1. Flowers without bracteoles, polygamous. Perianth very small. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 2 terminal wings. Cotyledons spirally twisted.
Trees. Leaves undivided or lobed.—Species 1. East Africa, Angola,
Madagascar. Yields timber. [Subfamily GYROCARPOIDEAE.] Gyrocarpus Jaqu.
Flowers with bracteoles, which sometimes form an involucre, hermaphrodite or monoecious. Perianth rather small. Stigma discoid and more or less lobed. Cotyledons more or less folded or crumpled. [Subfamily
HERNANDIOIDEAE.] 2
2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 10-parted. Fertile stamens 5, with 2 scales at the base. Fruit with 2-4 lateral wings. Climbing shrubs.
Leaves digitate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Illigera Blume
Flowers monoecious, the female surrounded by a cupular, truncate or lobed, ultimately inflated involucel. Perianth of the male flowers
6-8-parted, of the female 8-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-4. Trees.
Leaves undivided. Partial inflorescences surrounded by an involucre of several bracts, and consisting of a female flower and two or more male.—Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and are used in medicine. Hernandia L.

ORDER RHOEADALES

SUBORDER RHOEADINEAE

[FAMILY 86.] PAPAVERACEAE

Herbs. Leaves more or less lobed or divided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, very rarely 3. Petals 4, very rarely 6, free, hypogynous. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely 2-or more-celled. Ovules parietal, curved or inverted. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a small embryo and a copious, oily albumen.—Genera 11, species 50. (Including FUMARIACEAE.) (Plate 52.)

1. Petals, at least one of them, prolonged into a spur. Stamens 2, tripartite
(or 6 in two bundles); the middle segment of each stamen bearing a two-celled anther, the lateral ones a one-celled. Juice not milky.
[Subfamily FUMARIOIDEAE.] 2
Petals not spurred. Stamens 4 or many, all with 2-celled anthers. 5
2. Ovary with 3 or more ovules. Fruits, at least some of them, dehiscent,
3- or more-seeded.—Species 9. South and North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Cysticapnos Adans.) Corydalis DC.
Ovary with 1-2 ovules. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds not appendaged. 3
3. Ovary with 2 ovules. Fruit 2-seeded, compressed, with 3 nerves on each side. Leaves fleshy.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Sarcocapnos DC.
Ovary with 1 ovule. Fruit 1-seeded, compressed but 1-nerved on each side, or triquetrous, or globular. 4
4. Fruit triquetrous, pendulous. Superior petal helmet-shaped, inferior spoon-shaped, lateral ones clawed. Stem climbing.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). (Plate 52.) Trigonocapnos Schlecht.
Fruit globular or compressed, erect.—Species 15. North, South, and East
Africa; also naturalized in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands.
“Fumitory.” (Including Discocapnos Cham. & Schlechtend. and
Platycapnos Bernh.) Fumaria L.
5. Stamens 4. Petals 3-cleft. Placentas and styles 2. Juice not milky.—Species
7. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
[Subfamily HYPECOIDEAE.] Hypecoum L.
Stamens numerous. [Subfamily PAPAVEROIDEAE.] 6
6. Juice not milky. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow. Placentas 2. Stigma subsessile, with 4 spreading lobes. Fruit linear, 10-ribbed, 1-celled,
2-valved to the base. Seeds unappendaged.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Fodder-plant. [Tribe ESCHSCHOLTZIEAE.] Hunnemannia Sweet
Juice milky. Placentas 4 or more, more rarely 2, but then stigmas or stigma-lobes only 2, or at least partly erect. 7
7. Stigmas (or style-branches) 2, alternating with the 2 placentas and borne upon a short, but distinct style. Ovary and fruit linear. Seeds appendaged.
Flowers in umbels, yellow. Juice reddish-yellow.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally.
“Celandine.” [Tribe CHELIDONIEAE.] Chelidonium L.
Stigmas (or style-branches) 3 or more, rarely 2, as many as and opposite
to the placentas or more numerous, sessile or nearly so. [Tribe PAPAVEREAE.] 8
8. Fruit linear, dehiscing to the base. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves
2-4. Juice yellow. 9
Fruit oblong, ovoid, or globular, dehiscing near the top only or indehiscent.
Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 4-16. 10
9. Petals yellow or reddish-yellow, twisted in the bud. Style ending in 2 erect and 2 spreading lobes. Fruit with a false partition.—Species 2.
North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the seeds yield oil. Glaucium Juss.
Petals violet or red, crumpled in the bud. Style ending in 2-4 connivent lobes. Fruit 1-celled.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Roemeria Medik.
10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes. Petals yellow or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice yellow.—Species 1.
Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil. Argemone L.
Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary incompletely septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.—Species 12.
North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also cultivated in various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. P. somniferum L. yields opium, oil, and edible seeds. “Poppy.” Papaver L.

SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE.

[FAMILY 87.] CAPPARIDACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4, rarely (Cercopetalum) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like, rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more, rarely (Dipterygium) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 20, species 260. (Plate 53.)

1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing in two valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily CAPPARIDOIDEAE.] 2
Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees. 14
2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with
a long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.] 3
Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.] 4
3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon
a convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.—Species 10. East Africa,
Madagascar and Mauritius. Thylachium Lour.
Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated,
stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.—Species 50. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including Niebuhria DC. and Streblocarpus Arn.) Maerua Forsk.
4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2.
Leaves digitate.—Species 2. South Africa. Bachmannia Pax
Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting, but then leaves undivided. 5
5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube- or strap-shaped appendage. Stamens
4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves undivided.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine.
(Including Schepperia Neck.) Cadaba Forsk.
Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and sterile stamens together 10 or more. 6
6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves undivided. 7
Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous. 9
7. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, supported upon a long stalk. Stamens numerous. Disc cup-shaped, crenate. Sepals 3, rarely 2 or 4, united at the base.—Species 6. Central Africa. Courbonia Brongn.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 6 or more.
Sepals 4, rarely 5. 8
8. Disc cup-shaped, crenate, accrescent. Stamens numerous. Ovules numerous. Stigma 4-lobed.—Species 3. West Africa. Buchholzia Engl.
Disc ring-shaped. Stamens 6-20. Ovules 6-12. Stigma entire.—Species
30. Central Africa, northern South Africa, and Sahara. The fruits and roots of some are eaten or used medicinally. Boscia Lam.
9. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens
10-13, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary 5-celled, with axile ovules. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. West Africa. Cercopetalum Gilg
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, very rarely dioecious, but then stamens numerous. Flowers nearly always 4-merous. 10
10. Stamens inserted on an elongated stalk-like androphore, united in two bundles, one of which contains 5-9 fertile, the other as many sterile stamens. Petals 4. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.—Species
3. East Africa. Cladostemon A. Br. & Vatke
Stamens inserted on a very short androphore or without an androphore. 11
11. Petals very unequal, two much larger than the others, wing-like. Stamens
5-7. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Pteropetalum Pax). Euadenia Oliv.
Petals not very unequal. Stamens 8 or more. 12
12. Petals open in aestivation, with a long claw; sepals imbricate or open.
Stamens upon a short androphore bearing scales within. Ovary upon a