Footnote 342: To so great an extent is this true that, having described in this place the parties of the Empire, it will not be necessary subsequently to allude at length to those of Prussia.[(Back)]
Footnote 343: This measure provided that each year all proceeds from the Imperial customs and tobacco tax in excess of 130,000,000 marks should be distributed among the several states in proportion to their population. Its author was Frankenstein, a leader of the Centre.[(Back)]
Footnote 344: Conservatives 65, Free Conservatives 24, National Liberals 41.[(Back)]
Footnote 345: The total number of popular votes cast in the election was 10,857,000, of which number government candidates received 4,962,000, and opposition candidates 5,895,000. The numerical strength of the various elements composing the Reichstag consequent upon the elections of 1903 and 1907 was as follows:
| 1903 | 1907 | Seats gained | Seats lost | |||||
| Centre | 102 | 104 | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Conservatives | 53 | 58 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| Free Conservatives | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Liberals | 51 | 56 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| Social Democrats | 79 | 43 | 0 | 36 | ||||
| Radicals | 42 | 50 | 8 | 0 | ||||
| Antisemites and Economic Union | 22 | 30 | 8 | 0 | ||||
| Poles | 16 | 20 | 4 | 0 | ||||
| Liberal Union | 10 | 13 | 3 | 0 | ||||
| Volkspartei (Democrats of South) | 6 | 7 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Alsatians | 10 | 7 | 0 | 3 | ||||
| Guelfs or Hanoverians | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | ||||
| Danes | 1 | 1 | 6 | 0 | ||||
| Independents | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | ||||
| —— | —— | —— | —— | |||||
| Total | 397 | 397 | 43 | 43 | ||||
Footnote 346: The gravest abuse in connection with the conduct of campaigns and elections in Germany is the pressure which the Government brings to bear systematically upon the enormous official population and upon railway employees (alone numbering 600,000) to vote Conservative, or, in districts where there is no Conservative candidate, Centrist. This pressure is applied through the local bureaucratic organs, principally the Landrath of the Kreis, who not uncommonly is a youthful official of noble origin, related to some important landed family, and a rigid Conservative. It has been estimated that official influence controls a million votes at every national election.[(Back)]
Footnote 347: Many of the socialist victories were, of course, at the expense of the National Liberals and Radicals.[(Back)]
Footnote 348: The number of electors inscribed on the lists was 14,236,722. The number who actually voted was 12,188,337. The exact vote of the Social Democrats was 4,238,919; of the National Liberals, 1,671,297; of the Radicals, 1,556,549; of the Centre, 2,012,990; and of the Conservatives, 1,149,916.[(Back)]
Footnote 349: Herr Bebel died August 13, 1913.[(Back)]
Footnote 350: Two important works of recent date dealing with the history and character of political parties in Germany are C. Grotewald, Die Parteien des deutschen Reichstags. Band I. Der Politik des deutschen Reiches in Einzeldarstellungen (Leipzig, 1908); and O. Stillich, Die politischen Parteien in Deutschland. Band I. Die Konservativen (Leipzig, 1908), Band II. Der Liberalismus (Leipzig, 1911). The second is a portion of a scholarly work planned to be in five volumes. A brief treatise is F. Wegener, Die deutschkonservative Partei und ihre Aufgaben für die Gegenwart (Berlin, 1908). An admirable study of the Centre is L. Goetze, Das Zentrum, eine Konfessionelle Partie; Beiträge zur seiner Geschichte (Bonn, 1906). The rise of the Centre is well described in L. Hahn, Geschichte des Kulturkampfes (Berlin, 1881). On the rise and progress of the Social Democracy see E. Milhaud, La démocratie socialiste allemande (Paris, 1903); C. Andler, Origines du socialisme d'état en Allemagne (Paris, 1906); E. Kirkup, History of Socialism (London, 1906); W. Sombart, Socialism (New York, 1898); W. Dawson, Bismarck and State Socialism (London, 1891); J. Perrin, The German Social Democracy, in North American Review, Oct., 1910. Under the title "Chroniques politiques" there is printed in the Annales (since 1911 the Revue) des Sciences Politiques every year an excellent review of the current politics of Germany, as of other European nations. Other articles of value are: M. Caudel, Les élections allemandes du 16 juin, 1898, et le nouveau Reichstag, in Annales de l'École Libre des Sciences Politiques, Nov., 1898; J. Hahn, Une élection au Reichstag allemand, in Annales des Sciences Politiques, Nov., 1903; G. Isambert, Le parti du centre en Allemagne et les élections de janvier-février 1907, ibid., March, 1907; P. Matter, La crise du chancelier en Allemagne, ibid., Sept., 1909; A. Marvaud, La presse politique allemande, in Questions Diplomatiques et Coloniales, March 16 and April 1, 1910. There are valuable chapters on German politics in W. Dawson, The Evolution of Modern Germany (London, 1908) and O. Eltzbacher (or J. Ellis Barker), Modern Germany, her Political and Economic Problems (new ed., London, 1912). For a sketch of party history during the period 1871-1894 see Lowell, Governments and Parties, II., Chap. 7. An excellent survey of the period 1906-1911 is contained in P. Matter, D'un Reichstag à l'autre, in Revue des Sciences Politiques, July-Aug., 1911. On the elections of 1912 see G. Blondel, Les élections au Reichstag et la situation nouvelle des partis, in Le Correspondant, Jan. 25, 1912; J. W. Jenks, The German Elections, in Review of Reviews, Jan., 1912; A. Quist, Les élections du Reichstag allemand, in Revue Socialiste, Feb. 15, 1912; and W. Martin, La crise constitutionelle et politique en Allemagne, in Revue Politique et Parlementaire, Aug. 10, 1912.[(Back)]