 67
Pollen-masses 8, appendaged, without a stalk produced from the rostellum.
Leaves usually continuous. [Tribe PHAIEAE.] 71
67. Lip produced into a spur or pouch at the base. 68
Lip without a spur or pouch. 69
68. Sepals narrower and less coloured than the petals, usually reflected. Petals erect or spreading.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Lissochilus R. Br.
Sepals and petals equal or nearly so, spreading.—Species 130. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Cyrtopera Lindl. and Orthochilus
Hochst.) Eulophia R. Br.
69. Column with 2 basal lobes projecting upon the base of the lip.—Species 4.
East Africa. Pteroglossaspis Reichb. fil.
Column without appendages. 70
70. Lip and lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, the former with
a narrow, the latter with a broad base.—Species 1. Madagascar. Eulophiella Rolfe
Lip inserted on the foot of the column, the lateral sepals on the margin of the ovary, both with a narrow base.—Species 1. Madagascar and
Mascarene Islands. The pseudobulbs yield mucilage. Cyrtopodium R. Br.
71. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence 2-3-flowered.
Lip slightly saccate. Column rather long, with short, roundish wings.
Pollen-masses affixed to a single appendage.—Species 2. West Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Pachystoma Reichb. fil.) Ancistrochilus Rolfe
Leaves not jointed. Inflorescence usually many-flowered. Lip clasping the column or adnate to it, usually spurred. 72
72. Lip adnate to the column; blade spreading, 3-4-lobed. Column short.—Species
9. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Calanthe R. Br.
Lip free, clasping the column or broadly concave at the base. Column slender.—Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or yield dye-stuffs. Phaius Lour.
73. (65.) Leafy stems with indeterminate apical growth; side-shoots weakly developed or wanting. Inflorescences or solitary flowers axillary.
Epiphytes without pseudobulbs. Lip continuous with the base of the
column. [Tribe SARCANTHEAE, subtribe AERIDINAE.] 74
Leafy stems with determinate apical growth; annual shoots arising laterally at their base and forming a sympodium. Mostly epiphytes with pseudobulbs. Lip more or less distinctly articulated with the foot of the column. 86
74. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals long and narrow, spreading. Pollen-masses without an appendage. Leaves broad.—Species 2. Island of
Réunion. Bonniera Cord.
Lip spurred. 75
75. Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, forming a chin. Lip entire, smooth, shortly spurred.—Species 10. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Cameroons. Some are used as ornamental plants. Aeranthus Lindl.
Lateral sepals inserted on the apex of the ovary. Column not prolonged into a foot. 76
76. Pollen-masses upon a single, sometimes 2-cleft or almost imperceptible stalk. 77
Pollen-masses with 2 stalks, which are entirely distinct or united by the gland only. 81
77. Stalk of the pollen-masses 2-cleft.—Species 10. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, West Africa. (Including Ancistrorhynchus Finet,
Dicranotaenia Finet, and Monixus Finet, under Angrecum Thouars). Aerangis Reichb. fil.
Stalk of the pollen-masses simple. 78
78. Stalk of the pollen-masses broadened above or throughout, sometimes almost imperceptible. Lip with a long and thin spur.—Species 120.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Lepervenchea Cord., Radinocion Ridl., and Rhaphidorhynchus
Finet). Angrecum Thouars
Stalk of the pollen-masses thread-like. 79
79. Lip hood-shaped, entire, covering the column. Sepals and petals connivent.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Angrecum Thou. or Saccolabium Blume). Calyptrochilus Kraenzl.
Lip not covering the column. 80
80. Lip directed upwards. Flowers fleshy, rather small.—Species 4. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Equatorial East Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Saccolabium Blume). Acampe Lindl.
Lip directed downwards.—Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Saccolabium Blume
81. Pollen-masses affixed to the surface of two oblong scales. Lip entire, with a long spur.—Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands,
West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Angrecum
Thou.) Macroplectrum Pfitz.
Pollen-masses affixed to thin, not scale-like, but sometimes very short
stalks. 82
82. Gland of the rostellum covered by scales. Petals 2-4-lobed. Lip with
a long spur, a clawed 3-5-lobed middle-lobe, and incurved sickle-shaped side-lobes.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Cryptopus Lindl.
Gland of the rostellum without scales. 83
83. Lip with a short, conical spur; side-lobes embracing the column.—Species
9. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Aeonia Lindl.) Oeonia Lindl.
Lip with a long, thread- or club-shaped spur. 84
84. Sepals unequal, the lateral much longer than the middle one, united with the petals above. Lip deeply 3-cleft. Stem climbing.—Species
1. German East Africa. Angrecopsis Kraenzl.
Sepals and petals subequal, free. 85
85. Sepals and petals erect. Lip entire. Pollen-masses with very short stalks.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. (Pectinaria Cord., under
Angrecum Thou., Macroplectrum Pfitz. or Mystacidium Lindl.) Ctenorchis K. Schum.
Sepals and petals spreading. 86
86. Column bent backwards. Stalks of the pollen-masses attached to a common gland.—Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 26.) Listrostachys Reichb. fil.
Column straight. Stalks of the pollen-masses usually attached to two separate glands.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Gussonia A. Rich.) Mystacidium Lindl.
87. (73.) Pollen-masses 2, grooved, with a large transverse appendage at the base, attached to the gland of the rostellum by a broad stalk. Lip usually large. Pseudobulbs formed by several internodes, rarely by a single one or wanting. [Tribe CYMBIDIEAE.] 88
Pollen-masses 4, rarely 2, without an appendage and usually without a stalk. Lip usually small. Pseudobulbs formed by a single internode, bearing one or two leaves. 92
88. Lip distinctly spurred. 89
Lip not distinctly spurred. 90
89. Pollen-masses grooved. Stem with a pseudobulb.—Species 5. Madagascar and Mascarenes. (Under Eulophia R. Br.) Eulophiopsis Pfitz.
Pollen-masses not grooved. Stem without pseudobulbs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Lemurorchis Kraenzl.
90. Pollen-masses attached to two processes of the stalk. Stem slender, without pseudobulbs, many-leaved.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant. Grammatophyllum Blume
Pollen-masses attached to a common stalk without processes. Stem with more or less distinct pseudobulbs. 91
91. Pseudobulbs enveloped by the sheaths of the leaves inserted below and
upon them.—Species 4. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. Cymbidium Swartz
Pseudobulbs bearing leaves at the top only, hence not enveloped by sheaths.
Lateral sepals forming with the foot of the column a distinct chin.—Species
2. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. Grammangis Reichb. fil.
92. Pollen-masses attached to a scale-like stalk. Lip spurred, 3-lobed.—Species
2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Eulophia
R. Br.) [Tribe MAXILLARIEAE.] Eulophidium Pfitz.
Pollen-masses without a stalk, rarely with a linear stalk. Lip small, not distinctly spurred, usually entire. [Tribe BOLBOPHYLLEAE.] 93
93. Pollen-masses with a stalk. Lateral sepals somewhat longer than the dorsal one. Flowers in racemes. Stem creeping.—Species 3. West
Africa. (Under Bolbophyllum Thou. or Polystachya Lindl.) Genyorchis Schlecht.
Pollen-masses without a stalk. 94
94. Lateral sepals much longer than the dorsal one, free at the base, united towards the tip. Inflorescence almost umbel-like.—Species 1. Madagascar,
Mascarenes, East Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under
Bolbophyllum Thou.) Cirrhopetalum Lindl.
Lateral sepals shorter or somewhat longer than the dorsal one or equalling it, free or almost so. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely solitary. 95
95. Lateral sepals much shorter than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a dilated, almost leaf-like rachis.—Species 40. Tropical and South-East
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants. Megaclinium Lindl.
Lateral sepals about as long as or longer than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a cylindrical rachis.—Species 90. Tropical and South-East Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Bulbophyllum Thou.) Bolbophyllum Thouars

CLASS V. DICOTYLEDONEAE

SUBCLASS ARCHICHLAMYDEAE