A Branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stigma. D Anther. E Young fruit cut lengthwise.
29. Filaments free. Sepals hairy. Stem climbing. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.
Filaments united high up. 30
30. Sepals glabrous. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. Stem climbing.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Strychnopsis Baill.
Sepals hairy. Leaves not distinctly 3-nerved. Stem erect.—Species 5.
Madagascar. (Including Gamopoda Bak. and Tripodandra Baill.) Rhaptonema Miers
31. Stamens 9-18. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers with 6 petals, female with 3 petals and 3 staminodes. Carpels 6. Flowers in false racemes or corymbs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Anisocycla Baill.
Stamens 9 with the filaments free or united at the base, or 6. Anthers opening lengthwise, but sometimes obliquely. 32
32. Carpels 3-4. Flowers in racemes. 33
Carpels 6-30. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or the female in racemes.
Leaves undivided. 34
33. Petals ovate. Fruits ovoid; embryo nearly straight. Stem erect. Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets.—Species 4. Madagascar. Burasaia Thouars
Petals oblong, lobed. Fruits reniform; embryo much curved. Stem climbing. Leaves simple, undivided.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). Limaciopsis Engl.
34. Sepals densely hairy. Petals minute. Staminodes in the female flowers present. Carpels hairy. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.
Sepals glabrous or scantily hairy. Staminodes in the female flowers absent. (See 16.) Tiliacora Colebr.
SUBORDER MAGNOLIINEAE.
[FAMILY 81.] ANONACEAE.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 2, usually valvate in the bud. Petals 3-6, free or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, usually numerous, rarely (Bocagea) 3. Anthers nearly always turned outwards. Carpels 3 or more, separate, more rarely united and forming a one-or many-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with a copious, ruminate albumen and a small embryo.—Genera 27, species 240. (Plate 48.)
1. Carpels whorled and united, forming a 1-celled ovary with parietal placentas.
[Tribe MONODOREAE.] 2
Carpels spirally arranged, free, more rarely united, and then forming a many-celled ovary. 3
2. Petals unequal, free or the outer united below, frequently with a wavy margin.—Species 15. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. The seeds of some
species are used as condiments and in medicine. Monodora Dun.
Petals equal, more or less united below, not wavy at the margin.—Species
15. Tropics. (Under Monodora Dun.) Isolona (Pierre) Engl.
3. Petals 6, the inner greatly exceeding the outer. Carpels 4-6, with united stigmas; ovules 6-10 to each. Trees with long-haired branches.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa (Cameroons). [Tribe
MILIUSEAE.] Piptostigma Oliv.
Petals 6, about equal in length, or the inner shorter, or petals 3-4. 4
4. Petals thick, more or less distinctly jointed into an inferior hollow portion and a superior flat or thickened one, erect or connivent, rarely spreading, valvate in the bud, very rarely (Anona) the inner imbricate at the apex.
[Tribe XYLOPIEAE.] 5
Petals thin or rather thin, rarely thick, not jointed and usually spreading, but sometimes hollow or with a short claw appressed to the stamens. 10
5. Carpels united in fruit. Ovule 1. Styles oblong. Petals 3, alternate with the sepals, or 6.—Species 10, six of them spontaneous in tropical and South-east Africa, 4 cultivated in various regions. They yield cork-wood, fibre, gum-lac, tans and dyes, poisons, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and edible fruits (custard-apple, sour-sop, and others) from which also drinks are prepared. (Plate 48.) [Subtribe ANONINAE.] Anona L.
Carpels free till maturity. [Subtribe XYLOPIINAE.] 6
6. Ovules solitary. 7
Ovules 2 or more to each carpel. Petals 6. 8
7. Petals 3, opposite the sepals. Stigmas sessile. Trees with a yellow bark and yellow hairs.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Under Xylopia L.) Enantia Oliv.
Petals 6, the outer greatly exceeding the inner. Stigmas borne upon linear styles.—Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Oxymitra
Blume) Stenanthera (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels
8. Carpels containing numerous ovules or seeds, coiled spirally when ripe and contracted between the seeds. Trees.—Species 1. German East
Africa. Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels
Carpels containing 2-8 ovules or 1-8 seeds, straight or slightly curved when ripe. 9
9. Petals spreading, subequal. Ovules 2. Stalks of the inflorescence and the flowers usually thickened and hooked. Mostly climbing or scrambling shrubs.—Species 18. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine. Artabotrys R. Br.
Petals suberect or connivent, the inner shorter and triangular above.
Sepals more or less united. Receptacle usually concave. Ovules
2-8, inserted along the ventral suture. Styles long.—Species 30.
Tropics. Some yield timber, spices (guinea-pepper), and medicaments.
(Xylopicrum P. Br.) Xylopia L.
10. (4.) Petals transversely folded, at least in the bud, united at the base, subequal. Carpels 3-12, hairy; ovules numerous; styles 2-cleft.—Species
6. Tropics. [Tribe HEXALOBEAE.] Hexalobus A. DC.
Petals not folded, usually free. [Tribe UVARIEAE.] 11
11. Petals valvate in the bud. Carpels free. [Subtribe UNONINAE.] 12
Petals, at least the inner ones, imbricate in the bud. [Subtribe UVARIINAE.] 23
12. Petals 3-4. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2. Connective of the stamens not or scarcely prolonged. Carpels and ovules numerous. Flowers unisexual. 13
Petals 6. Sepals 3. Connective usually prolonged beyond the anther-cells. 15
13. Petals 3, thick. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female somewhat larger than the male. Trees.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Congo). Thonnera De Wild.
Petals 4. 14
14. Petals free. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female much larger than the male. Trees.—Species 2. Equatorial West
Africa. Tetrastemma Diels
Petals united below. Flowers solitary, axillary, the female about as large as the male. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Cameroons). Uvariopsis Engl.
15. Petals in 1 row, rather thick. Stamens 12, six of them sometimes sterile.
Anther-cells ovate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded.—Species 2. West
Africa (Congo). Monanthotaxis Baill.
Petals in 2 rows. 16
16. Outer petals spreading, inner smaller and converging.—Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Clathrospermum Planch.) Popowia Endl.
Outer and inner petals spreading or erect. 17
17. Stamens 3-6; connective ovate, prolonged above, but not dilated. Carpels
3, one-seeded.—Species 1. Madagascar. Bocagea St. Hil.
Stamens numerous. 18
18. Stamens with an acuminate connective. Ovules several. Style short.
Fruit slightly constricted between the seeds. Trees. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1 (C. odorata Hook. f. & Thoms., Ylang-Ylang).
Cultivated in the tropics for its fragrant flowers, which yield a perfume. Cananga Rumph.
Stamens with a truncate or rounded connective. 19
19. Style long. Ovules 2. Peduncles thick and hooked. Climbing shrubs.
(See 9.) Artabotrys R. Br.
Style short or wanting. 20
20. Ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely 3-8, and then fruits constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers glabrous or clothed
with simple hairs. Carpels usually numerous. 21
Ovules 10-30 to each carpel, rarely 8, but then fruits not constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers clothed with stellate hairs. Carpels usually few. 22
21. Fruit-carpels with a single seed appressed to the pericarp, or with 2-8 seeds, and then constricted between them. Style present. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 9. Tropics. Unona L. f.
Fruit-carpels with a single seed not appressed to the pericarp, or with 2 seeds without a distinct constriction between them. Ovules 1-2.—Species
8. Tropics. Several species yield timber. Polyalthia Blume
22. Sepals small. Plants covered with stellate hairs.—Species 2. Central
Africa. (Under Unona L. f.) Meiocarpidium Engl. & Diels
Sepals large. Plants covered with simple hairs or glabrous.—Species 3.
Central Africa. Uvariastrum Engl.
23. (11.) Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. 24
Ovules numerous in each carpel. 26
24. Carpels united as to the ovary and sunk in the receptacle, numerous, one-seeded.
Flowers unisexual, with two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Sepals 3, small.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under
Anona L.) Anonidium Engl. & Diels
Carpels free. Flowers hermaphrodite. 25
25. Sepals large, leathery, cohering in the bud. Outer petals ovate, scarcely larger than the inner. Receptacle rather flat. Carpels 6-9, one-ovuled; styles linear. Shrubs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.
(Under Unona L. f.) Cleistochlamys Oliv.
Sepals small, membranous. Outer petals oblong, larger than the inner.
Receptacle convex. Carpels usually 2-ovuled; stigmas usually sessile.—Species
9. West Africa. (Under Oxymitra Benth.) Cleistopholis Pierre
26. Carpels united, at least in fruit, numerous. Petals much overlapping in the bud. Flowers on dwarf shoots, with a thick stalk and two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Plants covered with stellate hairs.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. Pachypodanthium Engl. & Diels
Carpels free. 27
27. Stigmas lanceolate; margin not rolled inwards, or at the base only. Carpels about 10. Sepals triangular. Petals lanceolate, united at the base, greatly exceeding the calyx.—Species 1. East Africa. (Asteranthopsis
O. Ktze., under Uvaria L.) Asteranthe Engl. & Diels
Stigmas truncate; margin rolled inwards all round. Petals usually free.—Species 55. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, dyes, or medicaments. Uvaria L.
[FAMILY 82.] MYRISTICACEAE.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers dioecious. Perianth simple, 2-5-, usually 3-lobed. Stamens 2-40; filaments more or less, usually wholly, united; anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, ascending, inverted; stigma 1. Fruit fleshy, usually dehiscent. Seed with an aril; albumen copious; embryo small.—Genera 9, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 49.)
1. Stamens 30-40; filaments united at the base. Style distinctly developed.
Aril very small. Inflorescence head-like.—Species 1. Madagascar. Mauloutchia Warb.
Stamens 2-24; filaments wholly united. Style very short or absent.
Aril distinctly developed. 2
2. Flowers with a bracteole at the base of the perianth, rather large, in racemes or panicles, or the female solitary. Anthers 8-24. Fruit ovoid, dehiscent. Aril slit. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons.—Species 2. Cultivated in several tropical islands. The seeds (nutmeg) and the arils (mace) are used as spices and medicaments and for the preparation of perfumes; the pericarp is edible. Myristica L.
Flowers, at least the male, without bracteoles. Anthers 2-10. 3
3. Flowers rather large, stalked, in cymosely arranged fascicles. Perianth funnel-shaped. Anthers 4-10, somewhat shorter than the united filaments. Fruit very large, subglobose, indehiscent. Aril entire.
Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons. Lateral nerves of the leaves not forked, joined by distinct arches close to the margin; transverse veins faint.—Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. (Including Ochocoa Pierre). Scyphocephalium Warb.
Flowers very small, in fascicles or heads, which are sometimes arranged in racemes or panicles. Fruit ovoid or elliptical, dehiscent. Embryo with suberect cotyledons. 4
4. Flowers in simple, fascicle- or head-like inflorescences, subsessile. Anthers
3-4. Aril almost entire. Albumen not ruminate. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and distinct transverse veins.—Species 4. West
Africa. They yield timber. Staudtia Warb.
Flowers in heads or fascicles, which are arranged in racemes or panicles.
Aril slit. 5
5. Flowers stalked, in fascicles. Anthers 2-7. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of the leaves not distinctly confluent at the margin. 6
Flowers sessile, in heads. 7
6. Partial inflorescences supported by an involucral disc. Perianth cup-shaped.
Anthers 3-5. Albumen with a cavity in the centre.—Species
4. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. Coelocaryon Warb.
Partial inflorescences without an involucral disc. Perianth funnel- or pitcher-shaped. Albumen solid in the centre.—Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds yield a fat. Virola Aubl.
7. Heads distinctly stalked. Perianth obovoid or club-shaped. Anthers
2-4, shorter than the filaments. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves
of the leaves joined by arches near the margin.—Species 5. West
Africa and Upper Nile. They yield timber and oil. (Under Myristica
L.) (Plate 49.) Pycnanthus Warb.
Heads sessile or nearly so. Perianth cupular. Anthers 3-10. Albumen uniform. 8
8. Heads large, distant on the branches of a panicle. Anthers 3-4, as long as or somewhat shorter than the filaments. Leaves whitish below; lateral nerves joined by arches distant from the margin; transverse veins faint.—Species
1. German East Africa. (Under Brochoneura Warb.) Cephalosphaera Warb.
Heads arranged in dense racemes or panicles. Anthers 4-10, usually longer than the filaments. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and nearly as strong transverse veins.—Species 4. Madagascar. The seeds are used as a condiment and yield a fat. (Under Myristica L.) Brochoneura Warb.