A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.

6. Calyx cleft nearly to the middle, large, inflated. Corolla urn- or almost bell-shaped. Stamens 8. Carpels not diverging. Stigmas capitate.
Undershrubs.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Crassuvia Comm.) Bryophyllum Salisb.
Calyx divided to the middle or beyond, usually small. 7
7. Calyx divided to the middle, small, bell-shaped. Corolla tube- or bell-shaped; segments short and broad, triangular to orbicular. Stamens
8. Carpels diverging. Stigmas capitate.—Species 15. Madagascar.
(Under Kalanchoe Adans.) Kitchingia Bak.
Calyx divided nearly to the base, rarely only to the middle, but then corolla with oblong, elliptical, or ovate segments. Corolla usually salver-shaped, with spreading segments. Stigmas obliquely truncate.—Species
45. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield an aromatic resin or are used in medicine. (Plate 59.) Kalanchoë Adans.
8. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 10, rarely 12.—Species 40.
Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Echeveria DC., Mucizonia DC., Pistorinia DC., and Umbilicus DC.) Cotyledon L.
Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 5, rarely 6. Leaves opposite. 9
9. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube, bell-shaped, divided to about the middle.
Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Small, stiff, glaucous herbs.—Species 1.
South Africa. Grammanthes DC.
Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, divided nearly or quite to the base.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Thick, succulent herbs or undershrubs.—Species
4. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Rochea DC.

[FAMILY 96.] SAXIFRAGACEAE

Petals 4-5, free or united below. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, perigynous or epigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-7-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Seeds with copious albumen, rarely (Montinia) without albumen. Genera 11, species 25. (Including GROSSULARIACEAE.) (Plate 60.)

1. Stem herbaceous. Styles 2-5, free. [Subfamily SAXIFRAGOIDEAE.] 2
Stem woody, rarely (Berenice) herbaceous above, but then style simple.
Leaves without stipules. Placentas parietal or septal. 3
2. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the cell. Leaves opposite, entire.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Vahlia Thunb.
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 2-5-celled, with the placentas attached to the dissepiments.—Species 9. North
Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. Saxifraga L.
3. Stamens 8-10. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or incompletely
2-5-celled. Styles 2-5, free or united at the base. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Outer flowers of the inflorescence often barren with enlarged sepals. Leaves opposite.—Species 1 (H. Hortensia DC.)
Naturalized in several islands (Madeira, St. Helena, Réunion). An ornamental plant. [Subfamily HYDRANGEOIDEAE.] Hydrangea L.
Stamens 4-5. Styles 1-2. 4
4. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Style simple with 2 stigmas, or styles 2. Fruit a berry. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 2.
North-west Africa (Algeria). One of them (R. Grossularia L., gooseberry) yields edible fruit, from which also a drink is prepared. (Including
Grossularia A. Rich.) [Subfamily RIBESOIDEAE.] Ribes L.
Ovary 2-7-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then leaves opposite and flowers unisexual. [Subfamily ESCALLONIOIDEAE.] 5
5. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 8-10. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed.
Flowers unisexual. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. Grevea Baill.
Ovary 2-7-celled. Style simple with an entire or 5-7-lobed stigma, or
2-parted. 6
6. Ovary superior, 5-7-celled. Style simple with a 5-7-lobed stigma.
Fruit a berry or drupe. 7
Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-4-celled. Style simple with an entire stigma or 2-parted. Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate. 8
7. Sepals persistent. Petals united at the base, campanulately connivent, rolled back at the tip. Stamens inserted between the lobes of the disc.
Anthers opening outwards. Ovary pyramidal. Fruit a berry. Embryo shorter than the seed. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Roussea Smith
Sepals deciduous. Petals free, blunt. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disc. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary ovoid. Fruit a drupe with a woody, 1-celled stone. Embryo as long as the seed. Low trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbel-shaped cymes.—Species 2.
East Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. The fruits are edible. (Venana
Lam.) (Plate 60.) Brexia Thouars
8. Ovary 3-4-celled. Style 1, simple. Petals 5, united at the base. Seeds linear-oblong. Undershrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Island of Réunion. Berenice Tul.
Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, free or united at the base (sometimes also at the top, when young). Shrubs or trees. 9
9. Ovary inferior. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Petals imbricate in bud.
Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Leaves entire. Male flowers panicled, female solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. Montinia L.f.

PITTOSPORACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 61.